Coups d'état in Sudan
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Since gaining independence in 1956, Sudan has witnessed a protracted series of coups d'état, totalling 19 coup attempts, of which 7 were successful,[1][note 1] which places Sudan as the African nation with the most coup attempts[2] and it ranks second globally, just behind Bolivia, which has recorded 23 coup attempts since 1950.[3] This include the 1958 self coup, the 1985 and 2019 soft coups, and 1957 and 1959 Putsch.
In the latest development, the 2023 Sudan Conflict began on 15 April 2023, involving clashes between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces, both factions of the military government, with a focus on Khartoum and the Darfur region.
Coups[edit]
- June 1957: One year after Sudan's independence, a failed coup led by Abdel Rahman Ismail Kabeida sought to seize power from the civil government.[4][5] Jaafar Nimeiry, accused of supporting the coup, and was arrested and later reassigned in 1959.[6]
- 17 November 1958: A bloodless self-coup, was led by Prime Minister Abdallah Khalil against the civilian government formed after the 1958 election.[7] It involved Khalil's National Umma Party, the People's Democratic Party,[8] and senior army generals, Ibrahim Abboud and Ahmad Abd al-Wahab, with the knowledge of the United States and Great Britain.[9] Khalil was subsequently retired on a pension.[9]
- 9 November 1959: Sudan witnessed a failed coup against General Ibrahim Abboud's regime.[10] The conspirators, including Al-Rashid Al-Taher Bakr, faced trials, with some receiving death sentences, marking Sudan's first post-independence military executions.[11][12] Abd al-Rahman Kabeida, involved in the 1957 coup attempt, was imprisoned until his release after the October 1964 Revolution.[4]
- 25 May 1969: Colonel Jaafar Nimeiry successfully overthrow the government of President Ismail al-Azhari. The coup signalled the end of Sudan's second democratic era, and saw the beginning of Nimeiry's 16 year rule.[13][14]
- 19 July 1971: Major Hashem al Atta, briefly ousted President Jaafar Nimeiry but lacked support. Nimeiry's loyalists counter-couped, reinstating him. Nimeiry then strengthened his rule, diminishing the influence of former Revolutionary Command Council members by 1975.[15][16]
- 5 September 1975: Sudanese Communist Party-backed rebel army officers attempted a coup against President Gaafar al-Nimeiry, but loyalist forces quickly crushed the coup. Brigadier Hassan Hussein Osman, the coup leader, was wounded, court-martialled, and executed.[17]
- 2 July 1976: In early 1972, Nimeiry's dialogue with opposition leader Sharif Hussein al-Hindi failed. In 1976, a coup attempt by Sadiq al-Mahdi that was led by Muhammad Nour Saad was met with resistance, leading to a week of intense fighting and civilian casualties. A brief National Reconciliation followed but ended due to ongoing tensions and disagreements.[18]
- 2 February 1977: The Juba coup, led by 12 ex-Anyanya Air Force members, aimed to seize Juba airport but failed.[19] High Executive Council members were arrested, and some sources suggest the group tried to free them from Juba prison.[20]
- 6 April 1985: The coup was staged by a group of military officers and led by the Defense Minister and Armed Forces Commander-in-Chief, Field Marshal Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab, against the government of President Gaafar Nimeiry.[21][22][23]
- 30 June 1989: The Sudanese Armed Forces overthrown the democratically elected government of Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi and President Ahmed al-Mirghani. The coup was led by military officer Omar al-Bashir who took power in its aftermath; he ruled the country for the next 30 years until he was overthrown in 2019.[24]
- 23 April 1990: Allegedly orchestrated by retired officers and junior loyalists, aimed to overthrow the ruling military junta led by Lieutenant General Omar al-Bashir. Loyalist forces quashed the coup, with reported gunfire at key locations. Approximately 30 officers and retired officers were arrested.[25][26]
- March 1992: The attempt was led by Colonel Ahmed Khaled who was a sympathiser of the Sudanese Ba'ath Party.[27][28][29] The coup was quickly crushed and the leaders of the attempt were imprisoned.[30][31][32]
- March and September 2004: The attempt was against the president Omar al-Bashir and his cabinet, inspired by opposition leaders and Hassan Al-Turabi. It ended with the arrests of army officers over the next few days. A second attempted coup was staged in September 2004.[33][34]
- 10 May 2008: Darfur rebel group Justice and Equality Movement raided Khartoum and Omdurman, killing over 220 people.[35][36] It was the first time the Darfur conflict reached the capital, marking a significant escalation in a conflict that had already claimed up to 300,000 lives and displaced 2.5 million since 2003.[37]
- 22 November 2012: The coup against president Omar al-Bashir started as an attempt to overthrow the government over serious conflicts, upheavals (mainly the 2011–2013 Sudanese protests) and worsening conditions. 13 were arrested during the coup attempt, according to the media.[38][39]
- 11 April 2019: President Omar al-Bashir was overthrown by the Sudanese Armed Forces after popular protests demanded his departure.[40] At that time, the army, led by Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf, toppled the government and National Legislature and declared a state of emergency in the country for a period of 3 months, followed by a transitional period of two years before an agreement was reached later.[41]
- 21 September 2021: The attempt was against the Sovereignty Council of Sudan.[42][43] According to media reports, at least 40 officers were arrested. A government spokesman said they included "remnants of the defunct regime",[44] referring to former officials of President Omar al-Bashir's government, and members of the country's armoured corps.[45]
- 25 October 2021: General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan staged a military coup in Sudan,[46] detaining government officials and dissolving the Sovereignty Council. Protests and strikes ensued, leading to negotiations.[47] A 14-point deal in November reinstated Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok, but civilian groups rejected it, and Hamdok resigned in January 2022 amid continued protests.[48]
- 15 April 2023: Sudan witnessed an armed conflict between rival factions of the military, the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), with clashes in Khartoum and Darfur. The SPLM-N led by Abdelaziz al-Hilu and other rebel groups joined the war.[49][50]
Notes[edit]
- ^ 18 coup attempts with 6 successful according to Voice of America,[1] and 17 attempts with 6 successful according to BBC,[2] but both do not count the 1971 coup d'état as a successful.
References[edit]
- ^ a b Williamson, Megan Duzor and Brian. "By The Numbers: Coups in Africa". projects.voanews.com. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
- ^ a b "Gabon coup: The latest in a series of military takeovers on the continent". BBC News. 7 January 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
- ^ Taylor, Adam (1 December 2021). "Analysis | Map: The world of coups since 1950". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
- ^ a b Al-Sayegh, Bakri (9 May 2023). "انقلابات وخيانات وخبيثات الضباط في بعضهم البعض داخل القوات المسلحة – البرهان "حميدتي" مثالآ-" [Coups, betrayals and maliciousness of officers against each other within the armed forces - Al-Burhan “Hemedti” for example]. Alrakoba.
- ^ Al-Taweel, Amani (24 September 2021). "الانقلابات العسكرية في السودان بين الملامح والأسباب". اندبندنت عربية (in Arabic). Retrieved 29 July 2023.
- ^ Who's who in Africa: The Political, Military and Business Leaders of Africa. African Development. 1973. ISBN 978-0-9502755-0-5.
- ^ Hailey, Foster (18 November 1958). "SUDAN COUP PUTS ARMY IN CONTROL; Capital Is Quiet as General Takes Power -- Parliament Ousted in Orderly Shift". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
- ^ "Sudan Embassy in Canada". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2009.
- ^ a b Ben Hammou, Salah (2023). "The Varieties of Civilian Praetorianism: Evidence From Sudan's Coup Politics". Armed Forces & Society: 0095327X2311556. doi:10.1177/0095327X231155667. S2CID 257268269.
- ^ العزاوي, قيس جواد (2 March 2023). الجيش والسلطة في التاريخ العثماني (in Arabic). ktab INC.
- ^ "الحكومة العسكرية في السودان في الأعوام الثلاثة الماضية (1959 – 1961م) .. بقلم: بيتر كيلنر .. ترجمة: بدر الدين حامد الهاشمي". سودانايل (in Arabic). 13 May 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
- ^ Kilner, Peter (1962). "Military Government in Sudan: The Past Three Years". The World Today. 18 (6): 259–268. ISSN 0043-9134. JSTOR 40393412.
- ^ "69. Republic of the Sudan (1956-present)". uca.edu. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
- ^ Historical Dictionary of the Sudan. p. 41.
- ^ Korn, David A. (1993). Assassination in Khartoum. Indiana University Press. p. 87.
- ^ Korn, David A. (1993). Assassination in Khartoum. Indiana University Press. p. 88. ISBN 0253332028.
- ^ "Sudan Rebels Stage Coup But Loyal Troops Crush It". The New York Times. 6 September 1975. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
- ^ Al-Shaqlini, Abdullah (27 July 2018). "نظرة جهاز الأمن لحركة 2 يوليو 1976 .. بقلم: عبدالله الشقليني" [The Security Apparatus' View of the July 2, 1976 Movement]. سودانايل (in Arabic). Retrieved 25 July 2023.
- ^ Johnson, Douglas Hamilton (2011). The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars: Peace Or Truce. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. ISBN 9781847010292.
- ^ Kuyok, Kuyok Abol (2015). South Sudan: The Notable Firsts. AuthorHouse. ISBN 9781504943468.
- ^ "SUDAN'S PRESIDENT IS OUSTED IN COUP BY MILITARY CHIEF". The New York Times. 7 April 1985. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
- ^ "Sudan's Military Ousts Numeiri: Coup Climaxes Protests; African Ally Was on Way Back From U.S." The Los Angeles Times. 7 April 1985. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
- ^ "Sudanese Leader Deposed in Coup". The Washington Post. 7 April 1985. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
- ^ "Military Coup in Sudan Ousts Civilian Regime". The New York Times. 1 July 1989. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
- ^ "Sudan Reports Blocking a Coup And Arresting Over 30 Officers". The New York Times. 24 April 1990. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
- ^ "Sudanese military government crushes coup attempt". UPI. 23 April 1990. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
- ^ "هذه قصة الانقلابات في السودان خلال ستة عقود". الرابطة الدولية للخبراء والمحللين السياسيين. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
- ^ Khalil, Rima (21 December 2021). "سجل حافل بالانقلابات في السودان: 12 انقلاباً في 64 عاماً". Alaraby (in Arabic). Retrieved 8 August 2023.
- ^ "هذه قصة الانقلابات في السودان خلال 6 عقود". Aljazeera (in Arabic). 24 September 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
- ^ "توتر جديد في السودان... تاريخ طويل من الانقلابات العسكرية". سبوتنيك عربي (in Arabic). 15 April 2023. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
- ^ Altaweel, Amani (24 September 2021). "الانقلابات العسكرية في السودان بين الملامح والأسباب". اندبندنت عربية (in Arabic). Retrieved 8 August 2023.
- ^ "History of successful and coup attempts wey fail for Sudan since independence". BBC News Pidgin. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
- ^ "Tight security in Khartoum as gov't claims coup attempt". The New Humanitarian. 27 September 2004.
- ^ "SUDAN: Coup Plot Threatens Peace Talks". IPSNews. 2 April 2004.
- ^ "Sudan Sentences 8 Rebels to Death for Khartoum Raid - The New York Times". The New York Times. Agence France-Presse. 26 November 2022. Archived from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
- ^ "Darfur rebels poised to take Khartoum | The Independent | The Independent". Independent.co.uk. 7 July 2022. Archived from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
- ^ "U.S. urges restraint after Sudan violence | Reuters". Reuters. 22 November 2020. Archived from the original on 22 November 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
- ^ "The attempted coup d'etat in Sudan". ISS Africa. 30 November 2012.
- ^ "Coup attempt disrupted, Sudanese government says". CNN. 23 November 2012.
- ^ El Sirgany, Sarah; Elbagir, Nima; Abdullah, Yasir (11 April 2019). "Sudan's President Bashir forced out in military coup". CNN. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
- ^ Abdelaziz, Khalid; Lewis, Aidan (11 April 2019). Lawrence, Janet (ed.). "Soldiers raid headquarters of Bashir's Islamic movement in Khartoum". Reuters. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
- ^ "Sudan failed coup: Government blames pro-Bashir elements". BBC News. 21 September 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ^ "Sudanese officials say coup attempt has failed". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ^ "تصفية اخر جيوب الانقلاب واعتقال عسكريين ومدنيين". Suna-News (in Arabic). Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ^ Magdy, Samy (21 September 2021). "Sudanese officials say coup attempt failed, army in control". AP NEWS. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ^ Salih, Zeinab Mohammed; Beaumont, Peter (25 October 2021). "Sudan's army seizes power in coup and detains prime minister". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
- ^ Abdelaziz, Khalid; Awadalla, Nadine (25 October 2021). Pullin, Richard (ed.). "Sudan cabinet members, others arrested in apparent coup – Reuters witness". Reuters. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
- ^ "Sudan coup: Protests continue after military takeover". BBC. 25 October 2021. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
- ^ "South Kordofan residents flee as Sudan war escalates". al-Arabiya. 23 June 2023. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
- ^ "Battle For Key Police Base Kills At Least 14 Sudan Civilians". Barron's. 26 June 2023. Archived from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
