Killing of Stephon Clark

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Coordinates: 38°28′56″N 121°28′23″W / 38.48222222°N 121.47292°W / 38.48222222; -121.47292
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"Stephon Clark" redirects here. Not to be confused with Stephen Clark.

Killing of Stephon Clark
Image from Clark's Facebook account
DateMarch 18, 2018 (2018-03-18)
Timec. 9:30 p.m. (PT)
LocationMeadowview, Sacramento, California, U.S.
Coordinates38°28′56″N 121°28′23″W / 38.48222222°N 121.47292°W / 38.48222222; -121.47292
TypeHomicide by shooting, police killing
CauseGunshot wounds
ParticipantsTerrence Mercadal and Jared Robinet (shooters)
DeathsStephon Clark, aged 22
InquiriesUse of force investigation
CoronerA forensic pathologist hired by Clark's family said Clark was shot eight times, including six times in the back. The Sacramento County Coroner's report said he was shot seven times, three times in the back; the Sacramento County Coroner's report was later reviewed by four forensic pathologists.
ChargesNone

In the late evening of March 18, 2018, Stephon Clark, a 22-year-old African-American man, was shot and killed in Meadowview, Sacramento, California by Terrence Mercadal and Jared Robinet, two officers of the Sacramento Police Department in the backyard of his grandmother's house while he had a phone in his hand. The encounter was filmed by police video cameras and by a Sacramento County Sheriff's Department helicopter which was involved in observing Clark on the ground and in directing ground officers to the point at which the shooting took place. The officers stated that they shot Clark, firing 20 rounds, believing that he had pointed a gun at them. Police found only a cell phone on him. While the Sacramento County Coroner's autopsy report concluded that Clark was shot seven times, including three shots to the right side of the back, the pathologist hired by the Clark family stated that Clark was shot eight times, including six times in the back.

The shooting caused large protests in Sacramento, and Clark's family members have rejected the initial police description of the events leading to Clark's death. The Sacramento Police Department placed the officers on paid administrative leave and opened a use of force investigation. Police have stated they are confident that Clark was the suspect responsible for breaking windows in the area prior to the encounter.

On March 2, 2019, the Sacramento County district attorney announced that the Sacramento police officers who killed Clark would not be charged and that they had probable cause to stop Clark and were legally justified in the use of deadly force.[1][2]

Stephon Clark[edit]

Stephon Clark (born Stephan Alonzo-Clark,[3] August 10, 1995 – March 18, 2018)[4] an African American, graduated from Sacramento High School in 2013, where he was on the football team. He was 22 years old at the time he was killed.[5][6][7] According to The Los Angeles Times, Clark lived in a "tough neighborhood" characterized by tense relations with the Sacramento Police Department.[7] His older brother, Stevante Clark, told KOVR that he and Stephon had come from "underprivileged, broken homes".[8] Their 16-year-old brother was killed in a shooting in 2006.[7] Stephon had been released from county jail about a month before the shooting and was staying with his grandparents on and off. His brother said, "He was arrested before, but he's been different lately. He really changed his life."[3][8] Sacramento County court records show that Clark had a history of convictions for robbery, domestic abuse, and a prostitution-related offense. At the time of his death he was on probation for a 2014 robbery conviction.A year later in 2015 Clark was arrested for prostituting women. He violated probation in December 2015 for that case.[9] According to the investigation, Clark had searched online for ways to commit suicide.[1] A toxicology report also released by police found traces of cocaine, cannabis, and codeine in Clark's system. Codeine and hydrocodone were found in Clark's urine. Multiple leaders in the community opined that Clark's criminal record was immaterial to his death.[7]

Shooting[edit]

The Sacramento Police Department stated that on Sunday, March 18 at 9:18 p.m., two officers responded to a 9-1-1 call that an individual was breaking car windows.[5] In a media release after the shooting, police stated that they had been looking for a suspect hiding in a backyard. They said the suspect was a thin black man, 6 feet 1 inch (185 cm) in height, wearing dark pants and a black hooded sweatshirt.[5] A sheriff's helicopter spotted a man at 9:25 p.m., in a nearby backyard and told officers on the ground that he had shattered a window using a tool bar, run to the front of that house, and then looked in an adjacent car.[5]

Officers on the ground entered the front yard of Clark's grandmother's home, and saw Clark next to the home.[10][5] Vance Chandler, the Sacramento Police Department spokesman, said that Clark was the same man who had been breaking windows, and was tracked by police in helicopters.[5] Chandler said that when Clark was confronted and ordered to stop and show his hands, Clark fled to the back of the property.[5]

Police body camera footage from both of the officers who shot Clark recorded the incident, though the footage is dark and shaky.[10][11] In the videos, officers spot Clark in his grandmother's driveway and shout "Hey, show me your hands. Stop. Stop."[10] The video shows that the officers chased Clark into the backyard and an officer yells, "Show me your hands! Gun!" About three seconds elapse and then the officer yells, "Show me your hands! Gun, gun, gun", before shooting Clark.[10][11]

According to the police, before being shot, Clark turned and held an object that he "extended in front of him" while he moved towards the officers.[5] The officers said they believed that Clark was pointing a gun at them.[8] The police stated that the officers feared for their safety, and at 9:26 p.m., fired 20 rounds, hitting Clark multiple times.[8][5] According to an independent autopsy, Clark was shot eight times, including six times in the back.[12] The report found that one of the bullets to strike Clark from the front was likely fired while he was already on the ground.[12]

Body-cam footage shows that after shooting him, the officers continued to yell at him as one shined a flashlight at him and they kept their guns aimed at him. One officer stated in one of the body-cam videos, "He had something in hands, looked like a gun from our perspective." Three minutes after the shooting, a female officer called to him and said "We need to know if you're OK. We need to get you medics, so we can't go over and get you help until we know you don't have a weapon."[13] They waited five minutes after shooting Clark before approaching and then handcuffing him.[14] Clark was found to have an iPhone, and was unarmed.[8][6] Clark's girlfriend later said the phone belonged to her.[3]

After more officers arrived, one officer said "Hey, mute", and audio recording from the body camera was turned off.[10]

The Police Department stated on March 19, one day after the shooting, that Clark had been seen with a "tool bar". On the evening of that day, police revised their statement to say that Clark was carrying a cell phone, and not a tool bar, when he was shot.[5] Police added that Clark might have used either a concrete block or an aluminum gutter railing to break a sliding glass door at the house next door to where he was shot, and that they believed Clark had broken windows from at least three vehicles in the area.[5]

Investigation[edit]

The Sacramento Police Department began a use-of-force investigation and placed both officers on paid administrative leave.[8] On March 27, California Attorney General Xavier Becerra said that his department would provide independent oversight into the investigation, and separately would scrutinize the police department's use-of-force policies and training procedures.[15][16]

Prior to the release of the county coroner's report, the family requested a second, independent autopsy, results of which were released March 30, 2018. The pathologist, Dr. Bennet Omalu, said Clark had been shot eight times from the back or side, adding "You could reasonably conclude that he received seven gunshot wounds from his back."[17] The Sacramento County Coroner's report was subsequently released to the public on May 1, 2018. The report said Omalu's autopsy was "erroneous". The county autopsy, conducted by forensic pathologist Dr. Keng-Chih Su, indicated that Clark had been shot once in the front of the left thigh, three times directly to the side, and three times in the right side of the back. The Coroner's office had Dr. Su's autopsy reviewed by three pathologists from the county. Their findings were independently reviewed by forensic pathologist Dr. Gregory Reiber from Placer County. Reiber said Omalu had made "a significant error" by interpreting an exit wound as an entrance wound, which "leads to incorrect conclusions regarding the relative positions of the victim and shooters during the event".[18] The review corroborated the officers' story that police shot Clark when he was approaching them. Omalu said he was standing "firmly in defense" of his findings.[19]

On June 7, 2018, a New York Times team published an analysis also based on videos made by two police body cameras and by an overhead, heat-sensing helicopter camera.[20]

During the investigation, it was discovered that Clark's phone records showed that he had called Salena Mohamed Manni 76 times leading up to the shooting, causing her to block his phone number. Clark also attempted to get ahold of his probation officer in the 48 hours after he was reported for domestic violence, but was unable to do so. Clark had also received text messages from Manni telling him that he would be sent back to prison for the domestic incident and that he would not see his children for a long time. Clark also texted other ex-girlfriends seeking drugs, as well as texting Manni that he was going to commit suicide.[21] An examination of his internet search history also showed that he had been researching websites about suicide.[22]

On March 2, 2019, Sacramento County District Attorney Anne Marie Schubert announced that her office would not be filing criminal charges against the police officers involved in Clark's death.[2] Schubert stated that the officers had probable cause to stop and detain Clark and that they were legally justified in using deadly force against him.[1] On March 5, 2019, California Attorney General Xavier Becerra announced that his office could not file criminal charges for Clark's death.[23][24]

On September 26, 2019, US Attorney McGregor Scott and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) announced there was "insufficient evidence" to bring federal civil right charges against the officers. The Sacramento Police Department also said the department's investigation found no policy or training violations related to the shooting. The officers were cleared to return to active duty after they had been assigned to desk duty.[25][26]

Officers[edit]

The Sacramento Police Department initially stated that they would release the names of the officers who shot Clark within 10 days of the event.[27] Sources leaked what they alleged were the names of the shooters; however, the Sacramento Police Department did not confirm the validity of the names citing fears for the officers' safety.[27]

In March 2019 shortly after the district attorney decided to not press charges against them, the two officers came forward and revealed their identities (Terrance Mercadal and Jared Robinet), and opened up about their experience during the shooting in an interview with The Sacramento Bee.[28]

Protests[edit]

There were numerous public protests in Sacramento after the killing. On March 22, 2018, Black Lives Matter led a march that shut down Interstate 5 and prevented NBA fans from entering a Sacramento Kings game, resulting in a delay of the game.[29][30][31][32]

One week after the shooting, the Sacramento Kings and Boston Celtics NBA teams wore shirts with Clark's name and the words "Accountability" and "We are One" during warm-ups and the national anthem.[33]

On March 31, after an autopsy by Omalu had concluded that Clark was shot eight times, mostly in the back, hundreds of protesters gathered in downtown Sacramento. The peaceful protest was led by retired NBA player Matt Barnes, who announced that he is starting a scholarship fund for Clark's sons.[34][35]

Local activist Wanda Cleveland was struck by a Sacramento County Sheriff's Department vehicle at a rally. Video of the incident shows that a number of protesters converged on official vehicles and were ordered over loudspeakers to step away. One sheriff's vehicle hit Cleveland and knocked her down while she was standing in front of the car. According to Cleveland the vehicle was accelerating and "never even stopped" when it hit her. She was hospitalized with bruises on her head and arm and released the next morning. Members of the progressive advocacy group National Lawyers Guild who were present during the protest said the vehicle "accelerated very fast" as it hit Cleveland and then "sped off". According to the sheriff's department, "A collision occurred while the patrol vehicle was traveling at slow speeds."[36][37] The California Highway Patrol is investigating the matter.[36][37][38][39]

At a press conference, Sacramento County Sheriff Scott Jones blamed "paid professional protesters" and "professional instigators that infiltrate the protests for their own purposes" for the incident.[40] Protest organizers denied the allegation and were outraged by his comments. Sociology and political science professor David Meyer said Jones's allegation was not realistic. PolitiFact concluded that Jones did not provide evidence to his claim, and rated his claim as false.[41]

In March 2019, the district attorney decided not to pursue charges for Clark's death, which led to protests. 84 people, including journalists, were arrested. About 100 protesters marched through east Sacramento. One protester said they went through the area populated by Sacramento's elite because it was "a neighborhood that would likely never experience such a tragic and violent loss of one of its residents, so we are bringing the discomfort and pain of our trauma to their doorstep".[23]

Responses[edit]

Elected officials and political activists[edit]

Sacramento Mayor Darrell Steinberg, initially said he would not second-guess decisions made by officers on the ground. Following public backlash, Steinberg stated the videos of Clark's shooting made him feel "really sick" and that the shooting was "wrong," however declined to comment whether the officers should be charged.[42] House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi stated that Clark "should be alive today".[43] Reverend Al Sharpton stated that he was alarmed by the story, which he said had not received enough media attention.[44]

On March 26, White House spokesman Raj Shah stated that he was unaware of any comments from President Donald Trump regarding the incident.[43] Two days later, White House Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders stated that Trump is "very supportive of law enforcement" and that the incident was a "local matter" that should be dealt with by the local authorities.[45]

Clark family[edit]

Clark's mother, Se'Quette Clark, receives a hug from US Senator Kamala Harris with attorney Benjamin Crump looking on in 2018.

Civil rights attorney Benjamin Crump, who represents the Clark family, stated that the autopsy finding was inconsistent with the official narrative that Clark was charging toward the police officers when they fired.[12] Clark's family expressed skepticism of the police version of events. Clark's brother, Stevante Clark, said of police statements: "They said he had a gun. Then they said he had a crowbar. Then they said he had a toolbar ... If you lie to me once, I know you'll lie to me again."[10] Clark's aunt Saquoia Durham said that police gave Clark no time to respond to their commands before shooting him.[46] According to Crump the officers did not identify themselves as police when they encountered Clark.[33] The police have stated that the officers who confronted Clark were wearing their uniforms at that time.[47]

In January 2019, Clark's two underage sons filed a civil lawsuit against Sacramento and the two officers who shot Clark, seeking $20 million in damages. In September 2019, the city settled the lawsuit for $2.4 million; each son will receive $900,000 tax-free when they turn 22.[48][49] In August 2022, the city settled a lawsuit with Clark's parents for $1.7 million.[50]

Policing experts[edit]

University of South Carolina criminology professor Geoffrey Alpert stated that it might be hard for officers to justify their conclusion that Clark was armed, since they had been told he was carrying a toolbar.[51] Peter Moskos, assistant professor of Law and Police Science at John Jay College, said that the officers appeared to think they had been fired upon following the shooting.[52] Alpert, Clark's family, and protesters questioned officers' decisions to mute their microphones.[10][53] Police Chief Daniel Hahn said he was unable to explain the muting. Cedric Alexander, former police chief in Rochester, New York, and former president of the National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives, said that the muting did not appear to violate any policy, although the action would reflect poorly on the officers. He also stated that it is not unusual for police to mute their body cams and that attorneys advise the police to mute conversations to prevent recording any comments that could be used in administrative or criminal proceedings.[53]

Policy changes[edit]

In April 2018, the city of Sacramento enacted a policy that generally prohibits police officers from shutting down their body cams and audio recording devices. In July 2018, the Sacramento Police Department changed its foot pursuit policy, requiring officers to assess the danger chasing a suspect poses to officers and to the public.[49][25] Before Clark's shooting, the police were authorized to use deadly force if it was considered "reasonable". In August 2019, California adopted a law that authorized using deadly force only "when necessary in defense of human life".[49]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Real, Jose A. Del (March 2, 2019). "The New York Times, No Charges in Sacramento Police Shooting of Stephon Clark, March 2, 2019". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 3, 2019. Retrieved March 3, 2019.
  2. ^ a b "Sacramento D.A.: No charges against police officers who shot Stephon Clark". The Sacramento Bee. ISSN 0890-5738. Archived from the original on March 3, 2019. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  3. ^ a b c Egel, Benjy; Chavez, Nashelly; Chabria, Anita (March 20, 2018). "Police fired 20 times at south Sacramento man fatally shot while holding a cellphone". The Sacramento Bee. Archived from the original on March 27, 2018. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
  4. ^ "California Birth Index". Archived from the original on April 5, 2018. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Egel, Benjy; Chavez, Nashelly; Chabria, Anita (March 22, 2018). "Updated: Black man shot by police was carrying cellphone, not 'tool bar,' when he was shot, department says". The Sacramento Bee. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  6. ^ a b Morrar, Sawsan; Lowery, Wesley (March 24, 2018). "Sacramento simmers with tension in wake of fatal police shooting of Stephon Clark". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 26, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
  7. ^ a b c d Santa Cruz, Nicole; St. John, Paige (March 29, 2018). "Stephon Clark: Surrounded by love, trouble and tragedy, and now a rallying cry for justice after police shooting". The Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 30, 2018. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Sanchez, Ray (March 23, 2018). "The man shot and killed by Sacramento police was turning his life around, his brother says". CNN. Archived from the original on March 26, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
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  11. ^ a b Marcolini, Barbara; Cirillo, Chris; Koetl, Christoph (March 23, 2018). "How Stephon Clark Was Killed by Police in his Backyard". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 26, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
  12. ^ a b c St. John, Paige; Serna, Joseph (March 30, 2018). "Stephon Clark was shot six times in the back, independent autopsy finds". The Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 30, 2018. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
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  18. ^ Moffitt, Nick Miller, Bob. "Sacramento Police Release Stephon Clark Autopsy, Calls Family Private Findings 'Erroneous'". Archived from the original on August 8, 2018. Retrieved August 12, 2018.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ "Doctor defends autopsy of California police shooting victim". The Associated Press. May 3, 2018.
  20. ^ Christoph Koettl (June 7, 2018). "What We Learned From the Videos of Stephon Clark Being Killed by Police". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 7, 2018. Retrieved June 7, 2018.
  21. ^ Egel, Benjy. "Who is Salena Manni, the girlfriend of Stephon Clark?". The Sacramento Bee. Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  22. ^ "No Criminal Charges For Sacramento Police Officers Who Fatally Shot Stephon Clark". NPR.org. Archived from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
  23. ^ a b Chabria, Anita; Tchekmedyian, Alene (March 5, 2019). "Arrests and unrest in Sacramento as Becerra also declines to file charges in Stephon Clark shooting". Los Angeles Times.
  24. ^ Wiley, Hannah (January 25, 2021). "He sued President Donald Trump 123 times. Now he's joining Joe Biden's administration". The Sacramento Bee.
  25. ^ a b Wallace, Danielle (September 27, 2019). "Stephon Clark shooting: No civil rights charges, officers will return to active-duty in Sacramento". Fox News. Archived from the original on October 31, 2019. Retrieved October 31, 2019.
  26. ^ William, Mansell (September 28, 2019). "Officers who killed Stephon Clark won't face federal civil rights charges". ABC News. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
  27. ^ a b Chabria, Anita; Egel, Benjy (March 23, 2018). "Names of officers in Stephon Clark shooting released by civil rights attorney". The Sacramento Bee. Archived from the original on June 29, 2020. Retrieved June 5, 2020.
  28. ^ Stanton, Sam (March 6, 2019). "In their own words: Sacramento officers who shot Stephon Clark give their side of the story". The Sacramento Bee. Archived from the original on March 7, 2019. Retrieved March 9, 2019.
  29. ^ Lillis, Nashelly Chavez, Tony Bizjak, Cathy Locke, Ryan; Sangree, Hudson (March 22, 2018). "Protesters of police shooting shut down I-5 and block entry to Sacramento Kings game". The Sacramento Bee. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2018.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ Daniela Pardo and Frances Wang (March 23, 2018). "Protesters block freeway after videos show Sacramento police firing 20 shots at unarmed black man". KXTV-TV. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  31. ^ Romo, Vanessa (March 26, 2018). "Stephon Clark's Family Urges Criminal Charges Against Police Who Shot Him". NPR. Archived from the original on March 28, 2018. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
  32. ^ "Kings owner tells crowd after Sacramento protests: 'We are all united in our commitment'". ESPN. March 23, 2018. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  33. ^ a b Victoria Kim; Paige St. John; Nicole Santa Cruz (March 26, 2018). "Stephon Clark's grandmother recounts horror of learning police had killed him in her backyard". The Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 26, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
  34. ^ St. John, Paige; Elmahrek, Adam; Winton, Richard (March 31, 2017). "Hundreds rally in Sacramento after Stephon Clark autopsy raises new questions in police shooting". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on April 5, 2018. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
  35. ^ Sanchez, Ray (April 1, 2018). "Former NBA player leads Stephon Clark protest rally". CNN. Archived from the original on April 5, 2018. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
  36. ^ a b "CHP Investigating Injury Collision Involving Sacramento Deputy". CBS San Francisco Bay Area. April 1, 2018. Archived from the original on April 2, 2018. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  37. ^ a b "Sheriff's deputy's vehicle strikes activist protesting Stephon Clark's death". CBS News. April 2, 2018. Archived from the original on April 2, 2018. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  38. ^ Vives, Ruben (April 1, 2018). "Investigations underway after sheriff's vehicle hits protester at Stephon Clark rally". The Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on April 2, 2018. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  39. ^ Kanetkar, Riddhima (April 2, 2018). "Who Is Wanda Cleveland? Sacramento Activist Struck By Sheriff's Vehicle During Protests". International Business Times. Archived from the original on April 3, 2018. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  40. ^ "Sacramento County Sheriff Blames 'Paid Protesters' After Patrol Car Hits Protester". NBC News Washington. April 3, 2018. Archived from the original on April 4, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
  41. ^ Nichols, Chris (April 10, 2018). "Protesters for hire? Sacramento Sheriff provides no evidence for inflammatory claim". PolitiFact. Archived from the original on April 27, 2018. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
  42. ^ Levin, Sam (March 27, 2018). "'They executed him': police killing of Stephon Clark leaves family shattered". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 27, 2018. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
  43. ^ a b Lima, Cristiano (March 26, 2018). "After Stephon Clark death, White House says Trump cares about people 'harmed through no fault of their own'". Politico. Archived from the original on March 27, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
  44. ^ Kim, Victoria (March 25, 2018). "Al Sharpton will attend funeral of Stephon Clark, unarmed man killed in Sacramento police shooting". The Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 27, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
  45. ^ Reilly, Katie. "Trump White House Calls Fatal Police Shooting of Stephon Clark a 'Local Matter'". Time. Archived from the original on March 31, 2018. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
  46. ^ Chavez, Anita Chabria, Benjy Egel And Nashelly (March 21, 2018). "Updated: 'Show me your hands.' Police video shows death of Stephon Clark in a hail of gunfire". The Sacramento Bee. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  47. ^ "FAQ: Stephon Clark shooting". KXTV. Archived from the original on August 13, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
  48. ^ "Stephon Clark's two young sons to get $2.4 million from Sacramento". CBS News. September 6, 2019. Archived from the original on September 20, 2019. Retrieved October 31, 2019.
  49. ^ a b c Vigdor, Neil (October 10, 2019). "Stephon Clark's Sons Reach $2.4 Million Settlement Over Police Killing". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 31, 2019. Retrieved October 31, 2019.
  50. ^ Martinez, Christian (August 13, 2022). "Sacramento settles with parents of Stephon Clark, unarmed man killed by police, for $1.7 million". Los Angeles Times.
  51. ^ Martin, David A. (March 22, 2018). "Body Cam Video Of Stephon Clark's Shooting Raises More Questions". CBS Sacramento. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved June 5, 2020.
  52. ^ Bollag, Sophia; Thompson, Don (March 23, 2018). "Fatal police shooting protest disrupts NBA game". AP News. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved June 5, 2020.
  53. ^ a b Schuppe, Jon (March 27, 2018). "Why did Sacramento officers who shot Stephon Clark mute their bodycams?". NBC News. Archived from the original on March 27, 2018. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
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