Draft:Graduates' General Congress

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Graduates' General Congress (GGC) (Arabic: مؤتمر الخريجين; 1938 - ) is a Sudanese entity established during the period of colonial bilateral rule in Sudan, similar to the Indian conference that brought independence to India. The GGC in Sudan was a political organisation that played an important role in the struggle for independence from British colonial rule in the mid-twentieth century. The birth of the Sudan conference was in 1938 by graduates of Gordon Memorial College (today’s University of Khartoum), and graduates of other foreign colleges, including lawyers, teachers, and civil servants, who sought greater political representation and self-determination for Sudan. The secretary of Sudan was leader Ismail al-Azhari.

The GGC worked to mobilise public support for Sudanese independence through a variety of means, including political rallies, public speeches, and media campaigns. It also organised strikes and protests to pressure the British government to grant greater autonomy to Sudan.

The GGC was led by a number of prominent Sudanese nationalist figures, including Ismail al-Azhari and Mohamed Ahmed Mahjoub, who went on to become key figures in the independent Sudanese government after the country gained independence in 1956.

http://ijie.um.edu.my/index.php/SEJARAH/article/view/9240/6546

[1]

[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]

https://web.archive.org/web/20130124133653/http://www.tawtheegonline.com/vb/showthread.php?t=7016

https://www.sudaress.com/akhirlahza/137539

https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/SEJARAH/article/download/9240/6546/18835

https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28607/1/10672766.pdf

https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP82-00457R001800410002-9.pdf

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID3337051_code3027044.pdf?abstractid=3333047

http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7976/1/7976_4974.PDF

https://kar.kent.ac.uk/71722/3/Revised%20Challenging%20Decolonisation%20article.pdf

https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:273475/FULLTEXT01.pdf

https://core.ac.uk/download/108938.pdf

https://dc.etsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3359&context=etd

https://www.google.com/search?q=%22Graduates%27+General+Congress%22+-wikipedia&tbm=bks&sxsrf=AB5stBihRp8oYZiTApxWv23xE70osoAWYA:1689277678008&ei=7lSwZIsX9b2L6A_GnrX4Dg&start=30&sa=N&ved=2ahUKEwiLxrLfuYyAAxX13gIHHUZPDe84FBDy0wN6BAgPEAk&biw=871&bih=835&dpr=1.1

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Graduates%27+General+Congress%22

https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/116734/cgtoun_1.pdf?sequence=1

  1. Origins: The GGC emerged in the context of broader political and social changes in Sudan in the early 20th century. Many educated Sudanese professionals who had been educated in Europe or Egypt began to push for greater political representation and autonomy, and the GGC was formed in response to these demands.
  2. Activities: The GGC engaged in a variety of political activities to advance the cause of Sudanese independence. These included organizing rallies, publishing newspapers and other media, and forming alliances with other nationalist groups in Sudan and other African countries.
  3. Leadership: The GGC was led by a number of prominent nationalist figures, including Ismail al-Azhari, who would later serve as Sudan's first prime minister after independence, and Mohamed Ahmed Mahjoub, who served as foreign minister.
  4. Legacy: The GGC's efforts played a key role in shaping the political landscape of modern Sudan, and many of the organization's leaders went on to play prominent roles in the independent Sudanese government. However, some scholars have also criticised the GGC and other nationalist groups in Sudan for focusing too heavily on elite interests and failing to address the needs of Sudan's marginalised communities.

Objectives[edit]

The start of the conference with the political goal, primarily to liberate Sudan fromBritain, since the circumstances of Sudanese employees do not allow them to work politically, his idea came as a social body that was the nucleus from which Sudan gained independence in1 January 1956.

Establishment[edit]

The idea of the Alumni Conference on the Political Stage began as a result of the activity of Sudanese intellectuals in the cultural and social fields. The call for the gathering of graduates began in an article by Khader Hamad in the newspaper Al-Sudan in 1935. Then he highlighted the idea and was called by Ahmed Khair in a lecture at the Alumni Club Budd Madani in 1937, where he called for intellectual union.

Al-Fajr magazine published the lecture and presented the idea to the committee of the Alumni Club in Omdurman headed by Ismail Al-Azhari, who was not excited about the idea at first, and then conferences and seminars were held everywhere Omdurman and Port Sudan Wood Madani.

After several efforts, the government approved the conference, and the administrative secretary issued it a leaflet calling for the conference.

Impact[edit]

When the students of Gordon College went on strike in 1931 because of the government's decision to reduce the salaries of graduates during the global economic crisis, sympathy and even tightened the graduates. It was a strike that shook the joints of the government and made it

It tries to co-opt both parties, graduates and students at the work level to revive the activity of graduates. The Wad Madani Literary Society played an important role in calling for an inclusive alumni conference and was to catch the journalistic idea.

Veteran Ahmed Youssef Hashim, who wrote at dawn calling on graduates to form that entity, and the three associations Abu Rove - the Hashimab - and Wood Madani literary soon adopted this idea and began the initial meetings to bring this entity out to the space of existence.

The first alumni conference[edit]

The first alumni meeting was held on February 12, 1938, in which the constitution was approved, and a fifteen-member committee was elected with a secretary and a president whose appointment changes each month to one of the members of the executive committee, and he was the first president of Al-Azhari. Attended by one thousand eighty (1180) graduates.

Here are some key members of the Graduates' General Congress (GGC) in Sudan:

  1. Ismail al-Azhari: Al-Azhari was one of the founders of the GGC and served as its secretary-general in the 1940s. He went on to become a prominent figure in the struggle for Sudanese independence, serving as the country's first prime minister after independence in 1956.
  2. Mohamed Ahmed Mahjoub: Mahjoub was another key leader of the GGC and served as its secretary-general in the 1950s. He also played an important role in the independence movement and went on to become Sudan's foreign minister.
  3. Ali Abdel Latif: Abdel Latif was a prominent member of the GGC and later served as a cabinet minister in the independent Sudanese government.
  4. Abdel Khaliq Mahjoub: Mahjoub was a lawyer and activist who was involved in the GGC and other nationalist groups in Sudan. He was arrested and imprisoned several times for his political activities, and was eventually assassinated in 1971.
  5. Abdallah Khalil: Khalil was another key member of the GGC and served as its secretary-general in the 1940s. He went on to become a prominent figure in Sudanese politics, serving as minister of education and later as vice president of Sudan.

These are just a few of the many individuals who played important roles in the Graduates' General Congress and the struggle for Sudanese independence.

References[edit]

  1. ^ Gaffer, Nowar (2013). The Rise and Contribution of the Graduates' General Congress Towards Sudan's Independence, 1938-1956. Jabatan Sejarah, Fakulti Sastera dan Sains Sosial, Universiti Malaya.
  2. ^ "Graduates' General Congress | Sudanese history | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-07-13.
  3. ^ Gaffer, Nowar (2013). The Rise and Contribution of the Graduates' General Congress Towards Sudan's Independence, 1938-1956. Jabatan Sejarah, Fakulti Sastera dan Sains Sosial, Universiti Malaya.
  4. ^ Holt, P. M. (1956). "Sudanese Nationalism and Self-Determination Part I". Middle East Journal. 10 (3): 239–247. ISSN 0026-3141. JSTOR 4322822.
  5. ^ Ibrahim, Hassan Ahmed (1973). "The Sudan in the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty". Sudan Notes and Records. 54: 1–16. ISSN 0375-2984. JSTOR 42677922.
  6. ^ Ukpabi, Samson C. (1973). "The Independence Movement in the Sudan". Tarikh. 4 (1): 41–53.
  7. ^ Hasabu, Afaf Abdel Majid Abu (1985). Factional Conflict in the Sudanese Nationalist Movement, 1918-1948. Graduate College, University of Khartoum. ISBN 978-0-86372-050-5.
  8. ^ Taha, Fadwa A. A. (July 2008). "The Sudanese Factor in the 1952–53 Anglo-Egyptian Negotiations". Middle Eastern Studies. 44 (4): 603–631. doi:10.1080/00263200802120665. ISSN 0026-3206.
  9. ^ El-Gizouli, Magdi (2019-04-12). "The Fall of al-Bashir: Mapping Contestation Forces in Sudan". Arab Reform Initiative.
  10. ^ "Mahatma Gandhi in Sudan". MINERVA’S PERCH. 2020-07-12. Retrieved 2023-07-13.
  11. ^ D'Agoôt, Majak (December 2022). "Toward Stable Civil‐Military Relations in Sudan". Middle East Policy. 29 (4): 107–120. doi:10.1111/mepo.12659. ISSN 1061-1924.
  12. ^ "Crisis and Achievement: Sudan under British Rule (1900 - 1950)". Crisis and Achievement. Retrieved 2023-07-13.
  13. ^ Daly, M. W.; Daly, Martin W. (2003-12-11). Imperial Sudan: The Anglo-Egyptian Condominium 1934-1956. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-53116-0.
  14. ^ SudanTribune (2018-09-22). "Pragmatic patriarchy of Sudan over South Sudan". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 2023-07-13.
  15. ^ Elbadawi, Ibrahim (2011). Democracy in the Arab World: Explaining the Deficit. IDRC. ISBN 978-0-415-77999-9.
  16. ^ Kramer, Robert S.; Jr, Richard A. Lobban; Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn (2013-03-22). Historical Dictionary of the Sudan. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7940-9.
  17. ^ Sharkey, Heather J. (2003-03-18). Living with Colonialism: Nationalism and Culture in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-92936-4.
  18. ^ meisai.org.il. Asian and African Studies: Vol. 9, No. 2. אילמ"א.
  19. ^ Ginat, Rami (2017-08-24). Egypt and the Struggle for Power in Sudan: From World War II to Nasserism. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-19793-0.
  20. ^ Anders, Breidlid (2014-10-20). A Concise History of South Sudan: New and Revised Edition. Fountain Publishers. ISBN 978-9970-25-337-1.
  21. ^ Lesch, Ann Mosely (1998). The Sudan: Contested National Identities. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-85255-823-2.
  22. ^ Deng, Francis M. (2011-10-01). War of Visions: Conflict of Identities in the Sudan. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8157-2369-1.
  23. ^ Holt, P. M.; Daly, M. W. (2014-09-11). A History of the Sudan: From the Coming of Islam to the Present Day. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-86366-3.
  24. ^ Division, Great Britain Central Office of Information Reference (1953). The Sudan, 1899-1953. British Information Services, Reference Division.
  25. ^ Daly, M. W.; Hogan, Jane (2005-11-01). Images of Empire: Photographic Sources for the British in the Sudan. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-474-1610-4.
  26. ^ Young, Alden (2018). Transforming Sudan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-17249-4.
  27. ^ Warburg, Gabriel (2013-12-19). Islam, Nationalism and Communism in a Traditional Society: The Case of Sudan. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-16478-2.
  28. ^ Brown, Marie Grace (2017-08-22). Khartoum at Night: Fashion and Body Politics in Imperial Sudan. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1-5036-0268-7.
  29. ^ Perham, Margery (2023-05-03). Colonial Sequence 1949 to 1969: A Chronological Commentary upon British Colonial Policy in Africa. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-000-85604-0.
  30. ^ Beckman, Rosina (2016-12-14). Colonial and Postcolonial Africa. Encyclopaedia Britannica. ISBN 978-1-5081-0280-9.
  31. ^ Holt, P. M. (1956). "Sudanese Nationalism and Self-Determination Part I". Middle East Journal. 10 (3): 239–247. ISSN 0026-3141. JSTOR 4322822.
  32. ^ "JSTOR: Search Results". www.jstor.org. Retrieved 2023-07-13.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Graduates%27_General_Congress&oldid=1212754487"