List of cities by scientific output

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The following article lists the cities and metropolitan areas with the greatest scientific output, according to the Nature Index. The Nature Index attempts to objectively measure the scientific output of institutions, cities and countries by the amount of scientific articles and papers published in leading journals. Differences in quality are taken into account. Only articles published in 82[note 1] selected quality journals are counted. All these journals are in the English language. They were selected by a committee. If authors from several institutions from different cities are involved in a scientific article, it is divided accordingly, assuming that all researchers were equally involved in the article.

In 2019, Beijing was the city in the world with the largest scientific output, accounting for 2.8% of the world's total.[2] New York City was second in the world, with about 2% of the world's total. Overall, the United States has the most cities in the top 100 list, followed by China.

List[edit]

The top 100 cities and metropolitan areas with the highest share of articles published in scientific journals in 2021 according to the Nature Index 2022 Science Cities:[3]

Rank City/Metro area Country
1 Beijing  China
2 New York metropolitan area  United States
3 Shanghai  China
4 Boston metropolitan Area  United States
5 San Francisco Bay Area  United States
6 Baltimore-Washington  United States
7 Tokyo metropolitan area  Japan
8 Nanjing  China
9 Paris metropolitan area  France
10 Guangzhou  China
11 Wuhan  China
12 Los Angeles Metropolitan area  United States
13 London metropolitan area  United Kingdom
14 Seoul metropolitan area  South Korea
15 Chicago metropolitan area  United States
16 Hefei  China
17 Zürich  Switzerland
18 Singapore  Singapore
19 Hangzhou  China
20 Tianjin  China
21 San Diego metropolitan area  United States
22 Cambridge  United Kingdom
23 Hong Kong  China
24 Munich  Germany
25 Philadelphia metropolitan area  United States
26 Oxford  United Kingdom
27 Berlin metropolitan area  Germany
28 Shenzhen  China
29 Xi'an  China
30 Chengdu  China
31 Houston metropolitan area  United States
32 Seattle metropolitan area  United States
33 Melbourne  Australia
34 Changsha  China
35 Changchun  China
36 Jinan  China
37 Atlanta metropolitan area  United States
38 Ann Arbor  United States
39 Toronto metropolitan area  Canada
40 Sydney  Australia
41 Daejeon  South Korea
42 Lausanne  Switzerland
43 Kyoto  Japan
44 Ithaca  United States
45 Barcelona metropolitan area  Spain
46 Copenhagen  Denmark
47 Moscow  Russia
48 Suzhou  China
49 Dalian  China
50 Fuzhou  China
51 Chongqing  China
52 Madrid  Spain
53 Osaka  Japan
54 Stockholm  Sweden
55 Montreal  Canada
56 Dallas–Fort Worth  United States
57 Tsukuba  Japan
58 Vienna  Austria
59 Taipei  Taiwan[note 2]
60 St. Louis  United States
61 Boulder  United States
62 Austin  United States
63 Xiamen  China
64 Pittsburgh  United States
65 Heidelberg  Germany
66 Urbana  United States
67 Lanzhou  China
68 Qingdao  China
69 Nagoya metropolitan Area  Japan
70 Brisbane  Australia
71 Vancouver  Canada
72 Dresden  Germany
73 Amsterdam metropolitan area  Netherlands
74 Minneapolis–Saint Paul  United States
75 Madison  United States
76 Göttingen  Germany
77 Durham  United States
78 State College  United States
79 Hamburg  Germany
80 Milan  Italy
81 Rehovot  Israel
82 Santa Barbara  United States
83 Edinburgh  United Kingdom
84 Chapel Hill  United States
85 Harbin  China
86 Geneva  Switzerland
87 Grenoble  France
88 Bengaluru  India
89 Leuven  Belgium
90 Münster  Germany
91 Manchester  United Kingdom
92 Davis  United States
93 Rome  Italy
94 Irvine  United States
95 Bristol metropolitan area  United Kingdom
96 Zhengzhou  China
97 Utrecht  Netherlands
98 College Station  United States
99 Jerusalem  Israel
100 Tel Aviv  Israel

Leading cities in different fields[edit]

The 10 cities and metropolitan areas with the highest share of articles published in the fields of life sciences, Earth & environmental sciences, chemistry and physical sciences:

Rank Life sciences[4] Earth & environmental sciences[5] Chemistry[6] Physical sciences[7]
1 United States New York metropolitan area China Beijing China Beijing China Beijing
2 United States Boston metropolitan area China Nanjing China Shanghai China Shanghai
3 United States San Francisco Bay Area United States Baltimore-Washington China Nanjing United States Boston metropolitan area
4 United States Baltimore-Washington United States New York metropolitan area Japan Tokyo metropolitan area United States New York metropolitan area
5 China Beijing United States San Francisco Bay Area China Guangzhou United States San Francisco Bay Area
6 United Kingdom London metropolitan area China Guangzhou China Wuhan Japan Tokyo metropolitan area
7 China Shanghai United States Los Angeles metropolitan area United States New York metropolitan area South Korea Seoul metropolitan area
8 France Paris metropolitan area China Wuhan United States San Francisco Bay Area China Nanjing
9 United States San Diego metropolitan area China Shanghai China Tianjin France Paris metropolitan area
10 United States Los Angeles metropolitan area United States Boston metropolitan area United States Boston metropolitan area  Singapore

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ The current complete list of the 82 leading scientific journals, as of September 2022, are: ACS Nano, Advanced Functional Materials, Advanced Materials, American Journal of Human Genetics, Analytical Chemistry, Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Applied Physics Letters, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Cancer Cell, Cancer Research, Cell, Cell Host & Microbe, Cell Metabolism, Cell Stem Cell, Chemical Communications, Chemical Science, Current Biology, Developmental Cell, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Ecology Letters, eLife, Environmental Science & Technology, European Physical Journal C, Genes & Development, Genome Research, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Geology, Geophysical Research Letters, Immunity, Inorganic Chemistry, Journal of Biological Chemistry, Journal of Cell Biology, Journal of Clinical Investigation, Journal of Experimental Medicine, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, Journal of High Energy Physics, Journal of Neuroscience, Journal of the American Chemical Society, Macromolecules, Molecular Cell, Molecular Psychiatry, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters, Nano Letters, Nature, Nature Biotechnology, Nature Cell Biology, Nature Chemical Biology, Nature Chemistry, Nature Climate Change, Nature Communications, Nature Genetics, Nature Geoscience, Nature Immunology, Nature Materials, Nature Medicine, Nature Methods, Nature Nanotechnology, Nature Neuroscience, Nature Photonics, Nature Physics, Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, Neuron, Organic Letters, Physical Review A, Physical Review B, Physical Review D, Physical Review Letters, Physical Review X, PLOS Biology, PLOS Genetics, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Science, Science Advances, Science Translational Medicine, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, The EMBO Journal, The ISME Journal: Multidisciplinary Journal of Microbial Ecology, The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, The Plant Cell, and Water Research.[1]
  2. ^ Controlled by the  Republic of China on Taiwan. See also Political status of Taiwan and One China.

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Revisions to the Nature Index". nature.com. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  2. ^ Jia, Hepeng (2020-09-19). "Beijing, the seat of science capital". Nature. 585 (7826): S52–S54. Bibcode:2020Natur.585S..52J. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-02577-x.
  3. ^ "Leading 200 science cities | Nature Index 2022 Science Cities | Supplements | Nature Index". www.nature.com. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  4. ^ "Leading 50 science cities in biological sciences | Nature Index 2022 Science Cities | Supplements | Nature Index". www.nature.com. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  5. ^ "Leading 25 science cities in Earth & environmental sciences | Nature Index 2022 Science Cities | Supplements | Nature Index". www.nature.com. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  6. ^ "Leading 50 science cities in chemistry | Nature Index 2022 Science Cities | Supplements | Nature Index". www.nature.com. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  7. ^ "Leading 50 science cities in physical sciences | Nature Index 2022 Science Cities | Supplements | Nature Index". www.nature.com. Retrieved 2023-07-18.