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Jamee language

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Jamee
Bahaso Jamèë
Native toIndonesia (Aceh)
RegionCoastal areas of Aceh Singkil, South Aceh, Southwest Aceh, West Aceh and Simeulue
EthnicityAneuk Jamee
Native speakers
(87,000 cited 1981)[1]
Dialects
  • Meureubo
  • Samadua
  • Susoh
  • Tapaktuan
Latin (Indonesian alphabet)
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
Glottologaneu1237
  Areas where the Jamee language is spoken by a significant minority of the population

The Jamee language (Jamee: Bahaso Jamèë), also known as the Aneuk Jamee language, is a dialect of the Minangkabau language that is predominantly spoken by the Aneuk Jamee people in Aceh, Indonesia, who are descendants of Minangkabau migrants who began migrating from present-day West Sumatra to Aceh in the 17th century, which over time have gradually assimilated into Acehnese society and culture.[2] The Jamee language is primarily spoken along the southern and western coasts of Aceh, particularly in the coastal areas of South Aceh, Southwest Aceh, West Aceh, and Aceh Singkil Regency. Additionally, it is also spoken by Aneuk Jamee migrants in Simeulue and the nearby islands, following the migration of these communities from mainland Aceh to the island.[3][4]

Today, most Aneuk Jamee people, particularly those residing in Acehnese-dominated areas like West Aceh Regency, are either bilingual or trilingual. In addition to their native tongue, they also commonly use Acehnese in their daily lives, alongside Indonesian.[5] In contrast, in regions with a higher concentration of Aneuk Jamee populations, such as specific districts in South Aceh and Southwest Aceh Regencies, the Aneuk Jamee language is more widely used and remains an integral part of daily communication. The Jamee language has differed significantly from standard Minangkabau still spoken in West Sumatra, such as in Bukittinggi, in terms of phonology, lexicon, and morphology. Although Jamee is generally still considered a dialect of Minangkabau, it is no longer entirely the same language. Assimilation with local languages, such as Acehnese, has made the Jamee language diverged significantly from standard Minangkabau.[6]

Classification

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The Jamee language is a dialect of the Minangkabau language, which is itself a Malayic language. Speakers of Malayic languages are spread from Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Southern Thailand, to the southernmost part of the Philippines. Malay is a member of the Austronesian family of languages, which includes languages from Taiwan, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Ocean, with a smaller number in continental Asia. Malagasy, a geographic outlier spoken in Madagascar in the Indian Ocean, is also a member of this language family. Although these languages are not necessarily mutually intelligible to any extent, their similarities are often quite apparent. In more conservative languages like Malay, many roots have come with relatively little change from their common ancestor, Proto-Austronesian. There are many cognates found in the languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities.[7]

While the Jamee language is considered as a dialect of Minangkabau, it has been extensively influenced by the Acehnese language, especially the northern dialects. The heavy influence of the Acehnese language has caused the Jamee language to diverge significantly from standard Minangkabau spoken in West Sumatra.The differences between the Jamee language and standard Minangkabau lie in certain aspects of phonology, morphology, and lexicon. In terms of sentence structure, however, the two language variant do not have significant differences.[6]

Geographical distribution and usage

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The Jamee language is predominantly spoken along Aceh's southern coast, with smaller communities found along parts of the west coast.[8] The Aneuk Jamee population is not concentrated in a single area but is dispersed across various districts in South Aceh Regency, including Labuhan Haji, Samadua, and Tapaktuan. In Aceh Singkil Regency, they are found in Singkil District, North Singkil District, and Pulau Banyak District.[9] Additionally, in Southwest Aceh Regency, they inhabit areas such as Lembah Sabil, Manggeng, Susoh, and Jeumpa.[10] They also reside in Johan Pahlawan, Kaway XVI, and Kuala districts in West Aceh Regency. Most Aneuk Jamee communities are located in small coves along the southern coast of Aceh, nestled within a series of bays situated in the lowlands flanked by the Bukit Barisan mountain range.[8] The districts where the Aneuk Jamee reside are separated by areas inhabited by other ethnic groups, such as the Acehnese, Kluet, and other communities in South Aceh.[8] The Jamee language is also spoken in Simeulue, particularly in the town of Sinabang, where it serves as a lingua franca for market transactions and trade activities.[11]

In Southern Aceh, the Jamee language serves as the lingua franca among various ethnic groups, whereas in other regions of Aceh, this role is predominantly fulfilled by Acehnese. In Singkil, Aceh Singkil Regency, Jamee is commonly used as the language of instruction in schools and for informal communication between students and teachers. In contrast, Indonesian is used in more formal settings.[12][13] Additionally, the Jamee language is also used as a media of communication between peers, as a medium of conversation in coffee shops, for discussing local government matters, and during sale and purchase transactions in town. In the Banyak Islands, located off the coast of Aceh Singkil, many locals—particularly younger generations—are gradually shifting from speaking Haloban, a dialect of the Simeulue language, to Jamee or Indonesian.[14]

Dialects

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The Jamee language comprises several dialects, with the most prominent being Meureubo, Samadua, Susoh, and Tapaktuan.[15] Each of these dialects also includes sub-dialects, which may vary from one another. Additionally, different districts often have distinct dialects, reflecting the linguistic diversity within the region.[10] The differences between these dialects may lie in their phonology, morphology, and lexicons; however, they remain mutually intelligible.[16] For example, The Tapaktuan dialect tends to use the vowel sound "a" at the end of words or sentences, and the pronunciation of the consonant "r" in the Tapaktuan dialect is concise. On the other hand, in the Samadua dialect, the consonant "r" is replaced with "gh", and there is greater use of the vowel sound "o" in spoken words or sentences.[16] The dialects of Tapaktuan and Samadua are notably distinct from other Jamee dialects. These two are more traditional and retain greater similarities to the Minangkabau dialects spoken in West Sumatra.[15] Additionally, the Tapaktuan dialect is more influenced by Indonesian, as Tapaktuan is the capital of South Aceh Regency, where local government offices are located and Indonesian is commonly used in administration.[13] The differences are not only in pronunciation but also in vocabulary, sentence structure, and intonation. The Susoh dialect spoken in South Aceh and the Meureubo dialect spoken in West Aceh share many similarities in pronunciation, vocabulary, and intonation. They are more influenced by Acehnese compared to the other dialects, to the extent that the Jamee dialects spoken in these two districts can be considered as a mixture of Minangkabau and Acehnese.[15]

Phonology

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Like many other regional languages in Indonesia, the Jamee language lacks a standardized phonological system. However, some elements of its phonological system are loosely influenced by standard Indonesian orthography, particularly the system developed by the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture.

Vowels

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The Jamee language features a total of seven vowels, setting it apart from standard Minangkabau, which has only five.[6][17] The vowels in Jamee are /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/, /ɛ/, and /ɔ/.

Front Central Back
Close i u
Close-mid e o
Open-mid ɛ ɔ
Open a

Notes:

In writing, the following phonemes are represented as thus:

  • /ɛ/ is ⟨e⟩ or ⟨è⟩
  • /ɔ/ is ⟨o⟩

Consonants

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The Jamee language has 19 consonants, similar to standard Minangkabau. However, the phoneme /r/ is absent in the Jamee language, while the phoneme /ɣ/, present in Jamee, is absent in standard Minangkabau.[6][18]

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive/

Affricate

voiceless p t t͡ʃ k ʔ
voiced b d d͡ʒ ɡ
Fricative s ɣ h
Lateral l
Rhotic
Semivowel w j

Notes:

In writing, the following phonemes are represented as thus:

  • /ŋ/ is ⟨ng⟩
  • /ɲ/ is ⟨ny⟩
  • /t͡ʃ/ is ⟨c⟩
  • /d͡ʒ/ is ⟨j⟩
  • /ʔ/ is ⟨k⟩
  • /j/ is ⟨y⟩
  • /ɣ/ is ⟨r⟩

Diphthongs

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Diphthongs, or compound vowels, in the Jamee language consist of the diphthongs /ai/, /ia/, /ie/, /ua/, /ui/, /ue/, and /eè/. The characteristic feature of diphthongs is that, when pronounced, the position of one part of the tongue differs from the other. These differences are related to the tongue's height, the part of the tongue that moves, and the structure.[19] Diphthongs can be divided into three categories: rising diphthong, falling diphthong and centering diphthong.

References

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  1. ^ Abdullah et. al. 1990, p. 1.
  2. ^ Ansari, Khairil; Mardhatillah, Mardhatillah (2020-10-21). "The Role Of Aneuk Jamee Culture In The Forming Of Millenary Characters In The Industrial Revolution 4.0". Proceeding International Conference on Language and Literature (IC2LC). 0 (0): 1–5.
  3. ^ Candrasari, Ratri; Harinawati; Fasya, Teuku Kemal (2022). "Sigulai: One of Minority Language in Simeulue Island:". Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Social Science, Political Science, and Humanities (ICoSPOLHUM 2021). doi:10.2991/assehr.k.220302.002.
  4. ^ Lubis, Tasnim (2019-10-01). "Learning Nandong in schools as a medium to inform the Simeuluenese local wisdom: An anthropolinguistics approach". Studies in English Language and Education. 6 (2): 262–272. doi:10.24815/siele.v6i2.14066. ISSN 2461-0275.
  5. ^ Fatianda, Septian (2022-11-02). "Suku Aneuk Jamee: Diaspora Masyarakat Minang di Tanah Aceh (Kajian Historis dan Kehidupan Sosial Budaya)". Historia: Jurnal Pendidik dan Peneliti Sejarah (in Indonesian). 5 (2): 147–156. doi:10.17509/historia.v5i2.48240. ISSN 2615-7993.
  6. ^ a b c d Ramli; Erwandi, Novia (2019-03-14). "Analisis Komparatif antara Bahasa Jamee (Aceh) dan Bahasa Minangkabau (Bukittinggi)". Linguistik Indonesia. 37 (1): 81–95. doi:10.26499/li.v37i1.85. ISSN 0215-4846.
  7. ^ Adelaar, K. Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus (2013-03-07). The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge. ISBN 9781136755095.
  8. ^ a b c Nelmawarnia; Triana, Hetti Waluati; Kustati, Martin; Rahman, Fadzilah Abdurrahman; Warnis; Syafruddin; Reflinaldi (2020). "Minangkabau Migration in Aceh During the Colonial Era: The Reconstruction of Aneuk Jamee's Identity" (PDF). International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change. 14 (3): 1079–1095. ISSN 2201-1323.
  9. ^ Putri, Rani; M.Kasim, Fajri; Mursyidin, Mursyidin; Suadi, Suadi; Nurdin, Abidin (2022-11-25). "The Phenomenon of Multi-Ethnic and Religious Life in Aceh Singkil Regency". Malikussaleh Social and Political Reviews. 3 (2): 47–51. doi:10.29103/mspr.v3i2.8005. ISSN 2746-8100.
  10. ^ a b Afrianti, Silka; Trisfayani, Trisfayani; Safriandi, Safriandi (2022-10-09). "Varian Dialek Bahasa Jamee di Aceh Barat Daya". Kande : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia. 3 (1): 65–77. doi:10.29103/jk.v3i1.7238. ISSN 2797-3220.
  11. ^ Muhammad, Sitti Rahmah; Hendrokumoro, Hendrokumoro (2022-11-05). "Hubungan Kekerabatan Bahasa Aceh, Bahasa Devayan, Bahasa Sigulai, dan Bahasa Jamee". Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya. 5 (4): 897–920. doi:10.30872/diglosia.v5i4.511. ISSN 2615-8655.
  12. ^ Sabrina, Novira; Daulay, Syahnan; Gafari, M. Oky Fardian (2018). "Interference of Jamee Language Morphology on the Use of Written Indonesian Language by Students Grade X SMA in Subdistrict of Singkil Aceh Singkil District and its Benefit as Teaching Material for Writing Narration Text". Journal of Education and Practice. 9 (9): 133. ISSN 2222-288X.
  13. ^ a b Yusuf, Yunisrina Qismullah; Fata, Ika Apriani; Karwinda, Sinta (2021-01-31). "Oral monophthong vowel qualities of the Jamee language in Aceh". Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics. 10 (3). doi:10.17509/ijal.v10i3.31767. ISSN 2502-6747.
  14. ^ Aziz, Zulfadli A.; Amery, Robert (2016). "A survey on the status of the local languages of Pulau Simeulue and Pulau Banyak and their use within the community". Proceedings of the 1st English Education International Conference (EEIC) in conjunction with the 2nd Reciprocal Graduate Research Symposium (RGRS) of the Consortium of Asia-Pacific Education Universities (CAPEU) between Sultan Idris Education University and Syiah Kuala University: 487–490. ISSN 2527-8037.
  15. ^ a b c Abdullah et. al. 1991, p. 1.
  16. ^ a b Yulsafli; Suhanda, Nila (2019). "Perbedaan Dialek Tapaktuan dan Dialek Samadua dalam Bahasa Jamee Kabupaten Aceh Selatan". Seminar Nasional Multidisiplin Ilmu: Inovasi Produk Penelitian Pengabdian Masyarakat & Tantangan Era Revolusi Industri 4.0. 2 (1): 310–332. eISSN 2614-1469. ISSN 2598-3083.
  17. ^ Ayub, Asni; Husin, Nurzuir; Muhardi; Usman, Amir Hakim; Yasin, Anas (1993). Tata Bahasa Minangkabau [Grammar of the Minangkabau language] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development and Cultivation Center, Department of Education and Culture. p. 23.
  18. ^ Abdullah et. al. 1991, p. 6.
  19. ^ Yusuf et. al. 1998, p. 14.

Bibliography

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  • Abdullah, Wamad; Marlian, Syamsuar; Rohana, Sitti; Gade, M. Hasan (1990). Morfologi dan Sintaksis Bahasa Jamee [Morphology and Syntax of the Jamee Language] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development and Cultivation Center, Department of Education and Culture.
  • Abdullah, Wamad; Marlian, Syamsuar; Rohana, Sitti; Usman, Bustami (1991). Struktur Bahasa Jamee [Structure of the Jamee Language] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development and Cultivation Center, Department of Education and Culture. ISBN 979 459 178 5.
  • Yusuf, Husni; Mahmud, Saifuddin; Ali, Zaini; Ibrahim, Ridwan (1998). Tata Bahasa Jamee [Grammar of the Jamee Language] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development and Cultivation Center, Department of Education and Culture.
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