Henry Kendall (urban planner)

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Henry Kendall plan for Jerusalem 1944
Henry Kendall plan for East Jerusalem 1964

Henry Kendall (1903–1983) was a British architect, who worked as an urban planner,[1] in British colonies and former colonies.[2]

Education[edit]

Between 1922 and 1927, Kendall studied architecture in the University of London. In 1928 he had a practicum in urban planning.

Urban planning career[edit]

Kendall's first appointment outside the British islands was in 1929, as an urban planner, for the office of colonies in Malesia. He worked there until 1932. In 1935, he worked in England.

British Mandatory Palestine[edit]

Kendall worked for Mandatory Palestine from 1936 until the end of the British mandate in 1948. During this era, he was the High Commissioner of Palestine's adviser for urban planning the manager of the Mandatory Palestine transportation Public Works Department and the City Architect of Jerusalem.[2][3] Kendall wrote two of his books about his projects of this era.

His work for British Mandatory Palestine included the zoning plan of the following cities:

  • Jerusalem – in 1944, Kendall's zoning plan for Jerusalem replaced former plans.[4] Like the former ones, it forbade tall buildings, and announced dimension stone as mandatory. It forbade building too close to the outer side of the Walls of Jerusalem, and announced the area around the wall as a park. It also announced the Mount of Olives as a nature reserve.[5] Twenty years later, in 1964, Kendall and Brown submitted an advance zoning program, with the same principles, for East Jerusalem, while they were working for the Jordanian Kingdom[6]
  • Beersheba – in 1937, Kendall's zoning plan for Beersheba replaced former British zoning plans for it, which were not applicable. By Kendall's planning, the British kept building Beersheba in the modern way that the Turkish Empire started. It was a grid street plan, in which the main avenue was the commercial and municipal center.[7] The Israelis changed that zoning plan in 1952.[8]
  • Tel Aviv[9][10]
  • Tiberias
  • Gaza City - Only in 1937, British Mandatory Palestine put a large effort in rebuilding that city, after being ruined in WWI. By Kendall's zoning, only a small part of the city got a historic preservation, Omar Mukhtar Street became a main street, and new neighborhoods were established in a new form.[11]
  • Nablus
  • Jaffa – Jaffa's city whole (which was not yet a part of Tel Aviv) rejected Kendall's zoning plan. They preferred a plan of an Arabic architect, from Cairo.[12]

Uganda, Zanzibar and Ghana[edit]

Between 1948 and 1956, Kendall worked as the chief urban planner for the British colonial regime of Uganda.[13][14] There he planned the zoning of Kampala and wrote another book. His zoning plan of Kampala replaced a former one, by a German architect.[15][16]

In 1957–8, Kendall worked in Zanzibar.[17] There he planned the zoning of Stone Town, with the architect, Geoffrey Mill.[18] The plan was used only partially.[19]

Between 1958 and 1962, he worked for the government of Ghana.

Jordan, Gibraltar and England[edit]

Between 1963 and 1966, Kendall worked for the Jordanian Kingdom[6] – an ex-British colony, that included only areas formerly been in the British Mandatory Palestine. The Jordanians hired Kendall in order to fit his old zoning plan of Jerusalem to the situation in which Jerusalem is divided between two states.[20]

Between 1967 and 1977, Kendall worked for the British government, in Gibraltar.[21][2]

Between 1978 and 1983, Kendall was a member of the Committee for Historic preservation of the English Countryside. In the last two of those years, he was the committee's chairman.[2]

Legacy[edit]

Henry Kendall Street sign, Beersheba, Israel.

In Beersheba, a street is named after Henry Kendall. The street provides access to the Rambam Square towers and the Beersheba Turkish railway station.

Books written[edit]

  • Jerusalem The City Plan, 1918-1948 (His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1948)
  • Kendall Henery, Village Development in Palestine During the British Mandate (Crown Agents for the Colonies, 1949)
  • Town planning in Uganda; a brief description of the efforts made by the government to control the development of urban areas from 1915 to 1955 (Crown Agents for Overseas Governments and Administrations, 1955)

References[edit]

  1. ^ "When Small Equals Big: A Chat with Our Town Planner". Build Gibraltar. No. 1. 22 June 2015. pp. 40–44.
  2. ^ a b c d Frenkel, Eliezer. כרונולוגיה: תולדות האמנות [Chronology: Art History] (PDF). Tel Aviv: Sadna College of Architecture. pp. 621–622.
  3. ^ While working as the chief architect of Jerusalem, Kendall lived on 21 Balfour St. In those times it was called The Y House of Salame Sq. Source: שכונות ירושלים: טלביה, קטמון והמושבה היוונית, דוד קרויאנקר, ע' 50-51
  4. ^ אדריכלות בירושלים: הבנייה המודרנית מחוץ לחומות 1948־1990, דוד קרוינקר, מכון ירושלים לחקר ישראל, כתר, 1991 ע' 22.
  5. ^ * Capital city or spiritual center? The politics of architecture in post-1967 Jerusalem, Alona Nitzan-Shiftan, Cities , Vol. 22, No. 3, p. 229–240, 2005
  6. ^ a b In Anticipation: A New City Design for East Jerusalem as the Capital of Palestine By Dan Mihai Muntean Bachelor of Architecture School of Architecture, The University of Nottingham Nottingham, The United Kingdom, 1994
  7. ^ מכרה זהב תיירותי: "בכסף קטן אפשר להפוך עיר כזו לאטרקטיבית - יעד לחופשה בזול", נעמה ריבה, דה מרקר, 2019
  8. ^ באר שבע, מעיר למטרופולין, אדר׳ יוספה דברה, האיגוד הישראלי של אדריכלי הנוף, עמוד 22 אוקטובר 2014, גליון 5
  9. ^ שוליים. דרום תל אביב, צפון יפו, אורי יואלי כאן, קול הרעם
  10. ^ שדה דב מאת שמואל גילר, תל אביב 100, האנציקלופדיה העירונית
  11. ^ רנה הברון, ‏מוחמד רוּשדי – משרתם של שני שלטונות, קתדרה 63, אפריל 1992, עמ' 107-98
  12. ^ ניסויים במרחב: פרקים בגיאוגרפיה יישובית של ארץ-ישראל, יחידות 1-4, ע' 225-224, האוניברסיטה הפתוחה, 1996
  13. ^ Decolonizing the New Town: Roy Gazzard and the Making of Killingworth Township, Jesse Meredith, Journal of British Studies, Volume 57, Issue 2, April 2018 , pp. 333-362
  14. ^ Evolution of Town Planning Ideas, Plans and their Implementation in Kampala City 1903-2004, Fredrick Omolo-Okalebo, 2011
  15. ^ How Kampala was designed by colonialists, Bamuturaki Musinguzi, Daily Mirror, 2013
  16. ^ Andrew Byerley (2018): Drawing white elephants in Africa? Re-contextualizing Ernst May’s Kampala plans in relation to the fraught political realities of late-colonial rule, Planning Perspectives, DOI: 10.1080/02665433.2018.1425635
  17. ^ Urban Design, Chaos, and Colonial Power in Zanzibar, By William Cunningham Bissell, p280, 305, 309, 310, 326, 362, 367, 378, Indiana University Press
  18. ^ Planning and Replanning Ng’ambo – Zanzibar, Antoni S Folkers, African Architecture Matters, SAJAH, ISSN 0258-3542, volume 29, number 1, 2014: 39-53
  19. ^ Verandahs of Power: Colonialism and Space in Urban Africa, By Garth A Myers, p 101, 182, 194 Syracuse University Press
  20. ^ אדריכלות בירושלים: הבנייה המודרנית מחוץ לחומות 1948־1990, דוד קרוינקר, מכון ירושלים לחקר ישראל, כתר, 1991 ע' 22.
  21. ^ Interview with the town planner, BuildGibraltar, Issue 01, P43 Jun 22, 2015
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