User:Waveformleaf/Information hazard
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An information hazard, or infohazard, is "a risk that arises from the dissemination of (true) information that may cause harm or enable some agent to cause harm", as defined by philosopher Nick Bostrom in 2011. One example would be instructions for creating a thermonuclear weapon, as following the instructions could cause massive amounts of harm to others, and limiting or at least controlling who has access to that information would be a way to avoid that harm.
Classification[edit]
Two categories of information hazard exist, the "adversarial hazard"[1] which is where some information can be purposefully used by a bad actor to hurt others. The other category is where the harm is not purposeful, but is merely an unintended consequence that harms the person who learns it.
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In biotechnology[edit]
Data hazards are of particular interest to the fields of biology and pathology. Knowledge of potentially dangerous strains of disease can cause widespread panic if picked up by media or third parties through fearmongering or improper analysis of disease outbreaks by untrained people.[2] Some experts in these fields want to improve the peer review process in order to avoid these issues by stopping the release of unverified information. Additionally, the availability of information on DNA sequences of diseases or the chemical makeup of toxins could lead to adversarial hazards, as bad actors could use this information in order to recreate these biohazards on their own.[3]
In information security[edit]
The concept of information hazards is also relevant to information security. Many government, public, and private entities have information that could be classified as a data hazard that could harm others if leaked. This could be the result of an adversarial hazard or an an idea hazard. To avoid this, many organizations implement security controls depending on their own needs or the needs laid out by regulatory bod[4]ies.
An example of this Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act which in part works to avoid the loss of information about medical patients in the United States which could result in adversarial hazards. Part of this act is designed to create a standardized means of concealing information that could be used to harm others by keeping the information available only to those who have to know it.[5]
In law[edit]
Willful blindness is an attempt to avoid obscuring or misleading a case by avoiding the idea that a fact is true if it cannot be proven from the knowledge. This is an attempt to avoid information hazards that could harm a legal case by putting false or assumed information in the mind of the jury.[6]
In popular Culture[edit]
The idea of an information hazard overlaps with the idea of a harmful trend or social contagion. In it, knowledge of certain trends can result in their replication, such as in the case of certain viral trends that can be physically dangerous to those that attempt them.[7]
In literature[edit]
The idea of forbidden knowledge that can harm the person who knows it is found in many stories in the 16th and 17th centuries. In it, these stories imply or explicitly state that some knowledge is dangerous for the viewer or for others and is better left hidden.[8]
References[edit]
- Bostrom, Nick (2011). "Information Hazards: A Typology of Potential Harms from Knowledge" (PDF). Review of Contemporary Philosophy. 10: 44–79.
- ^ Bostrom, Nick (2011). "Information Hazards: A Typology of Potential Harms from Knowledge" (PDF). Review of Contemporary Philosophy. 10: 44–79.
- ^ Esvelt, Kevin M. (2018-10-04). Coyne, Carolyn B. (ed.). "Inoculating science against potential pandemics and information hazards". PLOS Pathogens. 14 (10): e1007286. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1007286. ISSN 1553-7374.
- ^ Lewis, Gregory; Millett, Piers; Sandberg, Anders; Snyder-Beattie, Andrew; Gronvall, Gigi (May 2019). "Information Hazards in Biotechnology". Risk Analysis. 39 (5): 975–981. Bibcode:2019RiskA..39..975L. doi:10.1111/risa.13235. ISSN 0272-4332. PMID 30419157.
- ^ Force, Joint Task (2020-12-10). Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations (Report). National Institute of Standards and Technology.
- ^ Edemekong, Peter F.; Annamaraju, Pavan; Haydel, Micelle J. (2023), "Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 29763195, retrieved 2023-11-12
- ^ Freeman, Jason B. (2020-07-29). "Willful Blindness and Corporate Liability". Freeman Law. Retrieved 2023-11-14.
- ^ "Dangerous Social Media Challenges: Understanding Their Appeal to Kids". HealthyChildren.org. Retrieved 2023-11-14.
- ^ Ginzburg, Carlo (1976). "High and Low: The Theme of Forbidden Knowledge in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". Past and Present (1): 28–41. doi:10.1093/past/73.1.28. ISSN 0031-2746.