Draft:Al Junayd Invasion in India

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Al Junayd Campaign in India
Part of Early Muslim conquests
Date723-727 AD
Location
Sindh, Punjab, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya pradesh
Result Victory of Umayyad caliphate
Territorial
changes		 Western states came under the control of Umayyads which are Gujrat, Rajasthan, some parts of madhya pradesh and Including southern punjab
Belligerents
Umayyad Caliphate Maitraka dynasty
Gurjaras of Lata
Pratiharas of Mandavyapura
Chavda dynasty
Mori Kingdom
Kingdom of Bhinmal
Kira Kingdom
Commanders and leaders
Junayd ibn Abd ar-Rahman al-Murri
Habib ibn Al Murrah		 Siladitya IV
Jayabhatta IV
chanduka
Siluka
Jaisiah
Duhar
Strength
Unknown Unknown
Casualties and losses
Unknown Unknown

The Umayyad Caliphate invasion of India were the military campaigns conducted by the Umayyad Caliphate, a powerful Islamic empire based in the Middle East, against the Indian subcontinent during the early medieval period.[1]

The Umayyad invasion of India began in the 8th century, as the caliphate sought to expand its territories and spread the influence of Islam. The Umayyad forces, led by Arab generals such as Muhammad bin Qasim, launched multiple expeditions into the regions of Sindh and Punjab, targeting the Hindu kingdoms that ruled over these areas.[2]

The Umayyad forces faced stiff resistance from the local rulers, but they were ultimately successful in conquering large parts of present-day Pakistan and establishing Islamic rule in the region. The campaigns of the Umayyad Caliphate in India were characterized by military prowess, religious zeal, and a desire to extend the influence of Islam in India.[3]

Background[edit]

The first raid on India was directed against the Western States of India - namely Gujarat and Maharashtra. The areas which are raided respectively mentioned by Al-Baladhuri, a historian of 9th century and before him, the 7th century Armenian historian Sebeos confirmed this. The motive behind these raids was plundering.[4]

The Umayyad conquest of Sindh, led by General Muhammad bin Qasim in the early 8th century, was a significant event in the history of the Indian subcontinent and in the spread of Islam in the region. This conquest marked the first major Arab invasion of the Indian subcontinent and established Muslim rule in the region of Sindh, in present-day Pakistan.[5]

Sindh was a strategically important region due to its proximity to the Arabian Sea and its location along major trade routes. The Umayyad conquest allowed the caliphate to control important trade routes and establish a presence in the Indian Ocean region.[6]

Campaign of Al Junayd[edit]

During the caliphates of Yazid II (r. 720–724) and Hisham (r. 724–743), the expansion policy was resumed. Junayd ibn Abd ar-Rahman al-Murri (or Al Junayd) was appointed the governor of Sindh in 723 CE.[7]

Al-Junayd was the most powerful governor of Sindh,[8] after defeating Jaisiah, the son of Dahir in a naval battle, he first targeted the Kiraj and by defeating its king Duhar, or Drohar he ultimately put an end to his kingdom.[9] A massive campaign launched by Al-Junayd in present day Rajasthan, Gujrat and Madhyapradesh. He subdued many regional rulers and captured Al Bailaman and Juzr[clarify] himself.[10]

His lieutenants proceeded as far as Ujjain, capturing Marmad, Mandal, Dahnaz, Burwas,vUjjain and Malibah,They attacked baharimad and burned it's suburb.[11][12] [13][14],AlThough there was not confrontation between the army of Al-Junayd and Nagabhata but it happened in later year during the time of Al hakam ibn awana.[15]

Al-Junayd's campaign was largely successful and he successful conquered Gujarat and part of Rajasthan well perhaps as al- Kiraj and Punjab.[16]

Aftermath[edit]

Shortly after the dismissal of Al-Junayd, the presence of muslims in Sindh weakened and muslims retired from the hind during the time of Tamim bin ziad[17] but after he got dismissed and Al hakam became the governor, he built Al mahfuza in Sindh[18] and tried to invade the Western Region of India which was previously lost after the dismissal of Al-Junayd, although he was successful in his campaign as it's mentioned in the navasari inscription of pulakesin, The arabs defeated Kacchella, Saindhava, Saurashtra, Cavotaka, Maurya and Gurjara" kings and proceeded towards South but were defeated by Avanijanashraya Pulakeshin.[19][20]

See Also[edit]

  1. ^ Mohamed nasr. Arab In Sind. pp. 34–35.
  2. ^ Edelstein, Sari (2011). Food, Cuisine, and Cultural Competency for Culinary, Hospitality, and Nutrition Professionals. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 261. ISBN 978-0-7637-5965-0.
  3. ^ Mohamed nasr. The Emergence Of Muslim Rule In India So.
  4. ^ The Gazetteer of Bombay Presidency: Thana (2 pts.). Printed at the Government Photozinco Press. 1986. p. 421.
  5. ^ Board, Pratiyogita Darpan Editorial. Pratiyogita Darpan Extra Issue Series-3 Indian History. Upkar Prakashan. p. 67.
  6. ^ Indo Arab Relations. pp. 81–82.
  7. ^ Lari, Suhail Zaheer (1994). A History of Sindh. Oxford University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-19-577501-3.
  8. ^ Abadi, Saeed Akbar (2002). ISLAMIC HISTORY : THE RISE AND FALL OF MUSLIMS. Adam Publishers & Distributors. p. 185. ISBN 978-81-7435-293-4.
  9. ^ Kulkarni, Shripad Dattatraya (1990). Encounter with Islam. Shri Bhagawan Vedavyasa Itihas Samshodhana Mandira (BHISHMA). p. 52. ISBN 978-81-900113-3-4.
  10. ^ Bhati, N. S. (1979). Studies in Marwar History. Rajasthani Shodh Sansthan. p. 2.
  11. ^ Balocu, Nabī Bak̲h̲shu K̲h̲ānu (1995). Lands of Pakistan: Perspectives, Historical and Cultural. el-Mashriqi Foundation. p. 47.
  12. ^ Jain, Kailash Chand (1972-12-31). Malwa Through The Ages. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 321. ISBN 978-81-208-0824-9.
  13. ^ Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994-06-28). The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām Ibn ʿAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads. State University of New York Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-7914-9683-1.
  14. ^ Sind Quarterly. Mazhar Yusuf. 1983. p. 30.
  15. ^ Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994-06-28). The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām Ibn ʿAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads. State University of New York Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-7914-9683-1.
  16. ^ Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994-06-28). The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām Ibn ʿAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads. State University of New York Press. pp. 134–147. ISBN 978-0-7914-9683-1.
  17. ^ Balādhurī, Aḥmad ibn Yaḥ́yā; Hitti, Philip Khuri (1969). The Origins of the Islamic State: Being a Translation from the Arabic, Accompanied with Annotations, Geographic and Historic Notes of the Kitab Futuh Al-buldan of Al-Imam Abu-l Abbas, Ahmad Ibn-Jabir Al-Baladhuri. Khayats. p. 227.
  18. ^ Balādhurī, Aḥmad ibn Yaḥ́yā; Hitti, Philip Khuri (1969). The Origins of the Islamic State: Being a Translation from the Arabic, Accompanied with Annotations, Geographic and Historic Notes of the Kitab Futuh Al-buldan of Al-Imam Abu-l Abbas, Ahmad Ibn-Jabir Al-Baladhuri. Khayats. p. 228.
  19. ^ Maharashtra (India) (1979). Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Bhandara District. Directorate of Government Print., Stationery, and Publications, Maharashtra State. p. 75.
  20. ^ Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994-06-28). The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām Ibn ʿAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads. State University of New York Press. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-7914-9683-1.
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