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Communication studies[edit]

Communication studies or communication sciences is an academic discipline that deals with processes of human communication and behavior, patterns of communication in interpersonal relationships, social interactions and communication in different cultures.[1] Communication is commonly defined as giving, receiving or exchanging ideas, information, signals or messages through appropriate media, enabling individuals or groups to persuade, to seek information, to give information or to express emotions effectively.[2][3] Communication studies is a social science that uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge that encompasses a range of topics, from face-to-face conversation at a level of individual agency and interaction to social and cultural communication systems at a macro level.[4][5]

Scholarly communication theorists focus primarily on refining the theoretical understanding of communication, examining statistics in order to help substantiate claims. The range of social scientific methods to study communication has been expanding. Communication researchers draw upon a variety of qualitative and quantitative techniques. The linguistic and cultural turns of the mid-20th century led to increasingly interpretative, hermeneutic, and philosophic approaches towards the analysis of communication.[6] Conversely, the end of the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s have seen the rise of new analytically, mathematically, and computationally rigorous techniques.[7]

As a field of study, communication is applied to journalism, business, mass media, public relations, marketing, news and television broadcasting, interpersonal and intercultural communication, education, public administration—and beyond.[8][9] As all spheres of human activity and conveyance are affected by the interplay between social communication structure and individual agency,[5][10] communication studies has gradually expanded its focus to other domains, such as health, medicine, economy, military and penal institutions, the Internet, social capital, and the role of communicative activity in the development of scientific knowledge.

History[edit]

Main article: History of communication studies

Origins[edit]

Communication predates the foundation of the discipline. Communication has existed since the beginning of human beings, but it was not until the 20th century that people began to study the process.[11] As communication technologies developed, so did the serious study of communication. When World War I ended, the interest in studying communication intensified. The social science study was fully recognized as a legitimate discipline after World War II.[12]

Prior to being established as its own discipline, communication studies, was formed from three other major studies: psychology, sociology, and political science.[8][11][13] Communication studies focus on communication as central to the human experience, which involves understanding how people behave in creating, exchanging, and interpreting messages.[14]

Foundations of the academic discipline[edit]

The institutionalization of communication studies in U.S. higher education and research has often been traced to Columbia University, the University of Chicago, and the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, where early pioneers of the field worked.[13][15]

Wilbur Schramm is considered the founder of the field of communication studies in the United States.[16] Schramm was hugely influential in establishing communications as a field of study and in forming departments of communication studies across universities in the United States.[17] He was the first individual to identify himself as a communication scholar; he created the first academic degree-granting programs with communication in their name; and he trained the first generation of communication scholars.[18][19] Schramm had a background in English literature and developed communication studies partly by merging existing programs in speech communication, rhetoric, and journalism. He also edited a textbook The Process and Effects of Mass Communication (1954) that helped define the field, partly by claiming Paul Lazarsfeld, Harold Lasswell, Carl Hovland, and Kurt Lewin as its founding fore fathers.[16]

Schramm established three important communication institutes: the Institute of Communications Research (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign), the Institute for Communication Research (Stanford University), and the East-West Communication Institute (Honolulu).[20] The patterns of scholarly work in communication studies that were set in motion at these institutes continue to this day.[21] Many of Schramm's students, such as Everett Rogers and David Berlo went on to make important contributions of their own.[19][22]

The first college of communication was founded at Michigan State University in 1958, led by scholars from Schramm's original ICR and dedicated to studying communication scientifically using a quantitative approach.[19][23] MSU was soon followed by important departments of communication at Purdue University, University of Texas-Austin, Stanford University, University of Iowa, University of Illinois, University of Pennsylvania, The University of Southern California, and Northwestern University.[24][25]

Associations related to Communication Studies were founded or expanded during the 1950s. The National Society for the Study of Communication (NSSC) was founded in 1950 to encourage scholars to pursue communication research as a social science.[15] This Association launched the Journal of Communication in the same year as its founding. Like many communication associations founded around this decade, the name of the association changed with the field. In 1968 the name changed to the International Communication Association (ICA).[25][26]

Scope and topics[edit]

Main article: Outline of communication

Communication studies integrates aspects of both social sciences and the humanities. As a social science, the discipline overlaps with sociology, psychology, anthropology, biology, political science, economics, and public policy.[1] From a humanities perspective, communication is concerned with rhetoric and persuasion (traditional graduate programs in communication studies trace their history to the rhetoricians of Ancient Greece).[27] Humanities approaches to communication often overlap with history, philosophy, English, and cultural studies.

Communication research informs politicians and policy makers, educators, strategists, legislators, business magnates, managers, social workers, non-governmental organizations, non-profit organizations, and people interested in resolving communication issues in general.[28] There is often a great deal of crossover between social research, cultural research, market research, and other statistical fields.


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Future additions outline:

  • 1History
    • 1.1Origins
    • 1.2Foundations of the academic discipline
    • 1.3Other development
  • 2Central theoretical problems
    • 2.1Subjectivity and objectivity
    • 2.2Structure and agency
    • 2.3Synchrony and diachrony
  • 3Research methodology
    • 3.1Sampling
    • 3.2Methods
    • 3.3Computational communication studies
  • 4Scope and topics (Main article: Outline of communication)
    • 4.1Culture
      • 4.1.1Art, music and literature
    • 4.2Criminality, deviance, law and punishment
      • 4.2.1Communication of law
    • 4.3Communications and information technologies
      • 4.3.1Internet and digital media
      • 4.3.2Media
    • 4.4Organizational communication
      • 4.4.1Work, employment, and industry
    • 4.5Education
    • 4.6Family, gender, and sexuality
    • 4.7Knowledge and science
    • 4.8Peace, war, and conflict
    • 4.9Political communication
    • 4.10Race and ethnic relations
    • 4.11Religion
    • 4.12Social change and development
    • 4.13Social communication networks
    • 4.14Communication psychology
    • 4.15Urban and rural communication
      • 4.15.1Community communication
    • 4.16Global differences
      • 4.16.1United States
      • 4.16.2Canada
      • 4.16.3United Kingdom
      • 4.16.4Latin America
      • 4.16.5Asia
        • 4.16.5.1East Asia
        • 4.16.5.2South Asia
  • 5Professional associations and organizations
  • 6Journals
  • 7Other academic disciplines
  • 8See also
  • 9References
  • 10External links
    • 10.1Further readings


  1. ^ a b Calhoun, Craig (2011). "Communication as Social Science (and More)". International Journal of Communication. 5: 1479–1496 – via EBSCOhost.
  2. ^ Ferguson, Sherry Devereaux (March 2014). Communication in everyday life : personal and professional contexts. Lennox Terrion, Jenepher, 1963-. Don Mills, Ontario, Canada. ISBN 978-0-19-544928-0. OCLC 861207333.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. ^ Bauer, Talya (2015). Organizational Behavior. Boston, MA: FlatWorld. pp. 227–242. ISBN 978-1-4533-7118-3.
  4. ^ Craig, Robert T. (1999-05-01). "Communication Theory as a Field". Communication Theory. 9 (2): 119–161. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.1999.tb00355.x. ISSN 1050-3293.
  5. ^ a b Goffman, Erving (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life (Anchor books ed.). Garden City, New York. ISBN 978-0-385-09402-3. OCLC 256298.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  6. ^ Hayes, Andrew F. (2005). Statistical methods for communication science. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 978-1-4106-1370-7. OCLC 320950289.
  7. ^ Shannon, C. E. (2001-01-01). "A mathematical theory of communication". ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review. 5 (1): 3. doi:10.1145/584091.584093.
  8. ^ a b Mifsud, Mari Lee (2019-04-03). "To the humanities: what does communication studies give?". Review of Communication. 19 (2): 77–93. doi:10.1080/15358593.2019.1599411.
  9. ^ Severin, Werner J. (Werner Joseph) (2001). Communication theories : origins, methods, and uses in the mass media. Tankard, James W. (5th ed ed.). New York: Addison Wesley Longman. ISBN 0-8013-3335-0. OCLC 43397110. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  10. ^ Trenholm, Sarah, 1944- (2013). Interpersonal communication. Jensen, Arthur, 1954- (7th ed ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-982750-3. OCLC 739914833. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ a b Griffin, Emory A.,. A first look at communication theory. Ledbetter, Andrew,, Sparks, Glenn Grayson, (Tenth edition ed.). New York, NY. ISBN 978-1-260-13243-4. OCLC 1010662990. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Solymar, L. (Laszlo) (1999). Getting the message : a history of communications. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850333-4. OCLC 40602884.
  13. ^ a b Bannerman, Sara; Haggart, Blayne (2014-10-27). "Historical Institutionalism in Communication Studies: Historical Institutionalism in Communication Studies". Communication Theory. 25 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1111/comt.12051.
  14. ^ Jefferson D. Pooley, “The New History of Mass Communication Research,” in History of Media and Communication Research: Contested Memories, edited with David Park (New York: Peter Lang, 2008)
  15. ^ a b William F. Eadie, "Communication as an Academic Field: USA and Canada," in International Encyclopedia of Communication, ed. Wolfgang Donsbach, Boston, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008.
  16. ^ a b "Wilbur Schramm; Wrote Many Works On Communications". New York Times. 1 January 1988.
  17. ^ Simonson, Peter (2013). The Handbook of Communication History. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0415892597.
  18. ^ McAnany, Emile G. (1988). "Wilbur Schramm, 1907-1987: Roots of the Past, Seeds of the Present". Journal of Communication. 38 (4): 109–22.
  19. ^ a b c Rogers, Everett M. (2001-09-01). "The department of communication at Michigan state university as a seed institution for communication study". Communication Studies. 52 (3): 234–248. doi:10.1080/10510970109388556. ISSN 1051-0974.
  20. ^ Danielson, Wayne (1997). "The Beginnings of Communication Study in America: A Personal Memoir". Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. 73(4): 890–910.
  21. ^ Rogers, Everett (1994). A History of Communication Study: A Biological Approach. NY: The Free Press. p. 29.
  22. ^ Rogers, Everett M. (2003). Diffusion of innovations (5th ed ed.). New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-2209-1. OCLC 52030797. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  23. ^ Tribune, Chicago. "DAVID KENNETH BERLO". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2019-12-02.
  24. ^ Ely, Donald (1960). "The Communications School: Neophyte in Higher Education". Audio Visual Communication Review. 8(5): 20–27 – via JSTOR.
  25. ^ a b Simonson, Peter; Peters, John Durham (2008-06-05), "Communication and Media Studies, History to 1968", The International Encyclopedia of Communication, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, ISBN 978-1-4051-8640-7, retrieved 2019-12-02
  26. ^ Cohen, Herman (1995). The history of speech communication : the emergence of a discipline, 1914-1945. Annandale, Va: Speech Communication Association. ISBN 0-944811-14-0. OCLC 667177896.
  27. ^ ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF STRATEGIC COMMUNICATION. [S.l.]: ROUTLEDGE. 2019. ISBN 0-367-36773-4. OCLC 1107565954.
  28. ^ Miller, Katherine, 1959-. Organizational communication : approaches and processes (Seventh edition ed.). Stamford, Connecticut. ISBN 978-1-285-16420-5. OCLC 864086905. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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