List of invasive species in Portugal
This is a list of invasive species in Portugal. The species tagged with a cross (†) have the legal status of invasive species (Decreto-Lei n.º 565/99 de 21 de Dezembro). The remaining are considered invasive by investigators in Portugal. The species tagged with an "M" are classified as invasive only in Madeira.
Invertebrates[edit]
- Adelges piceae (balsam woolly adelgid)[1]
- Aleurodicus dispersus (spiralling whitefly)[2]
- Anguillicoloides crassus (swim bladder worm)[3]
- Aphis spiraecola (Spirea aphid)[4]
- Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit fly)[5]
- Chilo suppressalis (striped rice stem borer)[6]
- Cinara cupressi (Cypress aphid)[7]
- Corbicula fluminea (Asian clam)(†)
- Cryptotermes brevis (powderpost termite)[8]
- Ctenarytaina eucalypti (blue gum psyllid)[9]
- Deroceras invadens (tramp slug)[10]
- Elminius modestus (Australasian barnacle)[11]
- Eriocheir sinensis (Chinese mitten crab)(†)
- Frankliniella occidentalis (western flower thrips)[12]
- Globodera rostochiensis (yellow potato cyst nematode)[13]
- Icerya purchasi (cottony cushion scale)[14]
- Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Colorado potato beetle)(†)[15][16]
- Linepithema humile (Argentine ant)(†)[15][17]
- Lumbricus terrestris (common earthworm)[18]
- Lysiphlebus testaceipes(†)[15]
- Opogona sacchari (banana moth)[19]
- Pacifastacus leniusculus (signal crayfish)(†)[15][20]
- Paratrechina longicornis (longhorn crazy ant)[21]
- Phoracantha semipunctata (Australian Eucalyptus longhorn)(†)[15][22]
- Popillia japonica (Japanese beetle)[23]
- Potamopyrgus antipodarum (New Zealand mud snail)(†)[15][24]
- Procambarus clarkii (red swamp crawfish)(†)
- Styela clava (Asian tunicate)[25]
- Thaumastocoris peregrinus (bronze bug)[26]
- Tricellaria inopinata[27]
- Vespa velutina nigrithorax (Yellow-legged Asian hornet)[28]
Amphibians[edit]
Reptiles[edit]
- Chamaeleo chamaeleon (common chameleon) (†)[15][30]
- Chelydra serpentina (†)[29]
- Chrysemys picta (†)[29]
- Graptemys spp. (†)[29]
- Hemidactylus mabouia (†) (M)[29]
- Macroclemys temminckii (†)[29]
- Pseudemys spp. (†)[29]
- Ramphotyphlops braminus (†) (M)[29]
- Tarentola mauritanica (†) (M)[29]
- Lacerta dugesii (Madeiran wall lizard)(†)[15][31]
- Lampropeltis getula ssp. californiae (†) (M)[29]
- Trachemys spp. (†)[29]
Fish[edit]
- Ameiurus melas (black bullhead)(†)[15][32]
- Australoheros facetus (chameleon cichlid)(†)
- Carassius auratus (goldfish)(†)
- Cyprinus carpio (common carp)(†)
- Esox lucius (northern pike)(†)
- Fundulus heteroclitus (mummichog)(†)
- Gambusia holbrooki (eastern mosquitofish)(†)
- Gobio gobio (gudgeon)(†)
- Lepomis gibbosus (pumpkinseed)(†)
- Micropterus salmoides (largemouth bass)(†)
- Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout)(†)[15][33]
- Sander lucioperca (Sander lucioperca)(†)[15][34]
Birds[edit]
Source:[35]
Family Anatidae:
Family Columbidae:
Family Estrildidae:
- Amadina fasciata(†)
- Amandava amandava(†)
- Amandava subflava(†)
- Estrilda astrild(†)
- Estrilda melpoda(†)
- Estrilda troglodytes(†)
- Lonchura cantans(†)
- Lonchura maja(†)
- Lonchura malacca(†)
- Taeniopygia castanotis(†)
Family Phasianidae:
Family Ploceidae:
- Euplectes afer(†)
- Euplectes franciscanus(†)
- Euplectes hordeaceus(†)
- Euplectes orix(†)
- Ploceus cucullatus(†)
- Ploceus melanocephalus(†)
- Quelea quelea(†)
Family Psittacidae:
Mammals[edit]
- Ammotragus lervia (†)[29]
- Callosciurus erythraeus (†)[29]
- Capra hircus (†) (M)[29]
- Castor canadensis (†)[29]
- Erinaceus spp. (†) (M)[29]
- Felis silvestris f. catus (†) *[29]
- Herpestes javanicus (†)[29]
- Hystrix cristata (†)[29]
- Muntiacus reevesi (†)[29]
- Mus musculus (†) (M)[29]
- Mus domesticus (†) (M)[29]
- Mustela spp. (†) (M)[29]
- Mustela furo (ferret)[29][36]
- Myocastor coypus (†)[29]
- Nasua nasua (†)[29]
- Neogale vison (American mink) (†)[29][37]
- Nyctereutes procyonoides (†)[29]
- Ondatra zibethicus (†)[29]
- Oryctolagus cuniculus (†) (M)[29]
- Procyon spp. (†)[29]
- Rattus spp. (†) (M)[29]
- Rattus norvegicus (brown rat)(†)[15][38]
- Rattus rattus (black rat)(†)[15][39]
- Sciurus carolinensis (†)[29]
- Sciurus niger (†)[29]
- Tamias sibiricus (†)[29]
Plants[edit]
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- Abutilon sonneratianum (†) (M) (Cav.) Sweet[29]
- Acacia spp. (†)[29]
- Acacia baileyana F.Muell[40]: 119
- Acacia saligna (Labill.) H.L. Wendl. [40]: 119
- Acacia cyclops A.Cunn. ex G.Don[40]: 119
- Acacia dealbata Link.[40]: 119
- Acacia decurrens (J.C.Wendl) Willd.[40]: 119
- Acacia longifolia (Andrews) Willd.[40]: 119
- Acacia mearnsii DeWild.[40]: 119
- Acacia melanoxylon R.Br.[40]: 119
- Acacia pycnantha[40]: 119
- Acacia retinodes Schlecht[40]: 119
- Acanthus mollis (†) (M) L.[29]
- Acer negundo (†) L.[29]
- Acer pseudoplatanus (†) (M) L.[29]
- Adiantum hispidulum (†) (M) Sw.[29]
- Adiantum raddianum (†) (MadMeira) Sw.[29]
- Agapanthus praecox ssp. orientalis (†) (M) F. M. Leight[29]
- Adiantum hispidulum (†) (M) Sw.[29]
- Agave americana (†) L.[29][40]: 119
- Ageratina adenophora (†) (Spreng.) R.M.King & H.Rob.[29]
- Ageratina riparia (†) (M) (Regel) R. M. King & H. Rob.[29]
- Ailanthus altissima (Miller) Swingle[40]: 119
- Albizia julibrissin (†) Durazz.[29]
- Aloe arborescens (†) (M) Mill.[29]
- Alternanthera philoxeroides (†) (Mart.) Griseb.[29]
- Alternanthera caracasana (†) Kunth[29]
- Alternanthera nodiflora (†) R. Br.[29]
- Alternanthera pungens (†) Kunth[29]
- Amaranthus albus (†) L.[29]
- Amaranthus blitoides (†) S. Watson[29]
- Amaranthus blitum ssp. emarginatus (†) (Moq. ex Uline & Bray) Carretero, Muñoz Garmendia & Pedrol[29]
- Amaranthus caudatus (†) L.[29]
- Amaranthus cruentus (†) L.[29]
- Amaranthus deflexus (†) L.[29]
- Amaranthus hybridus (†) L.[29]
- Amaranthus hypochondriacus (†) L.[29]
- Amaranthus muricatus (†) (Gillies ex Moq.) Hieron.[29]
- Amaranthus paniculatus (†) L.[29]
- Amaranthus powellii (†) S. Watson[29]
- Amaranthus retroflexus (†) L.[29]
- Amaranthus viridis (†) L.[29]
- Amaranthus x ozanonii (†) Thell. ex Priszter[29]
- Amaryllis belladonna (†) (M) Kunth[29]
- Aptenia cordifolia (†) (M) (L. f.) Schwantes[29]
- Araujia sericifera (†) Brot.[29]
- Arctotheca calendula (†) (L.) Levyns[29]
- Arctotheca calendula (L.) Levins[40]: 120
- Arundo donax (†) L.[40]: 120
- Asclepias curassavica (†) L.[29]
- Asclepias syriaca (†) L.[29]
- Asparagus asparagoides (†) (M) (L.) Druce[29]
- Aster squamatus (†) (Spreng.) Hieron.[29]
- Atriplex rosea (†) (M) L.[29]
- Atriplex semibaccata (†) (M) R. Br.[29]
- Azolla caroliniana Willd.[40]: 120
- Azolla filiculoides (†) Lam.[29][40]: 120
- Baccharis halimifolia (†) L.[29]
- Baccharis spicata (†) (Lam.) Baill.[29]
- Bidens aurea (†) (Aiton) Sherff[29]
- Bidens frondosa (†) L.[29]
- Bidens pilosa (†) L.[29]
- Brachiaria mutica (†) (M) (Forssk.) Stapf[29]
- Cabomba caroliniana (†) Gray[29]
- Cardiospermum grandiflorum (†) (M) Sw.[29]
- Carpobrotus acinaciformis (†) (L.) L. Bolus[29]
- Carpobrotus edulis (L.)N.E.Br.[40]: 121
- Cenchrus ciliaris (†) (M) L.[29]
- Centranthus ruber (†) (M) (L.) DC.[29]
- Chasmanthe aethiopica (†) (M) (L.) N.E. Br.[29]
- Chrysanthemum coronarium (†) (M) L.[29]
- Cirsium vulgare (†) (M) (Savi) Ten.[29]
- Colocasia esculenta (†) (M) (L.) Schott[29]
- Commelina diffusa (†) (M) Burm. F.[29]
- Conyza bonariensis (†) (L.) Cronq.[40]: 121
- Conyza canadensis (†) L.[29]
- Conyza sumatrensis (†) (Retz.) E. Walker[29]
- Coronopus didymus (†) (L.) J.E. Sm.[29]
- Cortaderia selloana (†) (J.A. & J.H. Schultes) Aschers & Graebner[40]: 121
- Cotula australis (†) (M) (Sieber ex Spreng.) Hook. fil.[29]
- Cotula coronopifolia (†) L.[29]
- Crassula ovata (†) (M) (Mill.) Druce[29]
- Crassula multicava (†) (M) Lem.[29]
- Crinum bulbispermum (†) (M) (Burm.) Milne-Redh. & Schweick.[29]
- Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora (†) (M) (Lemoine) N.E. Br.[29]
- Cyperus rotundus (†) L.[29]
- Cyrtomium falcatum (†) (M) (L. fil.) C. Presl[29]
- Cytisus scoparius (†) (M) (L.) Link[29]
- Cytisus striatus (†) (M) (Hill) Rothm[29]
- Datura innoxia (†) (M) Mill.[29]
- Datura stramonium L.[40]: 122
- Delairea odorata (†) (M) Lem. (= Senecio mikanoides Otto ex Walp.)[29]
- Doodia caudata (†) (M) (Cav.) R. Br.[29]
- Duchesnea indica (†) (M) (Andr.) Focke[29]
- Egeria densa (†) Planch.[29]
- Eichhornia crassipes (†) (C.R.P..Mart.) Solms. Laub.[29][40]: 122
- Elodea canadensis (†) Mich.[29][40]: 122
- Elodea nuttallii (†) (Planch.) St. John[29]
- Erigeron karvinskianus DC.[29][40]: 122
- Eryngium pandanifolium Cham. & Schlecht[29][40]: 122
- Eschscholzia californica (†) Champ. (M)[29]
- Eucalyptus globulus Labill[40]: 122
- Fallopia baldschuanica (†) (Regel) J. Holub[29]
- Fallopia japonica (†) (Houtt.) Ronse Decr. (= Reynoutria japonica Houtt.)[29]
- Fallopia sachalinensis (†) (Schmidt) Ronse Decr.[29]
- Fallopia ×bohemica (†) (J. Chrtek & A. Chrtková) J. P. Bailey[29]
- Fuchsia arborescens (†) Sims (M)[29]
- Fuchsia magellanica (†) Lam. (M)[29]
- Galinsoga parviflora Cav.[29][40]: 123
- Galinsoga quadriradiata (†) Ruiz et Pav. (M)[29]
- Gleditsia triacanthos (†) L.[29]
- Gomphocarpus fruticosus (†) (L.) Aiton fil.[29]
- Gunnera tinctoria (†) (Molina) Mirbel[29]
- Hakea salicifolia (†) (Vent.) B.L.Burtt[29][40]: 123
- Hakea sericea (†) Schrader - Háquia-picante[29][40]: 123
- Hedychium gardnerianum (†) Sheppard ex Ker Grwal[29][40]: 123
- Helichrysum foetidum (†) (M) (L.) Cass.[29]
- Heracleum mantegazzianum (†) Sommier & Levier[29]
- Heracleum persicum (†) Fischer[29]
- Heracleum sosnowskyi (†) Mandenova[29]
- Holcus lanatus (†) (M) L.[29]
- Hydrangea macrophylla (†) (M) (Thunb.) Ser.[29]
- Hydrilla verticillata (†) (L. f.) Royle[29]
- Hydrocotyle ranunculoides (†) L. f.[29]
- Impatiens glandulifera (†) Royle[29]
- Ipomoea acuminata (†) (Vahl.) Roemer & Schultes[29][40]: 123
- Ipomoea indica (†) (Burm.) Merr.[29]
- Ipomea purpurea (†) (M) (L.) Roth[29]
- Isatis tinctoria (†) (M) L.[29]
- Kalanchoe daigremontiana (†) (M) Raym.-Hamet & H. Perrier[29]
- Kalanchoe delagoensis (†) (M) Eckl. et Zeyh.[29]
- Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi (†) (M) Raym.-Hamet et Perrier[29]
- Kalanchoe pinnata (†) (M) (Lam.) Pers. N[29]
- Lagarosiphon major (†) (Ridley) Moss[29]
- Lantana camara (†) L.[29][40]: 124
- Lepidium didymum (†) (M) L.[29]
- Leptospermum scoparium (†) (M) J. R. Forst. & G. Forst.[29]
- Leucaena leucocephala (†) (M) (Lam.) De Wit[29]
- Leycesteria formosa (†) (M) Wall.[29]
- Lonicera japonica (†) Thunb.[29]
- Ludwigia grandiflora (†) (Michx.) Greuter & Burdet[29]
- Ludwigia peploides (†) (Kunth) Raven[29]
- Ludwigia uruguayensis (†) (Cambess.) H.Hara[29]
- Lycopersicon esculentum (†) (M) Mill. var. esculentum[29]
- Lysichiton americanus (†) Hultén & St. John[29]
- Malephora crocea (†) (M) (Jacq.) Schwantes[29]
- Melinis repens (†) (M) (Willd.) Zizka[29]
- Malvastrum coromandelianum (†) (M) (L.) Garcke[29]
- Microstegium vimineum (†) (Trin.) A. Camus[29]
- Myoporum tenuifolium G.Forster[29][40]: 125
- Myriophyllum aquaticum (†) (Velloso) Verdc.[29]
- Myriophyllum brasiliensis (†) Camb.[29][40]: 125
- Myriophyllum heterophyllum (†) Michaux[29]
- Nicotiana glauca (†) R.C. Graham[29][40]: 125
- Nymphaea mexicana (†) Zucc.[29]
- Opuntia elata (†) Salm-Dyck[29]
- Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller[29][40]: 125
- Opuntia maxima (†) Miller[29]
- Opuntia subulata (†) (Muehlenpf.) Engelm (= Austrocylindropuntia subulata)[29]
- Opuntia tuna (†) (M) (L.) Mill.[29]
- Oxalis corniculata (†) (M) L.[29]
- Oxalis pes-caprae (†) L.[29][40]: 125
- Oxalis purpurea (†) L.[29]
- Paraserianthes lophantha (†) (M) (Willd.) I.C. Nielsen [=Albizia lophantha (Vent) J.F. Macbr.][29]
- Parthenium hysterophorus (†) L.[29]
- Paspalum paspalodes (†) (Michx) Scribner[29]
- Paspalum vaginatum (†) Swartz[29]
- Passiflora tripartita (†) (M) (Juss.) Poir. var. mollissima (Kunth) Holm-Niels. & P. Jørg.[29]
- Paulownia tomentosa (†) (Thunberg) Steudel[29]
- Pelargonium inquinans (†) (M) (L.) L'Hér. ex Ait.[29]
- Pennisetum purpureum (†) (M) Schum.[29]
- Pennisetum setaceum (†) (Forssk.) Chiov.[29]
- Pennisetum villosum (†) R. Br. ex Fresen[29]
- Persicaria perfoliata (†) (L.) H. Gross (= Polygonum perfoliatum L.)[29]
- Petroselinum crispum (†) (M) (Mill.) A.W. Hill[29]
- Physalis peruviana (†) (M) L.[29]
- Phytolacca americana (†) L.[29]
- Pistia stratiotes (†) L.[29]
- Pittosporum undulatum (†) Vent.[29][40]: 126
- Podranea ricasoliana (†) (Tanfani) Sprague[29]
- Polygonum capitatum (†) Buch.-Ham.ex D.Don[29]
- Pueraria lobata (†) (Willdenow) Ohwi (= P. montana var lobata)[29]
- Psidium cattleyanum (†) Sabine[29]
- Reynoutria japonica Houtt.[29][40]: 126
- Rhus coriaria (†) (M) L.[29]
- Ricinus communis (†) L.[29][40]: 126
- Robinia pseudoacacia (†) L.[29][40]: 126
- Sagittaria latifolia (†) Willd.[29]
- Salpichroa origanifolia (†) (M) (Lam.) Thell.[29]
- Salvinia molesta (†) D.S. Mitchell[29][40]: 127
- Senecio bicolor (†) (Willd.) Tod. ssp. cinerea (DC.) Chater[29][40]: 127
- Senecio inaequidens (†) DC.[29]
- Senecio mikanioides (†) (M) Otto ex Walp.[29]
- Senecio petasitis (†) (M) (Sims) DC.[29]
- Sesbania punicea (Cav.) Benth.[29][40]: 127
- Setaria verticillata (†) (M) (L.) P. Beauv.[29]
- Solanum lycopersicum (†) (M) L. var. lycopersicum[29]
- Solanum mauritianum (†) Scop.[29]
- Soleirolia soleirolii (†) (M) (Req.) Dandy[29]
- Sorghum halepense (†) (L.) Pers.[29]
- Spartina densiflora (†) Brongn.[29][40]: 128
- Symphyotrichum subulatum (†) (M) (Michx.) G. L. Nesom var. squamatum (Spreng.) S. D. Sundb.[29]
- Tamarix gallica (†) (M) L.[29]
- Tetragonia tetragonioides (†) (M) (Pall.) Kuntze[29]
- Tradescantia fluminensis (†) Velloso[29][40]: 128
- Tradescantia zebrina (†) (M) Hort. ex Bosse Vollst.[29]
- Tropaeolum majus (†) L.[29]
- Ulex europaeus (†) (M) L.[29]
- Ulex minor (†) (M) Roth[29]
- Vachellia karroo (Hayne) Banfi & Galasso
- Verbena bonariensis (†) (M) L.[29]
- Verbena rigida (†) (M) Spreng.[29]
- Vinca major (†) (M) L.[29]
- Zantedeschia aethiopica (†) (M) (L.) Spreng.[29]
References[edit]
- ^ "Adelges piceae (balsam woolly adelgid)". www.cabi.org.
- ^ "Aleurodicus dispersus (whitefly)". www.cabi.org.
- ^ "Anguillicoloides crassus". www.cabi.org.
- ^ "Aphis spiraecola (Spirea aphid)". www.cabi.org.
- ^ "Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit fly)". CABI.org. 2020-12-10. Retrieved 2021-04-09.
- ^ "Chilo suppressalis (striped rice stem borer)". www.cabi.org.
- ^ "Cinara cupressi sensu lato (Cypress aphid)". www.cabi.org.
- ^ "Cryptotermes brevis (powderpost termite)". www.cabi.org.
- ^ "Ctenarytaina eucalypti (blue gum psyllid)". www.cabi.org.
- ^ "Deroceras invadens (tramp slug)". www.cabi.org.
- ^ "Austrominius modestus". www.cabi.org.
- ^ "Frankliniella occidentalis (western flower thrips)". CABI.org. 2020-09-22. Retrieved 2021-04-09.
- ^ "Globodera rostochiensis (yellow potato cyst nematode)". www.cabi.org.
- ^ "Icerya purchasi (cottony cushion scale)". www.cabi.org.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Decreto-Lei n.o 565/99 de 21 de Dezembro" [Decree-Law No 565/99 of December 21] (PDF). Diário da República (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional. 21 December 1999. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
- ^ "Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Colorado potato beetle)". CABI.org. 2020-12-10. Retrieved 2021-04-09.
- ^ "Linepithema humile (Argentine ant)". www.cabi.org.
- ^ "Lumbricus terrestris". www.cabi.org.
- ^ "Opogona sacchari (banana moth)". www.cabi.org.
- ^ University), Guenter Schuster (Eastern Kentucky; Illinois), Chris Taylor (University of; Cordeiro (NatureServe), Jay (June 1, 2010). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Pacifastacus leniusculus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
- ^ "Paratrechina longicornis (crazy ant)". www.cabi.org.
- ^ "Phoracantha semipunctata (eucalyptus longhorned borer)". www.cabi.org.
- ^ "Popillia japonica Newman" (PDF). azores.gov.pt. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
- ^ "Potamopyrgus antipodarum (New Zealand mudsnail)". www.cabi.org.
- ^ "Styela clava (Asian tunicate)". www.cabi.org.
- ^ "Thaumastocoris peregrinus (bronze bug)". www.cabi.org.
- ^ "Tricellaria inopinata". www.cabi.org.
- ^ "Vespa velutina (Asian Hornet)". www.cabi.org.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx "Decreto-Lei 92/2019, 2019-07-10" (in Portuguese). Diário da República. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
- ^ Assessment), Sherif Baha El Din (SRLI & Global Reptile; Marc Cheylan (Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (UMR 5175 CNRS), 1919 route de Mende; Claudia Corti (Museo di Storia Naturale dell'Università di Firenze, Sezione di Zoologia "La Specola"; Assessment), Valentín Pérez Mellado (SRLI Reptile; Juan Pleguezuelos (Dep Animal Biology, Fac Sciences; Assessment), Paulo Sá-Sousa (SRLI Reptile; Milan Vogrin (DPPVN, Rače; Awad Al Johany (King Saud University, Riyadh (February 7, 2012). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Chamaeleo chamaeleon". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Sá-Sousa, Paulo; Sindaco, Roberto (December 14, 2008). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Teira dugesii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
- ^ "Ameiurus melas (black bullhead)". www.cabi.org.
- ^ "Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout)". www.cabi.org.
- ^ "Sander lucioperca (pike-perch)". www.cabi.org.
- ^ Matias, R. 2002. "Aves Exóticas que Nidificam em Portugal Continental". Ed. do Instituto de Conservação da Natureza. Lisboa. 110pp.[1]
- ^ "Mustela furo (ferret)". www.cabi.org.
- ^ "Neovison vison (American mink)". www.cabi.org.
- ^ Luis A. Ruedas (Department of Biology Portland State University Portland, Oregon (September 1, 2016). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Rattus norvegicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
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