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Kaliningrad Nuclear Power Plant

Coordinates: 54°56′20″N 22°09′40″E / 54.93889°N 22.16111°E / 54.93889; 22.16111
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Kaliningrad Nuclear Power Plant
Map
Official nameBaltiiskaya NPP
CountryRussia
LocationNeman, Kaliningrad Oblast
Coordinates54°56′20″N 22°09′40″E / 54.93889°N 22.16111°E / 54.93889; 22.16111
Statusconstruction suspended
Construction began25 February 2010 (25 February 2010)
OwnerRosenergoatom
Nuclear power station
Reactor typeVVER-1200/491
Reactor supplierAtomenergoprom
Cooling towers1
Power generation
Units under const.2 × 1,170 MW
Nameplate capacity2,340 MW
External links
Websitebaltnpp.rosenergoatom.ru
CommonsRelated media on Commons
[edit on Wikidata]

The Kaliningrad Nuclear Power Plant (also referred as Baltic Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) or Baltiiskaya NPP, Russian: Калининградская атомная электростанция; Калининградская АЭС [pronunciationⓘ] or Балтийская АЭС [pronunciationⓘ]) is a nuclear power plant under construction 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) south-east of Neman, in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia.[1][2] It is seen as a counter-project to the (later scrapped) plan to build the Visaginas nuclear power plant in Lithuania and is considered not only as an energy, but also as a geopolitical project.[3][4] Originally intending to commission the reactors in 2016 and 2018, construction was temporarily stopped in June 2013 for the project to be redesigned for lower power output after neighbouring countries showed no interest in importing its electricity. However, the downgrade was later discarded.[5][6] No export partners materialised as of 2021 and the project remains in stand-by.[7]

Motivation

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The nuclear power plant is foreseen to secure power supply for the Kaliningrad Oblast and to replace natural gas-based power generation. It has been mentioned that the Kaliningrad Oblast needs the project "because for the time being it imports energy from NATO countries."[citation needed] The excess electricity was planned to be exported into the EU market.[2][8] According to Sergey Boyarkin, deputy general director of Rosenergoatom, the first reactor would be sufficient for Kaliningrad Oblast's needs, while electricity produced by the second reactor would be exported when not filling gaps in generation caused by refuelling and downtime.[9] Lithuania, Poland and Germany were named as potential export markets.[10][11]

Sergey Boyarkin has said that the shutdown of Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant combined with Polish plans to scrap coal-fired generation in compliance with environmental regulation means that the Baltic region faces an energy crisis by 2015.[8][12] He also has said that Kaliningrad Oblast will be isolated from electricity supplies from Russia if the Baltic states de-synchronize themselves from the Russian electricity grid and join the synchronous grid of Continental Europe (ENTSO-E grid).[12] He also mentioned technical complications and unreliability in electricity transfer from Smolensk Nuclear Power Plant, the main supplier of Kaliningrad Oblast, via Belarus and Lithuania.[9]

On the other hand, the project has been seen as a counter-project to the Visaginas nuclear power plant project in Lithuania.[3][4][8] Russia invited Lithuania to participate in the project, instead of building the nuclear power plant in Lithuania.[11]

History

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A framework construction agreement was signed between the head of Rosatom Sergei Kiriyenko and Governor of Kaliningrad Oblast Georgy Boos on 16 April 2008. Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin signed the order for construction of the 2,300 MW plant in September 2009.[1] Ground preparation works started on 25 February 2010.[13][14] The first concrete was scheduled to be laid in April 2011, but was delayed until February 2012.[15]

On 4 June 2013, an order of Atomenergoproject, dated 30 May 2013 and published on 4 June 2013, ordered a series of staffing and budgeting overhauls "in connection with the mothballing of the Baltic NPP and NIAEP budget adjustments for 2013."[16] It was later said that the project will be temporary stopped to reconsider the project's design in case there will be no export to the European Union.[5][6] On 4 July 2013, Sergey Kiriyenko, head of Rosatom, announced that both units will be built like previously planned, with two VVER-1200 and no smaller reactor.[17]

Technical features

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The original design had foreseen two VVER-1200/491 pressurized water reactors in an AES-2006 standard design configuration. The reactors have a capacity of 1150 MWe each and would be supplied by Atomstroyexport.[2]

The first reactor was planned to be operational by 2017 and the second reactor by 2018.[1] Cost was expected to be around €6.8 billion (US$8.8 billion)[18] Two further reactors could be added in the future depending on economic development in Kaliningrad and in the Baltic region in general.[19]

The redesigned plan may consist of two reactors by capacity of 640 MW (VVER-640) and 40 MW (KLT-40S).[16] An alternative foresees up to eight reactors by capacity of 40 MW each.[5][6]

Project development

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The project is developed by Rosatom's subsidiary Inter RAO UES.[2][20] According to Rosatom, 49% of shares in the project will be offered to European companies. This would be the first Russian nuclear power plant with foreign participation.[19] Potential investors named in this context are ČEZ, Enel, and Iberdrola.[21][22][23] However, as of June 2013, no foreign partner has joined the project.[24]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c "Russia to build Kaliningrad nuclear plant". United Press International. 29 September 2009. Retrieved 14 October 2009.
  2. ^ a b c d "Nuclear Power in Russia". World Nuclear Association. February 2013. Archived from the original on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
  3. ^ a b "Russia plans nuclear plant for Kaliningrad exclave". The Baltic Times. 23 April 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
  4. ^ a b "Kaliningrad plan for Baltic States market". World Nuclear News. 17 April 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
  5. ^ a b c Балтийская АЭС: "примерно восемь реакторов мощностью 40 МВт каждый" - ?! В. Лимаренко: Развитие проекта Балтийской АЭС временно приостановлено [Baltic NPP: "about eight reactors with capacity of 40 MW each" - ?! V. Limarenko: Development of the Baltic NPP project is temporary stopped] (in Russian). Bellona. 13 June 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
  6. ^ a b c Генподрядчик подтвердил приостановку проекта Балтийской АЭС мощностью 2ГВт [General contractor confirmed the suspension of the Baltic nuclear power plant project with capacity of 2 GW] (in Russian). Interfax. 13 June 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
  7. ^ "Rosatom to consider new investors for Baltic NPP - Nuclear Engineering International". 13 December 2012.
  8. ^ a b c "In Between the Major Powers". german-foreign-policy.com. German News Information Services GmbH. 31 May 2010. Archived from the original on 3 February 2018. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
  9. ^ a b "Nuclear Power Plants: Russians building, Lithuanians planning". Lietuvos Zinios. The Lithuania Tribune. 18 June 2010. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
  10. ^ Эксперты: АЭС в Калининградской области решает много проблем [NPP in the Kaliningrad Oblast solves a lot of problems] (in Russian). Rosbalt. 21 July 2008. Archived from the original on 22 June 2008. Retrieved 6 August 2008.
  11. ^ a b "Lithuania looks to neighbours for power". World Nuclear News. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
  12. ^ a b "Baltic NPP: After 2015 the Baltic region will face energy crisis" (Press release). Rosenergoatom. 27 July 2009. Archived from the original on 10 October 2010. Retrieved 14 October 2009.
  13. ^ "Росатом" начал строительство Балтийской АЭС [Rosatom started construction of the Baltic NPP to build] (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 25 February 2010. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
  14. ^ "Baltic site works". World Nuclear News. 27 August 2010. Archived from the original on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
  15. ^ "Construction starts at Baltic plant". World Nuclear News. 27 February 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
  16. ^ a b Kaminskaya, Maria (4 June 2013). "Leaked mothballing order confirms CPR stopped on long-suffering Baltic NPP – Rosatom website counters in own version". Bellona. Archived from the original on 19 June 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
  17. ^ ""Росэнергоатом" намерен достроить два энергоблока Балтийской АЭС". RIA Novosti. 4 July 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
  18. ^ "Imminent construction of Baltic nuclear power plant". World Nuclear News. 8 February 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
  19. ^ a b Строительство АЭС сделает Калининградскую область регионом, через который Россия совершит геополитический прорыв: эксперт [Construction of the NPP makes the Kaliningrad Oblast region through which Russia achieves geopolitical breakthrough: expert] (in Russian). REGNUM News Agency. 17 April 2008. Retrieved 6 August 2008.
  20. ^ Строительство АЭС даст колоссальный толчок для развития Калининградской области: эксперт [Construction of the NPP gives a tremendous boost to the development of Kaliningrad Oblast: expert] (in Russian). REGNUM News Agency. 26 June 2008. Retrieved 6 August 2008.
  21. ^ "Baltic nuclear plant brought forward". World Nuclear News. 27 August 2008. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
  22. ^ "Enel looks at foreign markets". World Nuclear News. 27 April 2010. Archived from the original on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
  23. ^ "Iberdrola looks for new-build opportunities". World Nuclear News. 6 August 2009. Archived from the original on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
  24. ^ "Grid concerns for Baltic project". World Nuclear News. 11 June 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
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