Descendants of Christian IX of Denmark

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refer to caption
1886 portrait of Christian IX and his family by Laurits Tuxen

Christian IX of Denmark (April 8, 1918 – January 29, 1906) ruled Denmark from 1863 to 1906. Known as the "father-in-law of Europe",[1] he and his wife, Louise of Hesse-Kassel (September 7, 1817 – September 29, 1898), became the ancestors of many members of European royalty. Some of these descendants would play a role in the history of several European countries, including Greece, Russia, and the United Kingdom. This article describes the children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren of Christian and Louise.

Background[edit]

King Christian IX[edit]

For the first 13 years of his life, Christian lived in Germany.[1] Following the death of his father, Friedrich Wilhelm, in 1831, Christian trained as an officer in Copenhagen. He fought on behalf of the Danish Unitary State in the First Schleswig War.[2]

In 1852, Christian became the heir-presumptive to the Danish throne. Following the death of King Frederick VII 11 years later, Christian became King of Denmark.[1] Due to Christian's German background, he was unpopular among his subjects during the start of his reign.[2] Moreover, he nearly abdicated in 1864 after Denmark's loss in the Second Schleswig War. However, as Christian's children married into several European royal families, his popularity recovered.[1]

Queen Louise[edit]

Born Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel, Louise became Queen of Denmark in 1863. Because her mother was a sister of King Christian VIII, Louise's marriage to Christian IX was an important factor in his rise to the Danish throne. Moreover, Louise was instrumental in marrying her children across European royalty, which helped increase her husband's popularity among the Danish people.[3]

As Queen of Denmark, Louise exemplified the female ideas of her time. Despite remaining in the shadow of Christian, she showed artistic and social talent. Moreover, through her charity work, Louise founded the Diakonissestiftelsen in Copenhagen.[3]

Marriage of Christian IX and Louise[edit]

Christian and Louise were married in 1842.[2][3]

The Marriage of King Christian IX and Queen Louise
Portrait Name Birth Death Descendants
Christian IX, King of Denmark April 8, 1818 January 29, 1906 6 children, including:

40 grandchildren, including:

Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel September 7, 1817 September 29, 1898

Children of Christian IX and Louise[edit]

King Christian IX, together with Queen Louise, had six children: Frederick, Alexandra, George, Dagmar, Thyra, and Valdemar.[3] Because of strained finances and limited fortunes that Christian and Louise had before 1852, they were actively involved in the education of Dagmar and her siblings during that time.[4] Later, from 1875 to 1900, Christian and Louise would welcome their children and grandchildren across six different European royal houses at Fredensborg Palace annually in the late summer.[5]

Within Christian and Louise's family, Thyra was called the "gentle and good daughter" by her father. In addition, Alexandra and Dagmar were respectively seen as the "pretty" and "clever" girls.[6] In contrast, Christian rejected Frederick, then Crown Prince of Denmark, because of their contrasting conservative and reformist mindsets, respectively.[7]

Portrait
 Name Birth Death Spouse and children
Frederick VIII, King of Denmark r. 1906–1912 June 3, 1843 May 14, 1912 Married 1869, Princess Louise of Sweden (1851–1926)

8 children (including Christian X, King of Denmark and Haakon VII, King of Norway)

Princess Alexandra of Denmark December 1, 1844 November 20, 1925 Married 1863, Edward VII, King of the United Kingdom (1841–1910; r. 1901–1910)

6 children (including George V, King of the United Kingdom and Maud, Queen of Norway)

George I, King of the Hellenes r. 1863–1913 December 24, 1845 March 18, 1913 Married 1867, Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia (1851–1926)

8 children (including Constantine I, King of the Hellenes)

Princess Dagmar of Denmark November 26, 1847 October 13, 1928 Married 1866, Alexander III, Emperor of Russia (1845–1894; r. 1881–1894)

6 children (including Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia)

Princess Thyra of Denmark September 29, 1853 February 26, 1933 Married 1878, Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover (1845–1923)

6 children (including Alexandra, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick)[a]

Prince Valdemar of Denmark October 27, 1858 January 14, 1939 Married 1885, Princess Marie of Orléans (1865–1909)

5 children

Grandchildren of Christian IX and Louise[edit]

Christian IX and Louise had thirty-nine grandchildren via eight children of Frederick VIII,[7] six children of Alexandra,[9] eight children of George I,[10][b] six children of Dagmar,[4] six children of Thyra,[6][a] and five children of Valdemar.[12]

Children of Frederick VIII and Louise[edit]

At the age of 17, Princess Louise of Sweden became engaged to the future King Frederick VIII of Denmark at Bäckaskog Castle. Frederick and Louise would later marry in 1869 in Stockholm.[13] This marriage took place in the context of a desire for a Scandinavian union in both Denmark and Sweden.[14]

Together, Frederick and Louise had eight children.[7][13] Two of these children, Christian and Haakon, became King of Denmark and King of Norway, respectively.[7][14] Frederick and Louise's family came to be defined by Louise's piety. Moreover, Louise oversaw the strictly disciplined education of her children.[14]

Over time, Frederick and Louise's marriage became a happy one.[14] However, because of Frederick's estrangement from his father,[7][14] he and his wife kept their distance from his relatives. In addition, Louise had difficult relationships with her in-laws in the Danish royal family.[14]

Portrait Name Birth Death Spouse and children
Christian X, King of Denmark r. 1912–1947 September 26, 1870 April 20, 1947 Married 1898, Duchess Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1879–1952) and had 2 children:
Haakon VII, King of Norway r. 1905–1957 August 3, 1872 September 21, 1957 Married 1896, Princess Maud of Wales (1869–1938) and had 1 child:
Princess Louise of Denmark February 17, 1875 April 4, 1906 Married 1896, Prince Frederick of Schaumburg-Lippe (1868–1945) and had 3 children:
Prince Harald of Denmark October 8, 1876 March 30, 1949 Married 1909, Princess Helena Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (1888–1962) and had 5 children:
Princess Ingeborg of Denmark August 2, 1878 March 12, 1958 Married 1897, Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland (1861–1951) and had 4 children:
Princess Thyra of Denmark March 14, 1880 November 2, 1945 Died unmarried and without children
Prince Gustav of Denmark March 4, 1887 October 5, 1944 Died unmarried and without children
Princess Dagmar of Denmark May 23, 1890 October 11, 1961 Married 1922, Jørgen Castenskjold (1893–1978) and had 5 children:
  • Carl Castenskjold (1923–2006)
  • Christian Ludwig Castenskjold (born 1926)
  • Jørgen Castenskjold (1928–1964)
  • Dagmar Castenskjold (1930–2013)
  • Christian Frederik Castenskjold (1931–1937)

Children of Alexandra and Edward VII[edit]

See also: Descendants of Queen Victoria § Edward VII, and Descendants of George V

In 1861, Princess Alexandra met the future King Edward VII of the United Kingdom at the Speyer Cathedral in Germany. Edward was the eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.[15] Edward later proposed to Alexandra in 1862, and they married in 1863 at St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle.[15][9]

Although Alexandra and Edward got along fairly well,[16] Edward engaged in several affairs during their marriage.[9] However, for the most part, Alexandra did not pay attention to her husband's romantic liaisons.[16]

Together, Alexandra and Edward had six children.[9] One of these children, Alexander John, died in infancy.[17] Furthermore, Alexandra and Edward's eldest son, Albert Victor, died in 1892 after contracting an illness during a flu pandemic. Albert Victor's passing devastated Alexandra.[9]

The three daughters of Edward and Alexandra, Louise, Victoria, and Maud, were known for being active during their youth. As the daughters aged, they became more withdrawn. Alexandra did not want Louise, Victoria, and Maud to marry because her daughters had two brothers who could potentially follow Edward to the British throne. However, both Louise and Maud eventually married.[17]

Portrait Name Birth Death Spouse and children
Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale January 8, 1864 January 14, 1892 Died unmarried and without children
George V, King of the United Kingdom r. 1910–1936 June 3, 1865 January 20, 1936 Married 1893, Princess Victoria Mary of Teck (1867–1953) and had 6 children:
Louise, Princess Royal February 20, 1867 January 4, 1931 Married 1889, Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife (1849–1912) and had 3 children:
Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom July 6, 1868 December 3, 1935 Died unmarried and without children
Princess Maud of Wales November 26, 1869 November 20, 1938 Married 1896, Haakon VII, King of Norway (1872–1957; r. 1905–1957) and had 1 child:
Prince Alexander John of Wales April 6, 1871 April 7, 1871 Died unmarried and without children

Children of George I and Olga[edit]

In 1863, the Kingdom of Greece was without a monarch. The royal houses of Europe believed that George I, then Prince William of Denmark, would be a suitable candidate for the Greek throne. Consequently, George traveled to Greece, a country that he had never visited before, that same year to start his reign.[10]

After arriving in Greece, George married Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia in 1867. George and Olga had seven children together.[10][b]

Portrait Name Birth Death Spouse and children
Constantine I, King of the Hellenes r. 1913–1917, ​1920–1922 August 2, 1868 January 11, 1923 Married 1889, Princess Sophia of Prussia (1870–1932) and had 6 children:
Prince George of Greece and Denmark June 24, 1869[18] November 25, 1957[19] Married 1907, Marie Bonaparte (1882–1962) and had 2 children:[20]
Princess Alexandra of Greece and Denmark August 30, 1870[23] September 24, 1891[23] Married 1889, Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia (1860–1919) and had 2 children:
Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark January 22, 1872[26] February 8, 1938[26] Married 1902, Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia[26] (1882–1957)[27] and had 3 children:[26]
Princess Maria of Greece and Denmark March 3, 1876[30] December 14, 1940[30] Married 1900 (1), Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia (1863–1919[31]) and had 2 children:
Married 1922 (2), Admiral Perikles Ioannidis (1881–1965) and had no children
Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark April 7, 1880[32] November 2, 1880[32] Died unmarried and without children
Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark February 2, 1882[33] December 3, 1944[33] Married 1903, Princess Alice of Battenberg (1885–1969) and had 5 children:[34]
Prince Christopher of Greece and Denmark August 10, 1888[38] January 21, 1940[39][38] Married 1920 (1), Nonie May Stewart[40] (1878–1923) and had no children
Married 1929 (2), Princess Françoise of Orléans[40] (1902–1953[41]) and had 1 child:

Children of Dagmar and Alexander III[edit]

Queen Louise, Dagmar's mother, hoped to find a suitable husband for her daughter in the Russian imperial court. Following the marriage of Dagmar's sister Alexandra, Queen Louise dedicated her enthusiasm into making these hopes a reality. Eventually, in 1864, Dagmar became engaged to Nicholas Alexandrovich, the then-heir to the Russian throne. However, Nicholas died only one year later.[4]

While on his deathbed, Nicholas insisted that his brother, the future Emperor Alexander III of Russia, marry Dagmar.[42] Dagmar gradually developed a romantic attraction toward Alexander.[4] They then married in October 1866,[4] and Dagmar took the name "Maria Feodorovna" after converting to Russian Orthodoxy.[4][42]

Maria and Alexander would go on to have six children together, one of whom, Alexander, did not survive past infancy.[4] Maria adored and spoiled her surviving children, especially the future Emperor Nicholas II of Russia.[4] Likewise, Alexander adored his daughters.[42]

Of the five children of Maria and Alexander that survived past infancy, George died of tuberculosis. Moreover, both Nicholas and Michael, along with Nicholas's five children, were killed during the Russian Revolution.[4]

Portrait Name Birth Death Spouse and children
Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia r. 1894–1917[43] May 18, 1868[43] July 17, 1918[43] Married 1894, Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine[43] (1872[44]–1918[43]) and had 5 children:[43]
Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia June 7, 1869[47] May 2, 1870[47] Died unmarried and without children
Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia May 9, 1871[48] July 10, 1899[48] Died unmarried and without children
Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia April 6, 1875[49] April 20, 1960[49] Married 1894, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia[50] (1866–1933) and had 7 children:[50][49]
Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia December 4, 1878[54] June 13, 1918[54] Married 1912, Natalia Brasova (1880–1952) and had 1 child:[55]
Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia June 13, 1882[57] November 24, 1960[57] Married 1901 (1), Duke Peter Alexandrovich of Oldenburg[57] (1868–1924) and had no children

¶ Olga and Peter's marriage was annulled.[58]

Married 1916 (2), Nikolai Alexandrovich Kulikovsky (1881–1958) and had 2 children:[57]
  • Tikhon Nikolaevich (1917–1993)[57]
  • Guri Nikolaevich (1919–1984)[57]

Children of Thyra and Ernest Augustus[edit]

Finding a suitable husband for Princess Thyra of Denmark was an undertaking for her mother, Queen Louise. However, Louise had one potential suitor in mind for Thyra: Prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland. Eventually, Thyra married Ernest Augustus, which gave her the desired opportunity to have children.[6]

Together, Thyra and Ernest Augustus had six children.[a] Living in Gmunden, Thyra enjoyed a quiet life which allowed her to spend time with her children. However, two of her sons died at a young age. Namely, Prince George passed away in a car accident on the way to the funeral of King Frederick VIII of Denmark. In addition, Prince Christian died of appendicitis.[6]

Portrait Name Birth Death Spouse and children
Princess Marie Louise of Hanover and Cumberland October 11, 1879[59][60] January 31, 1948[60] Married 1900, Prince Maximilian of Baden[61] (1867–1929[61]) and had 2 children:
Prince George William of Hanover and Cumberland October 28, 1880[59] May 20, 1912[63] Died unmarried and without children
Princess Alexandra of Hanover and Cumberland September 29, 1882[64] August 30, 1963[64] Married 1904, Frederick Francis IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1882–1945;[65] r. 1897–1918[65]) and had 5 children:
Princess Olga of Hanover and Cumberland July 11, 1884[59][66] September 21, 1958[66] Died unmarried and without children
Prince Christian of Hanover and Cumberland July 4, 1885[67] September 3, 1901[67] Died unmarried and without children
Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick r. 1913–1918 November 17, 1887[59][68] January 30, 1953[68] Married 1913, Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia (1892–1980) and had 5 children:[68]

Children of Valdemar and Marie[edit]

In 1885, Prince Valdemar of Denmark married Marie of Orléans, a French princess. Together, they had five children who were nicknamed the "naughty children from the Yellow Palace". Nevertheless, both Valdemar and Marie were very popular in Denmark.[12]

Because of Valdemar's interest in ships, he went on long sea voyages, a practice that continued during his marriage to Marie.[12]

Portrait Name Birth Death Spouse and children
Prince Aage of Denmark June 10, 1887 February 19, 1940 Married 1914, Mathilde Calvi dei conti di Bergolo (1885–1949) and had 1 child:
  • Valdemar, Count of Rosenborg (1919–1995)
Prince Axel of Denmark August 12, 1888 July 14, 1964[75] Married 1919, Princess Margaretha of Sweden[75] (1899–1977) and had 2 children:[75]
Prince Erik of Denmark November 8, 1890 September 11, 1950[76] Married 1924, Lois Frances Booth[76] (1897–1941) and had 2 children:[77]
  • Countess Alexandra of Rosenborg (1927[77]–1992)
  • Count Christian of Rosenborg (1932[77]–1997)

¶ Erik and Lois's marriage ended in 1937.[78]

Prince Viggo of Denmark December 25, 1893 January 4, 1970[79] Married 1924, Eleanor Margaret Green[79] (1895–1966[79]) and had no children[79]
Princess Margaret of Denmark September 17, 1895 September 18, 1992 Married 1921, Prince René of Bourbon-Parma (1894–1962) and had 4 children:

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Thyra was also the mother of an illegitimate child.[8]
  2. ^ a b An eighth child of George I, Olga, died at six months of age.[11]

Citations[edit]

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References[edit]

External links[edit]

Complete list of descendants of Christian IX of Denmark

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