1938 New York City truckers strike
| 1938 NYC truckers strike | |||
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| Date | September 15, 1938 – October 2, 1938 | ||
| Location | United States | ||
| Caused by | Contract expiration | ||
| Goals |
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| Resulted in | Union Victory:
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| Parties | |||
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| Number | |||
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| Previous contract: 47 hour week, $56.50 a week | |||
The NYC truckers strike started on September 15, 1938, as an unsanctioned strike by some of NYC's Teamsters members, with union leadership initially opposing it.[1] It was caused by a contract expiration, demanding lower hours at the same weekly pay and by its end somewhere between 30,000 and 35,000 strikers were directly involved.[2]
On September 25, it was officially sanctioned by a union vote at the Mecca Temple by union Locals 807, 282, and 816.[3] According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, it was one of the largest US strikes of 1938.[2]
The strike ended in October as a partial union victory, they won lower hours at the same weekly pay & benefits, but it was not lowered to the demanded maximum 40-hour week but instead to a maximum 44-hour week limit.[4]
Background[edit]
The immediate beginnings of the strike originate from the expiration of the Teamsters Locals 807, 282, 816's previous contract on September 1, 1938.[1]
On Wednesday, September 14, a meeting was held at the Manhattan Opera House. The executive committee of the unions reported on their negotiations with the Merchant Truckmen's Bureau for a new contract to the rest of the members.[1]
Negotiations had started six weeks earlier, in anticipation of the contract expiring, employers had originally pushed for a pay cut. While union members had been calling for a reduction from a 47 to a 40-hour week, without any pay cut ($56.50/week) and one week's vacation.[1][5] One motivation behind this was to spread work to the 4,000 unemployed members of the drivers unions.[6]
At the meeting, the executive committee reported that the employers had backed away from cutting pay instead proposing to extend on the previous contract's terms.[1]
It was then taken to a vote on whether to accept these negotiations, with members voting to reject them.[1][7] During this meeting around 1,000 workers also stood up and cheered for a strike.[8] However, no strike vote was held.[1]
Course of the labor dispute[edit]
The 'Outlaw Strike'[edit]
15th[edit]
On September 15, unions members, principally from Local 807,[8] began an unsanctioned strike within New York City. Believing that negotiators were not making a genuine effort to win shorter hours at the same weekly wage.[1]
The strike froze up much of interstate trucking in and out of NYC, using driving pickets throughout the downtown waterfront district to shut down work.[1][7] Special police details were deployed at 8 am, in an unsuccessful attempt to stop the picket line. Somewhere between 300 and 400 trucking firms stopped operations the same day because of it.[7]
At some point strikers formed their own separate elected leadership to head a strike committee.[6][3]
Union officers attempted to convince the strikers, with an order to return to work issued later that night by the executive committee.[1][7] Newbold Morris, was the acting mayor of NYC,[8] as Mayor La Guardia was on a tour of the US South and West, partially to attend the American Legion conference.[9][6]
16th[edit]
On the morning of September 16, around 1,000 strikers, of the three local unions, voted in a meeting at St. John's Park for a general strike of truck drivers in NYC waterfront to start the next morning at 6 am. They then sent this information over to the union executive committee.[8] A union officer that stayed anonymous estimated that around 5,000 truck drivers were involved in this initial strike. Police presence was significantly increased alongside the East and West side waterfronts, and sent to strike areas, in response to the strike.[8]
Michael J. Cashal, Teamsters Vice President, promised that even in the case of a general trucking strike, newsprint would be excluded from the strike.[8] William Devery, president of Local 807 also commented on the strike. Saying each union officer was trying to get the men to return to work. But, that the strikers would not be expelled because they were, "fighting for the same principle as their officers, namely the five-day, forty-hour week."[8] At this time foodstuffs remained unaffected by the strike.[8]
17–18th[edit]
| External image | |
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 Idle trucks at Holland Tunnel Plaza |
On September 18, Acting Mayor Newbold Morris successfully asked the 'outlaw' strikers to ship food supplies from the Emergency Relief Bureau to home relief depots (people were evacuating, due to the yet to hit New England hurricane[10]) and ballots for New York's primary election. At the time accusations were made by the union that non-relief workers had been used to load supplies at the Bronx Terminal Market.[11]
The same day, the Merchant Truckmen's Bureau of NY and Highway Transport Association jointly announced they had accepted an invitation to a City Hall settlement negotiations arranged by Mayor La Guardia from San Francisco the day before.[11]
19th[edit]
On September 19, a mass meeting was held at the 69th Regiment Armory,[a] between striking workers and the NYC Government. It was attended by 4,000–5,000 of the striking workers among others.[6][12][13]
One of the leaders of the 'outlaw' strike Abe Klein, commented in interview at City Hall:[13]
"The rank and file of the union feel that the Highway Transport Association of which Joseph M. Adelizzi and Jack Sullivan are the heads, is trying to use a Federal indictment against our officers and the membership to force us into a lower wage scale contract."
He cited the recent indictment,[14][15][16] that was put against 67 officers and members of the union, among other people, under the Sherman Antitrust Act and the then new federal anti-racketeering laws.[13]
On the government side, Newbold Morris, & the New York Social Security Board members Anna M. Rosenberg & Arthur S. Meyer, who called for the workers to end the strike pending negotiations, which strikers rejected.[6][12][11][13] Newbold Morris called for five-day truce, which was loudly rejected. Then they proposed a three-day truce which was again rejected, with some strikers reportedly holding up 2 fingers to suggest they would prefer two days. However a truce was still rejected.[13]
During this meeting, the NY branch of the Sailor's Union of the Pacific announced their support for, and intention to not cross, any trucker picket lines held on piers where they dock.[6]
Picketing by strikers continued in the city, one of the focuses was the Holland Tunnel which connects New York and New Jersey. That day several hundred picketers were present and shouted to truck drivers from the sidewalk to pullover and redirected them to park at the Hudson while they communicated with their employers. According to the NYT, the vast majority of truckers would not cross the picket line.[13]
20th[edit]
By September 20, 12,000 NYC truckers were striking and it had spread to three locals in New Jersey that same morning. Of the strikers, 5,000 teamster truckers were running driving pickets to stop trucking business inside the city.[6]
An editorial in the Socialist Appeal disagreed with the assessment of other newspapers of it as an 'outlaw' strike. Arguing mass support among the workers and on the basis that while leadership hadn't explicitly supported it, they specifically avoided punishing it.[17]
21st[edit]
On September 21, acting mayor Newbold Morris (with the wired telegraph approval from mayor La Guardia in LA), gave an ultimatum to drivers to end the strike within 24 hours.[6] That afternoon the New England hurricane made landfall in Long Island as a Category 3 hurricane.[18][5]
According to the NYT's, the strike also spread to Westchester County, and Connecticut. The strike also shut down delivery's for 1939 New York World's Fair construction, lead to the Eastern Steamship Lines stopping their southern division temporarily because of freight piling up on the pier, and led freight to accumulate for both the Pennsylvania's and New York Central Railroads in their yards & warehouses.[5]
The expanding nature of the strike led to New York State Federation of Labor president George Meany and Thomas Lyons of the Central Trades and Labor Council to be included in negotiations. Alongside the already included Teamster vice president, Michael J. Cashal.[5]
That midnight, the unions agreed to a truce starting the next day and lasting until Saturday, September 24. During which the union temporarily returned to work. And after which, if an agreement hadn't been reached, the union would then take an official strike vote encompassing the entire union.[3][5]
22–24th[edit]
On September 22, the union's and employers groups met from 2–6 pm to negotiate, after which George Meany of New York State Federation of Labor criticized the operators for offering the union "absolutely nothing", adding that if that was maintained there would be "a real strike".[19]
That day Walter B. Holt, the vice president of the International Longshoremen's Association when asked, said they would support the strike if it occurred again, given it was an official vote.[19]
During this period goods were rushed from piers and warehouses with many union workers receiving overtime pay due to the longer hours. Reportedly as an attempt by employers to prepare for any potential resumption of the strike by building up a surplus of supplies. However, some of the damage to the roads from the hurricane partially hampered this.[19]
On September 24 midnight, the truce expired. Union members swiftly voted to continue the strike on September 25.[12]
Sanctioned strike[edit]
On September 25, 3:30 pm the strike was officially sanctioned by a union vote at the Mecca Temple by Locals 807, 282, and 816. The vote count was 4,071, in favor, to 365.[3][12][20] Food, medicine and newsprint were exempted from the strike through this vote.[12]
Mayor La Guardia returned the same day after a three-week trip of the US South and West, during which Newbold Morris had been the acting mayor.[9][6]
Final days[edit]
On September 26, 11:30 am, 20,000[b] teamster drivers in New Jersey officially voted to concurrently strike alongside the New York truckers for the same conditions.[22][3][20][21]
Around 30,000 truck drivers in total were striking within Greater New York and New Jersey area.[3][20]
Francis M. Sheridan, general organizer of Motor & Bus Terminal Checker Platform & Office Workers also announced that day that they would be joining the strike. The C.I.O (a part of the A.F.L) also announced its support for the strike.[3]
The Longshoremen's Association, whose contract would expire in 4 days, reiterated they would not cross the picket line or handle "hot" cargo i.e. from any companies involved with the strike.[3][20] They also mentioned they would similarly be demanding a reduction of their work week, from 44 to 40 hours a week.[3]
| Sanitation trucks at NYC City Hall | |
|---|---|
| Profile view photo | |
| Overhead photo |
The same day, 1,000 emergency sanitation vehicles were stationed outside city hall and prepared by Mayor La Guardia in response.[20][3]
At the time, accusations were made that materials headed for the New England and Long Island communities, which had suffered from floods due to the New England hurricane, were being blocked by the strike. However strikers claimed to allow these goods to travel, only stopping and checking trucks attempting to carry non-exempt goods under false 'flood signs'.[3][20] This connects to a modern-day practice under current union law in the US, known as neutral gates.[23][24]
Connecticut governor, Wilbur L. Cross urged a truce that day, in a telegram to the Associated Press, representing other governors as the chairman of a New England governors conference held in Boston.[25]
The truckmen unions within Philadelphia (Atlantic City Trucker Union, Philadelphia Joint Council 53 of the Brotherhood of Teamsters) were also going to meet with the Camden, New Jersey Teamster local the next day to decide on joining the strike. It comprised seven different Philadelphia locals, with Local 107 alone having 8,000 members.[26]
That night Mayor La Guardia proposed a contract between the workers and corporate associations. The conditions were as follows:[4]
1. The contract term will be two years
2. A working week will be 44 hours, at the same total weekly pay as the previous 47-hour week.
3. A basic day will be 8 hours long from 8am-4pm Mon-Fri, & four hours long on Saturday.
4. Pay on Saturday will be 1.5x normal daily pay and any work past eight hours for a day will be subject to special overtime pay.
5. No employee will work more than 44 hours a week, not even under overtime.
The striking workers voted to accept these terms. While the Highway Transport Association & Merchant Associations of NY representing the trucking corporations, voted to reject it early the next morning on September 27 at 1:40 am.[20][27][28] The Merchant Associations of NY represented 500 members/businesses within NY.[29]
Reportedly according to one source, during this meeting a shoe was hurled from a balcony at Michael Cashal, Teamster Vice President, hitting him in the thigh. After which Cashal reportedly stepped away from a microphone with anger and shouted.[28]
In response to the rejection of the deal, the sanitation vehicles were then deployed by Mayor La Guardia the same day manned by pairs with one union member & one NYC sanitation department worker.[29] Its efforts were directed by a group called the Mayor's Citizen's Committee filled with other business owners within NYC, such as rail, reportedly uninvolved in the businesses involved in the strike. This was done through the declaration of a public emergency. To ship foodstuffs and other materials.[29][30][28]
End of strike[edit]
That same day, around 50 NYC businesses, that the associations represented, signed and around 35 businesses in New Jersey signed, both under the terms proposed by La Guardia.[29][21]
Piecemeal, a significant portion of the represented companies signed under the terms individually over the next few days.[31][32][33] By September 30, most metropolitan transportation was back to normal.[34]
However, interstate firms, represented by the Highway Transportation Association, refused to accept Mayor La Guardia's compromise proposal. In response an ultimatum was delivered by Walter J. Burke, president of Local 20408 of the Gasoline Station Attendants' Union on the night of September 29. Unless the strike was settled in 48 hours, 2,000 gasoline stations would be closed in the five boroughs by a sympathy strike from their 8,000 to 10,000 union members.[34]
That same day, on September 29, Newark Teamster Local 863, a union of moving firm drivers, called a one-day sympathy strike in support of the striking New Jersey Teamster truck drivers.[34]
48 hours later, the strike officially ended for most on October 2 when the Highway Transport Association signed the contract agreement with Teamster Local 807. The same day the Associated Express and Truck Owners of New Jersey also signed the agreement ending the strike in New Jersey.[31] The strike is mostly regarded as a partial union victory, by the workers at the time and in retrospect by the Teamsters union.[33][35][3][36][37]
In December, the smaller Checker Platform & Office Workers Union, who joined the strike on September 26,[3] would also win their contract after other unions held walkout sympathy strikes.[38][39][40]
Aftermath[edit]
Regulations[edit]
Before the strike, on December 29, 1937, the Interstate Commerce Commission announced its finalized hours of service trucking regulations effective July 1, 1938 under the Motor Carrier Act (1935).[41][42][43] These original Motor Carrier Safety rules would have limited on-duty trucking hours to 60 hours a week, 15 hours max on-duty in a day, and 12 hours of working in a day. With this it also required that a daily log be kept. Lastly, it approved sleeper cabs, in spite of organized labor's criticisms of it being unsafe.[42][41]
The hour regulations were immediately criticized by those within organized labor. With the American Federation of Labor, the Teamsters, and the Machinists petitioning for a pause of the regulations.[41] William Green, president of the American Federation of Labor on January 7 released a public letter of protest which was sent to Joseph B. Eastman of the I.C.C. Stating,[44]
After twenty years of operation of an eight-hour basic workday for employees of the railroad industry... it seems needless for me to comment on the patent unreasonableness of a fifteen-hour day as a standard specifically approved by the [I.C.C] for the motor bus and trucking industries.
Since at the time, the eight hour day was the generally recognized standard for workers.[41] They argued implementing such a high limit as a legal standard, and claiming it is the safe driving limit, would simply be used by trucking companies to lengthen their hourly demands for workers, in effect making the eight hour day a more difficult goal. So on June 14, the implementation of the rule was delayed till August 1.[45]
Then in July, following pressure from organized labor, who called for an 8-hour daily limit & 48 hour weekly limit. They lowered the limit from 12 to 10 hours of working a day. While the 60 hour weekly limit remained unchanged and the effective date delayed again until October 1.[41]
Between this period the New York trucker strike occurred, the role that the strike could have played within the regulations timeline is unclear. However at some point during it the regulation was delayed again, till it was officially implemented on March 1, 1939.[46]
1946 strike[edit]
Later on in 1946, the NYC Teamsters would win the reduction to a 40 hour maximum week, with a $7.40 (equivalent to $125.24 in 2023) weekly pay raise, following a 31,000 person trucker strike in the city.[47]
See also[edit]
- 2005 New York City transit strike
- 1937 New York City department store strikes
- 1919 New York City Harbor Strike
Notes[edit]
- ^ Sometimes also referred to as the 165th Infantry Regiment Armory in historical sources. (see history of 69th Infantry Regiment, New York)
- ^ 12,000 in Hudson and adjoining counties, 5,000 in Newark, and 3,000 in Perth Amboy[21]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "TRUCKING IS TIED UP BY 'OUTLAW' STRIKE; Insurgent Members of A. F. L. Union Halt Most Interstate Shipments in City Food Shipments Affected Limited to One Local". The New York Times. September 16, 1938. Retrieved 2023-06-08.
- ^ a b Peterson, Florence (May 1939). "ANALYSIS OF STRIKES IN 1938" (PDF). Monthly Labor Review. Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States Department of Labor: 4, 5–6, 11.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Drivers accept terms while strike goes on" (PDF). Socialist Appeal. October 1, 1938.
- ^ a b "Text of Mayor's Strike Peace Plan; Agreement on Fundamental Starting Hour to Remain The Propositions Offered The Mayor's Proposals". The New York Times. September 27, 1938. Retrieved 2023-06-08.
- ^ a b c d e "TRUCKMEN RETURN UNDER TRUCE TODAY; Strikers Give Four Days to Settle Row, but Threaten General Tie-Up". The New York Times. September 22, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-07-04.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Truck Drivers Tie Up New York City – Rank and File Leaders Backed by Membership" (PDF). September 24, 1938. p. 1.
- ^ a b c d "'Wildcat' Strike Ties Up Trucks of 300 Firms:
Drivers in 3 A.F. of L. Locals Defy Their Chiefs.
Go Out as Contracts Die; Jam City Freight Service". Dated newspaper from Trucking Strike, 1938 | NYCMA Collection. September 16, 1938. - ^ a b c d e f g h "CITY ACTION URGED IN TRUCKING STRIKE; Merchants Call on Morris to Confer With Union 'Outlaws' to Avert General Tie-Up, Police Guard Increased Threats to Drivers Reported". The New York Times. September 17, 1938. Retrieved 2023-06-08.
- ^ a b "MAYOR HOME, ACTSAT ONCE ON STRIKE; After Fast Flight From. Coast, He Starts Telephoning in an Effort to End Truck Row DISAPPOINTED BY EVENTS But Is Happy to See Family Safe After Their Peril in Long Island Storm". The New York Times. September 26, 1938. Retrieved 2023-06-08.
- ^ "Hurricane in Atlantic Heads Toward Florida". The New York Times. 1938-09-19. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-07-04.
- ^ a b c "Truck Strike's End To Be Asked Today; Relief Food Moved". The New York Times. September 19, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-07-04.
- ^ a b c d e "TRUCK STRIKE IS ON AGAIN AFTER VOTE; MAYOR ASKS PEACE; La Guardia Calls Conference for Today, Promising to Make All Facts Public STRIKE VOTE 4,071 TO 365 Food, Medicine and Newsprint Exempted in New Tie-Up Under Union Sanction". The New York Times. September 26, 1938. Retrieved 2023-06-08.
- ^ a b c d e f "TRUCKMEN REJECT STRIKE TRUCE PLAN; PARLEYS ON AGAIN". The New York Times. September 20, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-07-04.
- ^ "LABOR HELD LIABLE UNDER RACKET LAW; Judge Leibell Overrules the Demurrers of Wheeler as Teamster Union Counsel FIRST DECISION ON SCOPE Contention of Senator That Congress Had No Intent to Curb Unions Is Discarded Wheeler Fears for All Unions Charges Levied on Truckers". The New York Times. July 30, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-07-05.
- ^ Final Judgment: U.S. v. Local 807 of International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Stablemen & Helpers of America, et al.
- ^ "COURT RESTRAINS TRUCKING UNION; 'Tribute' From Out-of-Town Concerns Barred in Fight to Suppress 'Racket' ACTION IS WON BY AMEN Counsel for Local 807 Says Decision Clarifies Law on Interstate Freighting". The New York Times. July 18, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-06-12.
- ^ "A Bona Fide Strike!" (PDF). September 24, 1938. p. 4.
- ^ Van Lenten, Christine, ed. (November 2014). "4.1" (PDF). NYC's Risk Landscape: A Guide to Hazard Mitigation (Report). New York City: City of New York. p. 49. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
September 1938: The most powerful hurricane on record to ever impact the region makes landfall near Fire Island.
- ^ a b c "SHIPPING SPEEDED BY TRUCKING TRUCE; Goods Rushed From Congested Piers—to Build Up Surplus Against Strike's Renewal". The New York Times. September 23, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-07-04.
- ^ a b c d e f g "TRUCK FIRMS HALT THE MAYOR'S PLAN; DRIVERS ACCEPT IT; Rise in Costs Seen 2-Year Contract Urged Operators Reject Peace Terms as 'Unfair' After All-Day Conference Fails CITY HAS A FLEET READY 1,000 Sanitation Vehicles Are Mobilized for Emergency—15,000 Quit in Jersey, Longshoremen Aid Union". The New York Times. September 27, 1938. Retrieved 2023-06-07.
- ^ a b c "STRIKE IN JERSEY BELIEVED NEAR END; Most Employers Either Sign or Promise To, on Basis of La Guardia Plan, Men Say UNIONS REPORT 20,000 OUT Organized Owners in Newark Stand Firm -- Paterson Gravely Hit by Walkout Strike Called on Monday Large Concern Signs 1,500 Idle in Westchester". The New York Times. 1938-09-28. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-07-09.
- ^ "15,000 TRUCKMEN STRIKE IN JERSEY; Walkout, Voted in the Morning, Makes Rapid Headway in Tying Up Shipments QUICK END SEEN, HOWEVER Unions Await Outcome of New York's Settlement Plan—Pickets Watch Highways Not a Sympathy Strike Other Companies Affected Action Off in Westchester". The New York Times. September 27, 1938. Retrieved 2023-06-07.
- ^ "The Dual Gate System in Construction Labor Relations: Primary, Neutral, and Contamination". www.americanbar.org. Retrieved 2023-06-12.
- ^ Union-Busting Tactic You Should Know About: Neutral Gates #WGAStrong, retrieved 2023-06-12
- ^ "Cross Asks Armistice in N.Y Truck Strike". Meriden Record/Record-Journal. Meriden, Connecticut. September 27, 1938. p. 14.
- ^ "PHILADELPHIA PARLEY SET; Truck Unions Will Decide on Action This Morning". The New York Times. September 27, 1938. Retrieved 2023-06-07.
- ^ "Strikers Accept LaGuardia Truce". www.newzpaperarchive.com. Evening Star. September 27, 1938. Retrieved 2023-06-08.
- ^ a b c "MAYOR WINS PLEA AT STRIKE MEETING; Truckmen Accept Hids Proposal at Stoemy Session-Many Vioce Protests Later SHOE HURLED AT CASHAL Klein Rallies Support for the Terms—Plans Are Heard for Driving City Vehicles Proposal Read by Mayor". The New York Times. September 28, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-07-05.
- ^ a b c d "MAYOR PROCLAIMS TRUCK EMERGENCY; USES CITY FLEET; Sanitation Vehicles Manned by Strikers After Employers Reject City Hall Proposal". The New York Times. September 28, 1938. Retrieved 2023-06-07.
- ^ "800 Old Trucks at the City Hall Turn Park Into Outdoor Garage; Outmoded Vehicles Mobilized by Mayor Cut Up Lawn—Strikers Wander Through Building, Call Council President by First Name Mayor Reaches the Scene Commissioners Flit In and Out". The New York Times. September 28, 1938. Retrieved 2023-06-07.
- ^ a b "TRUCK STRIKE ENDS WITH 2 NEW PACTS; 123 Interstate Companies Sign Here-Jersey Agreement Is Ratified in Newark Parleys Bring Agreement Have Master Contract". The New York Times. October 3, 1938. Retrieved 2023-06-08.
- ^ "LONG-HAUL TRUCKS STILL ARE TIED UP; Six-Hour Conference Between Union and Employers Fails to Settle One Point CITY SERVICE IS NORMAL 13,000 of 15,000 Strikers Back at Work—Third of Newark's 1,500 Drivers Return Hitch in Negotiations Warns of Loss of Business". The New York Times. October 1, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-06-13.
- ^ a b "Truck Strike Routs Bosses; Unions Gain" (PDF). October 3, 1938.
- ^ a b c "City's Trucking Normal, But Trouble Looms
Long-Haul Firm's Refusal to Sign Brings Threat of a Sympathy Strike by 10,000 Filling Station Men". New York Herald Tribune, from Trucking Strike 1938 | NYCMA Collection. September 30, 1938. - ^ "History – Teamsters Local 804". local804.dreamhosters.com. Retrieved 2023-06-13.
- ^ "Half the Battle Won" (PDF). October 1, 1938.
- ^ "Teamsters History and Timeline".
- ^ "TRUCKING TIE-UP WIDENED IN STRIKE; Sympathy Walkout Halts 60% of Long Hauls From and to City, Operators Say ONE CRITICIZES LA GUARDIA Inquiry Into Condition Urged as Drivers Quit Without Unions' Sanction". The New York Times. December 11, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-06-05.
- ^ "TERMINAL STRIKE HAMPERS TRUCKING; Half the Long-Distance Hauls Stopped as Stevedores and Checkers Walk Out PERISHABLES ARE EXEMPT Meanwhile, Employers Plan to Sue Unless Union Drivers Abide by Contract 100 Per Cent" Behind Strikers Blames It on Individuals". The New York Times. December 9, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-06-13.
- ^ "N.Y Checkers Win Strike" (PDF). December 17, 1938.
- ^ a b c d e Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (2 May 2000). "Hours of Service of Drivers; Driver Rest and Sleep for Safe Operations; Proposed Rule". Federal Register. 65 (85): 25541–25611. Archived from the original on November 25, 2016.
- ^ a b "I. C. C. LIMITS HOURS FOR TRUCK DRIVERS; 60 a Week Set as Maximum for Duty, With 12 for Actual Work in a Day". The New York Times. 1938-01-01. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-07-09.
- ^ "Motor Carrier Act (1935)
49 Stat. 543 (Pub. Law 74-255)". uslaw.link. Retrieved 2023-07-09. - ^ "GREEN ASSAILS I.C.C. RULING; Protests to Eastman Over 15Hour Day for Motor Drivers". The New York Times. 1938-01-08. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-07-09.
- ^ "SAFE TRUCK RULES AFFIRMED BY I. C. C.; Effective Date Is Postponed Again Until Oct. 1--Some Modifications Made 60-HOUR WEEK UPHELD But 8 Hours Rest for Drivers in Each 24 Is Required, With Relief After 10 Hours Labor Demanded Review Weekly Duty Limited". The New York Times. 1938-07-27. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-07-09.
- ^ "NEW TRUCK RULES IN EFFECT MARCH 1; Duty Period of Drivers Is Limited to 60 to 70 Hours in a Week APPLY TO MOST CARRIERS Vehicles Owned by Farmers and Used to Transport Supplies to Farm Are Exempt". The New York Times. 1939-02-25. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-07-09.
- ^ Statistics, United States Bureau of Labor (1947-01-01). "Work Stoppages Caused by Labor-Management Disputes in 1946 : Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, No. 918". Analysis of Work Stoppages.
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