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Herbert Kaiser

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Herbert Kaiser
Birth nameHerbert Höhne
Born16 March 1916
Jessen
Died5 December 2003(2003-12-05) (aged 87)
Felde
Allegiance Nazi Germany (to 1945)
 West Germany
Service / branch Luftwaffe
 German Air Force
RankLeutnant (Wehrmacht)
Oberstleutnant (Bundeswehr)
UnitJG 77, JG 1, JV 44
Battles / warsWorld War II
AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross

Herbert Kaiser (16 March 1916 – 5 December 2003) was a Luftwaffe ace and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership. He was captured by American troops in May 1945. During his career, he flew 1,200 missions and is credited with 68 aerial victories.

Early life and career

[edit]

Kaiser was born on 16 March 1916 in Jessen in the Province of Saxony within the German Empire.[1] Until 1942, his last name was Höhne, he then changed it to Kaiser.[2]

In mid 1938, Kaiser was posted to I. Gruppe (1st group) of Jagdgeschwader 136 (JG 136—136th Fighter Wing). On 1 November, elements of I./136 formed the new II. Gruppe of Jagdggruppe 186 (II./186—186th Fighter Group), to which Kaiser was posted.[3] This group, also known as the Trägerjagdgruppe (Carrier Fighter Group), was destined to be stationed on the aircraft carrier Graf Zeppelin which was never completed. II./186 (T) initially consisted of two squadrons, 4./186 (T) equipped with the Junkers Ju 87 dive bomber,[Note 1] and 6./186 (T).[3] On 15 July 1939, II./186 (T) was augmented by a third squadron, designated 5./186 (T) to which Kaiser was assigned.[4]

World War II

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World War II in Europe began on Friday, 1 September 1939, when German forces invaded Poland. In preparation, 5./186 (T) had been moved to Brüsterort, near Königsberg on 22 August.[5] In the early morning hours of 1 September, 5./186 (T) flew its first combat missions, providing fighter protection for 4./186 (T) attacking the naval base of the Polish Navy at Hel and for the old German battleship Schleswig-Holstein bombarding the Polish military transit depot at Westerplatte in the Free City of Danzig on the Baltic Sea.[6] The next, II./186 (T) flew further bomber escort missions and was withdrawn from this theater on 6 September, relocating to Hage, East Frisia.[7]

On 10 May 1940, the opening day of the Battle of France, Kaiser claimed two Dutch Fokker D.XXI fighters shot down.[8] In support of Operation Weserübung, the Germany assault on Denmark and Norway, II./186 (T) was ordered to relocate to Norway on 2 June. There it augmented II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 77 (JG 77—77th Fighter Wing) and was based at Trondheim.[9]

Following the decision by Adolf Hitler to halt work on the aircraft carrier Graf Zeppelin,[10] II./186 (T) was redesignated and became the III. Gruppe of JG 77.[11] In consequence, Kaiser's Staffel 5./186 (T) became the 8. Staffel of JG 77 which was headed by Oberleutnant Lorenz Weber.[12] A week later, III. Gruppe was withdrawn from this theater of operations and relocated to Döberitz where it was tasked with fighter protection of Berlin.[13] In November, JG 77 was ordered to the English Channel to continue fighting the Royal Air Force (RAF) in the aftermath of the Battle of Britain.[14] 8. Staffel moved to an airfield at Cherbourg-en-Cotentin on 30 November.[15]

In preparation for Operation Marita, the German invasion of Greece, III. Gruppe of JG 77 was moved to Deta in western Romania on 4 April 1941.[16] On 16 April, III. Gruppe had relocated to an airfield at Korinos, three days later the Gruppe moved to Larissa, reaching Almyros further south on 22 April.[17] The following day, eight Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighters from III. Gruppe escorted Dornier Do 17 bombers from Kampfgeschwader 2 (KG 2—2nd Bomber Wing) to Argos. On this mission, Kaiser claimed a Westland Lysander aircraft shot down.[18]

Eastern Front

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In preparation for Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, III. Gruppe was moved to Bucharest and was located in the sector of Heeresgruppe Süd (Army Group South). III. Gruppe arrived in Bucharest on 16 June.[19] Four days later, III. Gruppe moved to Roman.[20] That evening, the pilots and ground crews were briefed of the upcoming invasion of the Soviet Union, which opened the Eastern Front.[21]

In November 1941, Oberst Werner Mölders, the General der Jagdflieger, personally directed fighter and dive bomber operations on the Crimea. On 9 November 1941, Mölders took Kaiser on a "teaching" mission against a formation of Ilyushin Il-2 ground-attack aircraft, showing Kaiser how to shoot them down.[22]

Kaiser later recalled: "He positioned himself off to one side of-and some distance away from-the last Il-2 in a formation of six. He then turned in quickly and opened fire at the enemy's cockpit from an angle of some 30 degrees. The Il-2 immediately burst into flames and crashed. 'Do you see how it's done?', Oberst Mölders' voice came over the R/T. 'Right, now you take the next one.' I carried out the same maneuver and, sure enough, the next Il-2 went down on fire. 'And again!' It was like being on a training flight. Another short burst and the third Il-2 was ablaze. The whole lesson had lasted no more than 12 minutes!"[23] In this way, Kaiser scored his 23rd and 24th kills. But because Mölders was officially banned from operational flying, the first Soviet aircraft was never officially credited to him.[23][24]

Mediterranean Theater

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On 23 October 1942, the British Eighth Army launched the Second Battle of El Alamein. Preceding this attack, the Luftwaffe had already planned to replace Jagdgeschwader 27 (JG 27—27th Fighter Wing), which had been fighting in North African theater, with JG 77.[25] In preparation for this rotation, III. Gruppe of JG 77 was moved to Munich on 19 October where it was equipped with the Bf 109 G-2/trop. On 23 and 24 October, the Gruppe moved to Bari in southern Italy.[26] The Gruppe then relocated to Tobruk Airfield on 26 October.[27] The following day, the Gruppe moved to an airfield at Tanyet-Harun.[28]

On 27 October, Kaiser attacked six Curtiss P-40 Warhawk fighters strafing vehicles on the Via Balbia. Attacking the rearmost P-40, he claimed it shot down. While attacking a second P-40, his Bf 109 G-2 (Werknummer 10640—factory number) was hit in the engine and oil cooler, resulting in a forced landing near Mersa Matruh, in a location approximately 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) south of the Via Balbia.[29] His wingman, observed the crash and reported him killed in action. Two days later, Kaiser returned to JG 77 on foot. Consequently, Kaiser was credited with JG 77's first two aerial victories over North Africa.[30] On 31 October, Kaiser claimed another P-40 shot down, and yet another on 3 November.[31] The following day at 07:10, he claimed a Hawker Hurricane fighter destroyed.[32]

On 8 January 1943, Kaiser claimed a Lockheed P-38 Lightning fighter shot down. The authors Shores, Massimello and Guest speculate if the claim relates to the previous day combat. On 7 January, the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) Twelfth Air Force attacked Tripoli with a formation of Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers escorted by P-38 fighters of the 94th Fighter Squadron. The USAAF formation was intercepted by III. Gruppe of JG 77. During this encounter, the P-38 piloted by Lieutenant J.G.H. Lentz was shot down. Kaiser and Oberleutnant Arno Potzel were the only German pilots to have claimed a P-38 shot down.[33] In late January, Kaiser was transferred to Ergänzungsgruppe Süd (Supplementary Fighter Group South) as an instructor.[1] His assignment was made due to medical reasons. The constant strain from combat necessitated a period of rest. The Luftwaffe doctor had grounded him as unfit for combat operations and had him flown on a Heinkel He 111 to the airbase Bordeaux-Mérignac at the Atlantic coast near Bordeaux in France where Ergänzungsgruppe Süd was based.[34] Here, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) on 14 March 1943. The presentation was made by Oberstleutnant Alfed Müller, the commander of Ergänzungsgruppe Süd.[35]

Kaiser's tour as an instructor ended on 5 September 1943 when he was transferred to I. Gruppe of JG 77 where he was assigned to 3. Staffel. At the time, the Gruppe was defending the airspace over southern Italy.[36] Based at San Severo, the Staffel was commanded by Leutnant Ernst-Wilhelm Reinert.[37] On 22 November, Kaiser who was then flying with the Gruppenstab of I. Gruppe, claimed a Supermarine Spitfire fighter shot down near Subiaco.[38]

Defense of the Reich

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III./JG 1 emblem

In early April 1944, Kaiser was posted to III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 1 (JG 1–1st Fighter Wing) which was based at an airfield near Paderborn.[39] According to the authors Prien and Rodeike, this transfer was considered a disciplinary action, a measure for redemption in combat. The authors state, that particularly Oberstleutnant Johannes Steinhoff, the commander of JG 77 at the time, had a number of pilots transferred for redemption in defense of the Reich combat, this measure included pilots Kaiser, Major Heinrich Bär, Hauptmann Lutz-Wilhelm Burckhardt, Leutnant Reinert, and Oberfeldwebel Alexander Preinfalk.[40] On 11 April, the USAAF Eighth Air Force sent 917 heavy bombers against the German aircraft industry in Oschersleben, Bernburg, Halberstadt, Sorau, present-day Żary, Poland, Cottbus and Arnimswalde, present-day Załom, Poland. This attack force was escorted by a strong fighter defense. III. Gruppe of JG 1 engaged the escort fighters north of Magdeburg During this encounter, Kaiser claimed two Republic P-47 Thunderbolt fighters shot down, his first claims with JG 1.[41] On 22 April, the USAAF Eighth Air Force sent 803 heavy bombers against German ground transportation, primarily targeting the marshaling yard in Hamm. JG 1 was scrambled at 17:45 and vectored to a point of intercept over the Rothaar Mountains where III. Gruppe ran into a large formation of North American P-51 Mustang fighters. For the loss of twelve of their own, III. Gruppe pilots claimed four P-51 fighters shot down, including one by Kaiser.[42]

On 6 August 1944, Kaiser was severely wounded during aerial combat with Spitfire fighters north of Paris. Forced to bail out of his Bf 109 G-6 (Werknummer 413577—factory number), his injuries kept him grounded for many months.[43] During the escape from his burning aircraft, he collided with the ruder, breaking his right thigh in multiple places. Following hospitalization in France and Germany, he sent to Bad Wiessee.[44]

Following the dismissal of Generalleutnant Adolf Galland as General der Jagdflieger, Galland was given the opportunity by Hitler to prove his ideas about the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter. He had hoped that the Me 262 would compensate for the numerical superiority of the Allies. In consequence, Galland formed Jagdverband 44 (JV 44—44th Fighter Detachment) at Brandenburg-Briest on 24 February 1945. Galland was also given a carte blanche with respect to staffing and began recruiting his pilots.[45] Kaiser joined this elite unit but his injuries prevented him from flying. Consequently, Kaiser was tasked with directing JV 44's ground operations.[44]

Later life

[edit]

Following World War II, Kaiser reentered military service in the Bundeswehr as an Oberstleutnant in the West German Air Force, at the time referred to as the Bundesluftwaffe.[46] Kaiser died on 5 December 2003 at the age of 87 in Felde, Germany.[47]

Summary of career

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Aerial victory claims

[edit]

According to Spick, Kaiser was credited with 68 aerial victories, 42 of which on the Eastern Front, claimed in approximately 1,000 combat missions.[48] Obermaier also lists him with 68 aerial victories, however claimed in approximately 1,200 combat missions.[1] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and state that Kaiser was credited with more than 50 aerial victory claims, including 39 claims on the Eastern Front and at least eleven claims over the Western Allies.[49]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 3716". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.[50]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
Claim Date Time Type Location Claim Date Time Type Location
– 5. Staffel of Jagdggruppe 186 (Trägergruppe) –[51]
"Phoney War" — 6 September 1939 – 9 May 1940
1 5 May 1940 17:30 Blenheim[52] 60 km (37 mi) north of Terschelling[53]
– 5. Staffel of Jagdggruppe 186 (Trägergruppe) –[51]
Battle of France — 10 May – 1 June 1940
2 10 May 1940 06:50 D.XXI[54] De Kooy[55] ?[Note 2] 10 May 1940
—
 D.XXI[54]
– 8. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[51]
Balkans and Crete — 1 April – 1 June 1941
?[Note 3] 23 April 1941
—
 Lysander[57] 3 16 May 1941 16:47 Hurricane[57] 5 km (3.1 mi) southwest of Chania[56]
– 8. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[51]
Operation Barbarossa — 22 June – 5 December 1941
4 22 June 1941 19:02 ZKB-19[2]?[Note 4] 15 29 August 1941 07:12?[Note 5] R-Z[58]?[Note 5]
5 1 July 1941 17:54 I-15[59] 16 1 September 1941 10:51 DB-3 PQ 3716[60]
6 4 July 1941 16:05 Pe-2[59] 17 1 September 1941 17:40 DB-3[60]
7 5 July 1941 17:58 ZKB-19[59]?[Note 4] 18 1 September 1941 17:41 DB-3[60]
8 10 July 1941 11:28?[Note 6] MiG-3[61] 19 19 October 1941 16:12?[Note 7] I-15[62]
9 10 July 1941 17:45 I-16[61] 20 4 November 1941 16:10 I-153[63]
10 10 July 1941 17:47 I-16[61] 21 4 November 1941 16:20 Il-2[63]
11 10 July 1941 17:48 I-16 PQ 972[61] 22?[Note 8] 5 November 1941
—
 I-15[63]
12 22 August 1941 10:35 I-15[58] 23?[Note 8] 9 November 1941
—
 Il-2[63]
13 28 August 1941 15:23 R-Z[58]?[Note 9] 24?[Note 8] 9 November 1941
—
 Il-2[63]
14 29 August 1941 07:00 DB-3[58] 25 3 December 1941 09:50 I-16[63]
– 8. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[51]
Eastern Front — 6 December 1941 – 20 March 1942
26 31 December 1941 12:10 DB-3[64] 29 15 January 1942 10:57 DB-3[65]
27 31 December 1941 12:12 DB-3[64] 30 22 February 1942 12:35 I-15[65]
28 5 January 1942 11:57 I-153[65]?[Note 4] 31 23 February 1942 11:00 MIG-3[65]
– 8. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[51]
Eastern Front — 1 May – June 1942
12 May 1942 07:07 Su-2 (Seversky)[66] 7 June 1942 12:52 Il-2 PQ 35444[67]
12 May 1942 07:09 R-Z[66]?[Note 9] 7 June 1942 12:53 Il-2 PQ 35444[67]
?[Note 10] 17 May 1942 08:00 MiG-3 ?[Note 11] 8 June 1942
—
 unknown[69]
18 May 1942 16:55 U-2 PQ 6083[67] ?[Note 11] 10 June 1942
—
 unknown[69]
– 9. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[49]
Eastern Front — July – 16 October 1942
?[Note 11] 4 July 1942
—
 unknown[69] 22 July 1942 10:00 Yak-1[70]
?[Note 12] 5 July 1942 17:17 Il-2 Kerch[67] 22 July 1942 10:08 Yak-1[70]
10 July 1942 09:40 Yak-1 Novorossiysk[70] 23 July 1942 04:50 I-153[70]
15 July 1942 08:34 Yak-1[70] 23 July 1942 09:05 U-2[70]
According to Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock, Kaiser claimed two additional undocumented aerial victories in the timeframe May to October 1942.[72]
24 July 1942 07:40 Yak-1[70]
– 8. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[73]
Mediterranean Theater, North Africa — 26 October 1942 – Jaunary 1943
?[Note 13] 27 October 1942
—
 P-40[74] Via Balbia[75] 3 November 1942 14:00?[Note 14] P-40 PQ 81122[75]
?[Note 13] 27 October 1942
—
 P-40[74] 15 km (9.3 mi) south of Via Balbia[75] 4 November 1942 07:10 Hurricane PQ 81143[75]
?[Note 15] 31 October 1942 13:05 P-40 PQ 62631[75] 8 January 1943
—
 P-38[77]
– 3. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[73]
Mediterranean Theater, Italy — 5 September – 31 December 1943
?[Note 16] 13 November 1943
—
 Spitfire[79] ?[Note 16] 27 November 1943
—
 B-17[79]
?[Note 15] 22 November 1943 11:05 Spitfire PQ 14 Ost 3211, vicinity of Subiaco[78] ?[Note 16] 27 November 1943
—
 B-17[79]
– 7. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 1 –[73]
Defense of the Reich — April – 5 June 1944
?[Note 17] 11 April 1944
—
 P-47[81] ?[Note 17] 24 April 1944
—
 P-47[82]
?[Note 17] 11 April 1944
—
 P-47[81] 13 May 1944 13:30 P-47 PQ 15 Ost S/UA-7[83], vicinity of Neumünster[82]
?[Note 17] 22 April 1944
—
 P-51[82]
– 7. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 1 –[73]
Invasion of France — 6 June – 6 August 1944
12 July 1944 19:05 Spitfire PQ 15 West TU[83]
PQ 95 Ost S/UU-7, vicinity of Caen[84] 		?[Note 17] 30 July 1944
—
 P-47
13 July 1944 18:18 Typhoon PQ 15 West TU-9[83]
PQ 95 Ost S/UU-9, vicinity of Caen[84]

Awards

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Notes

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  1. ^ The suffix 'T' denotes Träger (carrier) in German use.
  2. ^ This claim is not listed Mathews and Foreman,[51] nor in the 2001 book by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock.[55]
  3. ^ This claim is not listed Mathews and Foreman,[51] nor in the 2003 book by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock.[56]
  4. ^ a b c According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as an Ilyushin DB-3.[51]
  5. ^ a b According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 17:12 as a Polikarpov R-5.[51]
  6. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 11:48.[51]
  7. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 16:13.[51]
  8. ^ a b c This claim is not listed by Mathews and Foreman.[51]
  9. ^ a b According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Polikarpov R-5.[51]
  10. ^ This claim is listed Mathews and Foreman,[51] and by Prien in his 1995 book.[68] However, it is not listed in the 2006 book by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock.[67]
  11. ^ a b c This claim is not listed Mathews and Foreman,[51] nor is not listed in the 2006 book by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock.[67]
  12. ^ This claim is not listed Mathews and Foreman,[51] nor is not listed in the 1995 book by Prien.[71]
  13. ^ a b This claim is not listed by Mathews and Foreman.[73]
  14. ^ According to the 1995 book by Prien claimed at 14:00.[74]
  15. ^ a b This claim is not listed in the 1995 book by Prien.[76]
  16. ^ a b c This claim is not listed Mathews and Foreman,[73] nor is not listed in the 2011 book by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock.[78]
  17. ^ a b c d e This claim is not listed Mathews and Foreman,[73] nor is not listed in the 2018 book by Prien, Stemmer and Bock.[80]
  18. ^ According to Scherzer as pilot in the 9./Jagdgeschwader 77.[46]

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b c d Obermaier 1989, p. 142.
  2. ^ a b Prien et al. 2003b, p. 362.
  3. ^ a b Prien 1992, p. 48.
  4. ^ Prien 1992, p. 51.
  5. ^ Prien 1992, p. 65.
  6. ^ Prien 1992, p. 73.
  7. ^ Prien 1992, pp. 75, 81.
  8. ^ Weal 1996, pp. 45–46.
  9. ^ Prien 1992, p. 226.
  10. ^ Whitley 1985, p. 30.
  11. ^ Prien 1992, p. 242.
  12. ^ Prien 1995, p. 2376.
  13. ^ Prien 1992, p. 246.
  14. ^ Prien 1992, p. 437.
  15. ^ Prien 1992, p. 446.
  16. ^ Prien 1992, pp. 482–483, 487.
  17. ^ Prien 1992, pp. 522, 527, 536.
  18. ^ Prien 1992, p. 539.
  19. ^ Prien 1993, p. 628.
  20. ^ Prien 1993, p. 630.
  21. ^ Prien 1993, p. 632.
  22. ^ Prien 1993, p. 851.
  23. ^ a b Weal 2001, p. 29.
  24. ^ Prien 1993, pp. 851–852.
  25. ^ Prien 1994, p. 1293.
  26. ^ Prien 1994, p. 1296.
  27. ^ Prien 1994, p. 1298.
  28. ^ Prien 1994, p. 1301.
  29. ^ Prien et al. 2004, p. 333.
  30. ^ Shores, Massimello & Guest 2012, pp. 407–408.
  31. ^ Shores, Massimello & Guest 2012, pp. 415–417, 423–429.
  32. ^ Shores, Massimello & Guest 2012, pp. 429–432.
  33. ^ Shores, Massimello & Guest 2012, pp. 487–489.
  34. ^ Prien 1994, p. 1427.
  35. ^ Dixon 2023, p. 9.
  36. ^ Prien 1994, pp. 1727–1728.
  37. ^ Prien et al. 2011, pp. 380–381.
  38. ^ Shores et al. 2018, p. 443.
  39. ^ Prien & Rodeike 1996, pp. 826–827.
  40. ^ Prien & Rodeike 1994, p. 570.
  41. ^ Prien & Rodeike 1996, pp. 851–854.
  42. ^ Prien & Rodeike 1996, pp. 878–879.
  43. ^ Prien, Stemmer & Bock 2018, p. 145.
  44. ^ a b Forsyth 2008, p. 51.
  45. ^ Braatz 2010, p. 159.
  46. ^ a b Scherzer 2007, p. 429.
  47. ^ Dixon 2023, p. 11.
  48. ^ Spick 1996, p. 239.
  49. ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 603–604.
  50. ^ Planquadrat.
  51. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 603.
  52. ^ Prien 1995, p. 2379.
  53. ^ Prien et al. 2001a, p. 491.
  54. ^ a b Prien 1995, p. 2380.
  55. ^ a b Prien et al. 2001b, p. 396.
  56. ^ a b Prien et al. 2003a, p. 293.
  57. ^ a b Prien 1995, p. 2385.
  58. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2003b, p. 368.
  59. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2003b, p. 363.
  60. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2003b, p. 369.
  61. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2003b, p. 364.
  62. ^ Prien et al. 2003b, p. 373.
  63. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2003b, p. 374.
  64. ^ a b Prien et al. 2005, p. 322.
  65. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2005, p. 323.
  66. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 351.
  67. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2006, p. 352.
  68. ^ Prien 1995, p. 2406.
  69. ^ a b c Prien 1995, p. 2408.
  70. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2006, p. 353.
  71. ^ Prien 1995, p. 2410.
  72. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 354.
  73. ^ a b c d e f g Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 604.
  74. ^ a b c Prien 1995, p. 2422.
  75. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2004, p. 331.
  76. ^ Prien 1995, pp. 2422, 2432.
  77. ^ Prien et al. 2011, p. 533.
  78. ^ a b Prien et al. 2011, p. 387.
  79. ^ a b c Prien 1995, p. 2432.
  80. ^ Prien, Stemmer & Bock 2018, pp. 135–136.
  81. ^ a b Prien & Rodeike 1996, p. 1206.
  82. ^ a b c Prien & Rodeike 1996, p. 1207.
  83. ^ a b c Prien, Stemmer & Bock 2018, p. 135.
  84. ^ a b Prien & Rodeike 1996, p. 1212.
  85. ^ Dixon 2023, p. 10.
  86. ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 217.
  87. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 249.

Bibliography

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  • Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]. "Bergström Black Cross/Red Star website". Identifying a Luftwaffe Planquadrat. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 12 November 2024.
  • Braatz, Kurt [in German] (2010). Walter Krupinski - Jagdflieger, Geheimagent, General [Walter Krupinski - Fighter Pilot, Spy, General] (in German). Moosburg, Germany: NeunundzwanzigSechs Verlag. ISBN 978-3-9811615-5-7.
  • Dixon, Jeremy (2023). Day Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe: Knight's Cross Holders 1943–1945. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-39903-073-1.
  • Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer [in German] (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
  • Forsyth, Robert (2008). Jagdverband 44 Squadron of Experten. Aviation Elite Units. Vol. 27. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-294-3. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  • Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2015). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 2 G–L. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-19-6.
  • Obermaier, Ernst (1989). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7.
  • Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II [The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8.
  • Prien, Jochen; Rodeike, Peter (1994). Jagdgeschwader 1 und 11: Einsatz in der Reichsverteidigung von 1939 bis 1945—Teil 1—1939–1943 [Jagdgeschwader 1 and 11: Operations in the Defense of the Reich from 1939 to 1945—Volume 2—1944] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-21-2.
  • Prien, Jochen; Rodeike, Peter (1996). Jagdgeschwader 1 und 11—Einsatz in der Reichsverteidigung von 1939 bis 1945—Teil 2—1944 [Jagdgeschwader 1 and 11—Operations in the Defense of the Reich from 1939 to 1945—Volume 2—1944] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-24-3.
  • Prien, Jochen (1992). Geschichte des Jagdgeschwaders 77—Teil 1—1934–1941 [History of Jagdgeschwader 77—Volume 1—1934–1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-19-9.
  • Prien, Jochen (1993). Geschichte des Jagdgeschwaders 77—Teil 2—1941–1942 [History of Jagdgeschwader 77—Volume 2—1941–1942] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-22-9.
  • Prien, Jochen (1994). Geschichte des Jagdgeschwaders 77—Teil 3—1942–1943 [History of Jagdgeschwader 77—Volume 3—1942–1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-26-7.
  • Prien, Jochen (1995). Geschichte des Jagdgeschwaders 77—Teil 4—1944–1945 [History of Jagdgeschwader 77—Volume 4—1944–1945] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-29-8.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2001a). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 2—Der "Sitzkrieg"—1.9.1939 bis 9.5.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 2—The "Phoney War"—1 September 1939 to 9 May 1940] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-59-5.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2001b). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945 Teil 3—Einsatz in Dänemark und Norwegen 9.4. bis 30.11.1940—Der Feldzug im Westen 10.5. bis 25.6.1940 [Fighter Pilot Association of the German Luftwaffe 1934 to 1945 Part 3—Assignments in Denmark and Norway 9 April to 30 November 1940—The campaign in the West 10 May to 25 June 1940] (in German). Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-61-8.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2003a). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 5—Heimatverteidigung—10. Mai 1940 bis 31 Dezember 1941—Einsatz im Mittelmeerraum—Oktober 1940 bis November 1941—Einsatz im Westen—22. Juni bis 31. Dezember 1941—Die Ergänzungsjagdgruppen—Einsatz 1941 bis zur Auflösung Anfang 1942 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 5—Defense of the Reich—10 May 1940 to 31 December 1941—Action in the Mediterranean Theater—October 1940 to November 1941—Action in the West—22 June to 31 December 1941—The Supplementary Fighter Groups—Action from 1941 until their Breakup in Early 1942] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-68-7.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2003b). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 6/II—Unternehmen "BARBAROSSA"—Einsatz im Osten—22.6. bis 5.12.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 6/II—Operation "BARBAROSSA"—Action in the East—22 June to 5 December 1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-70-0.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2004). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 8/II—Einsatz im Mittelmeerraum—November 1941 bis Dezember 1942 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 8/II—Action in the Mediterranean Theater—November 1941 to December 1942] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-74-8.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2005). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 9/I—Winterkampf im Osten—6.12.1941 bis 30.4.1942 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 9/I—Winter War in the East—6 December 1941 to 30 April 1942] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-76-2.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2006). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 9/III—Vom Sommerfeldzug 1942 bis zur Niederlage von Stalingrad—1.5.1942 bis 3.2.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 9/III—From the 1942 Summer Campaign to the Defeat at Stalingrad—1 May 1942 to 3 February 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-78-6.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2011). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 11/II—Einsatz im Mittelmeerraum—1.1 bis 31.12.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 11/II—Action in the Mediterranean Theater—1 January to 31 December 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-942943-00-0.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Bock, Winfried (2018). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 13/IV—Einsatz im Reichsverteidigung und im Westen—1.1. bis 31.12.1944 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 13/IV—Action in the Defense of the Reich and in the West—1 January to 31 December 1944] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-942943-19-2.
  • Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
  • Shores, Christopher F.; Massimello, Giovanni; Guest, Russell (2012). A History of the Mediterranean Air War, 1940–1945, Volume Two: North African Desert, February 1942 – March 1943. London, UK: Grub Street. ISBN 978-1-909166-12-7.
  • Shores, Christopher; Massimello, Giovanni; Guest, Russell; Olynyk, Frank; Bock, Winfried; Thomas, Andy (2018). A History of the Mediterranean Air War, 1940–1945, Volume Four: Sicily and Italy to the Fall of Rome, 14 May 1943 – 5 June 1944. London: Grub Street. ISBN 978-1-911621-10-2.
  • Spick, Mike (1996). Luftwaffe Fighter Aces. New York: Ivy Books. ISBN 978-0-8041-1696-1.
  • Weal, John (1996). Bf 109D/E Aces 1939–41. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 11. London, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-487-9.
  • Weal, John (2001). Bf 109 Aces of the Russian Front. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 37. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-084-1.
  • Whitley, M.J. (1985). Warship 33: Graf Zeppelin, Part 2. Vol. IX. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-984-9.
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