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Scars Upon My Heart is an anthology of poetry written by American and British women during the First World War, compiled and edited by Catherine W. Reilly and published by Virago Press in 1981. The book sold over 40,000 copies by the time of Reilly's death in 2005[1] and has been continuously in print since its release, with a new edition published in 2006. The anthology also was reissued in an omnibus edition combined with Reilly's later collection Chaos of the Night: Women's Poetry and Verse of the Second World War (1984) as The Virago Book of Women's War Poetry and Verse (1997). The title of the anthology is taken from the 1918 poem 'To My Brother' by Vera Brittain, the first line of which reads, 'Your battle-wounds are scars upon my heart'.[2]
| Editor | Catherine W. Reilly |
|---|---|
| Language | English |
| Subject | Poetry of World War I |
| Genre | Poetry anthology |
| Publisher | Virago Press |
Publication date | 1981 |
| Publication place | England |
| ISBN | 9780860682264 |
The collection includes 125 poems written by 79 women, bringing together works by writers with established reputations, such as Edith Sitwell, May Wedderburn Cannan, Margaret Postgate Cole, Sara Teasdale, and Katharine Tynan. However, the volume also reintroduced to modern readers writers whose poetry was topical and occasional, such as Jessie Pope, Eva Dobell, and Pauline B. Barrington. The poems range from elegy and sonnet forms through jingoistic propaganda.[3]
Scars Upon My Heart is recognized as a pioneering presentation of women's literary expression during the First World War, giving voice to women's experiences, thoughts, and emotions.[4][5] In the words of Jennifer Kilgore-Caradec, the book 'largely contributed to the current reevaluation of poetry written by women during World War I'.[6] Anne Varty calls the anthology a 'correction' to the poetic voices absent from criticism and teaching about First World War literature, as well as being seminal in dictating which poets were represented in later anthologies.[4] James Campbell stresses that 'the collection stands as a testimony to the inadequacy of the assumptions of Great War criticism', which focuses on the literature of combat by a small number of male war poets.[7]
In the book The Great War and Women's Consciousness, Claire Tylee positions Scars Upon My Heart amidst a groundswell of interest in 'the female dimension of the memory of the Great War' that included the 1978 paperback publication of Vera Brittain's Testament of Youth and the subsequent 1979 BBC television dramatisation of Brittain's memoir.[8] The anthology has been of lasting importance to scholars. Joan Montgomery Byles devotes the second chapter of her book War, Women, and Poetry to an assessment of the anthology, concluding that:
Scars is still the most useful single comprehensive source and poetic narrative for understanding the response of women in Britain to the impact of World War I. Although the poems vary in skill and form, they convey a moving and sometimes eloquent account of women's lives as mothers, wives, sisters, lovers, munition workers, nurses, ambulance drivers, and pacifist and militant suffragists. The war influenced every aspect of women's lives; and the themes of guilt, despair, protest, grief, lament, and reconciliation to a bitter and sometimes even shameful survival constitute the narrative of the anthology as a whole.[9]
In addition, Scars Upon My Heart has had an impact on general readership, forming the basis of staged performances and contributing to the canon of First World War poetry in Poetry by Heart, a national spoken word competition for children age 10 and above in the UK.[10]
Publication[edit]
Catherine Reilly (4 April 1925–26 September 2005) was Assistant Borough Librarian in Trafford, England from 1974–1980 when she began compiling a bibliography of war poetry.[1] The result of her efforts was the 402 page work English Poetry of the First World War: A Bibliography (1978). Her sources included English–language works such as privately published poetry volumes, fundraising books, magazines, newspapers, and anthologies published during the war years.[11]
Of the 2,225 poets she recorded for the bibliography English Poetry of the First World War, 532 were women, the majority of whom served the war efforts in some capacity, with the Voluntary Aid Detachment, Red Cross, or in the volunteer police Special Constabulary.[12] In the introduction to Scars Upon My Heart, she writes that the bibliography motivated her to create the anthology; she was curious 'as to why the work of most of the 532 women poets traced in my bibliographical study should have apparently faded into oblivion'.[13]
The book's publisher Virago Press was dedicated to recovering women’s writing.[4] The aims of the press were well-suited for Scars Upon My Heart Stacy Gillis argues: 'The numerous poetry anthologies published both during the war and through to the late 1970s were unanimous in their sustained championing of a fairly small group of male poets, a brotherhood of "Those who were there" on the Western Front'.[14] In the 1970s and 1980s, feminist literary critics sought out women writers from earlier eras and were instrumental in raising questions about 'traditions of poetic value' that restricted what works would be studied.[15] Anthologies were important in disseminating the literature of earlier women poets and Scars Upon My Heart is notable for being among several works that demonstrated the 'polyphony of women’s wartime voices ranging from the pacifist, through those filled with sadness, remorse, and guilt, to the purely militaristic'.[16]
Reception[edit]
Reviews[edit]
A number of early reviews were critical of the anthology. In a negative review in The Observer, Lorna Sage reviled 'the amateurishness of many of the writers': 'There are, too, many "poems" in the proper sense—about personal loss, about England as a garden (described again and again, with pitiful irony) where everything grows but love'.[17] The poet Janet Montefiore also called the poems 'amateurish', writing in 1987, '[h]owever grateful we are to the editor for disinterring these poems ... it cannot be pretended that many of them are good, most being uncomfortably reminiscent of the "original contributions" sections of an old-fashioned school magazine'.[18]
However, over a decade later, Montefiore reconsidered her opinion of the value of Scars Upon My Heart, calling the anthology a 'complex and (partly) oppositional tradition of women's war poetry' that included 'thoughtful poems by women deeply aware of the contradictions of their own passive but mentally active role'.[19] She notes that 'trashing the experiences of anxiety and bereavement–which women's war poems are full of–as somehow less authentic, less historical, than having your legs blown off' relies on the value of trench experience as essential to true war poetry.[20] Montefiore echoes a common point raised among feminist literary critics, that 'the definition of war poetry privileges actual battlefront experience'.[21] 'But why should women poets write of the trenches?' Joan Montgomery Byles asked in a 1985 review of Scars Upon My Heart[22]: 'There is enough other female experience of the war in this anthology, Scars, to give a representative voice to what women felt and thought during this great catastrophe, both behind the lines in France and on the Home Front'.[22] Byles praised the anthology as 'a moving record of women's consciousness at a crucial time in history'.[23]
Following the initial reception of the book in literary and critical circles, assessment of the anthology remained divided between addressing the literary merit of some of the poems and acknowledging the value of the collection to literary history. Jane Dowson defends the poetry, commenting, 'Since women's experiences were more obviously "at home" ... their writing has been prejudged as irrelevant in the terms of canonical trench poetry or the modernist opposition to domestic culture'.[24] Gill Plain praises Reilly for resisting 'the temptation to pass judgement on the poets'.[25] In a review essay of British women's literature of World War I that cites Scars Upon My Heart, Claire Buck observes that 'aesthetic value may not be a useful framework for understanding women's war poetry'.[26]
Pedagogy[edit]
A number of teaching tools focus on the poetry in Scars Upon My Heart. Joanna Scutts includes it in a pedagogical model for the critical study of anthologies of war poetry that includes examining the tables of contents, introductions, and topics of literary works within the volumes.[27]
Marcello Giovanelli provides a detailed pedagogical model for teaching war poetry, focusing on 'Lamplight' by Mary Wedderburn Cannan from Scars Upon My Heart. Specifically, Giovanelli focuses on how the 'poems present female voices as experiences of loss'.[28]
In Teaching Poetry, Audrey Wood and Amanda Naylor use Vera Brittain's poem 'Perhaps' from Scars Upon My Heart to explore action and emotion in poetry. They suggested a variety of activities for close reading, culminating in a performed reading.[29]
Poetry by Heart is a national poetry speaking competition for students ages 10–18, founded in 2012 by former UK Poet Laureate Andrew Motion. The website for the competition includes biographical and contextual information about poets and their works, as well as teaching resources and videos of student performances. Several poems credited to Scars Upon My Heart are included in their First World War archive.[10]
Royal Holloway, University of London, includes an extensive amount of resources for teaching the contents of Scars Upon My Heart, including a video lecture by Professor Anne Varty.[4]
Adaptations[edit]
Shortly after the publication of Scars Upon My Heart, Anne Harvey devised a series of staged presentations of the poems featuring actresses such as Annette Crosbie, Estelle Kohler, Eileen Atkins, Charlotte Harvey, and Maureen O'Brien. These staged readings were presented at London's Southbank Center in 1983[30] and the Stratford-upon-Avon Poetry Festival in 1984.[31] By 1986, Harvey turned the readings into a full dramatised program featuring period costume, a stage set with poppies, and a pianist.[32] The performances continued into the 1990s.[33]
Contents[edit]
Scars Upon My Heart organises 125 poems alphabetically by author last name. The book contains a preface by British poet Judith Kazantzis, an introduction by Catherine Reilly, and bibliographical acknowledgements. Brief biographies of the authors ('incomplete' and 'supplied where possible'[34]) follow the contents. The book concludes with an index to the first lines of the poems.
Poets in the anthology Scars Upon My Heart[edit]
Works by Catherine W. Reilly[edit]
English Poetry of the First World War: A Bibliography. London: George Prior, 1978.
Chaos of the Night: Women's Poetry and Verse of the Second World War. London: Virago, 1984.
English Poetry of the Second World War: A Biobibliography. London: Mansell, 1986.
Late Victorian Poetry, 1880-1899: An Annotated Biobibliography. London: Mansell, 1994.
The Virago Book of Women's War Poetry and Verse. London: Virago, 1997.
Mid-Victorian Poetry, 1860-1879: An Annotated Biobibliography. London: Mansell, 2000.
See Also[edit]
British women's literature of World War I
Notes[edit]
- ^ a b Harvey, 'Obituary'.
- ^ Brittain, 'To My Brother', p. 15.
- ^ Byles, War, Women, and Poetry, pp. 44, 62.
- ^ a b c d 'Professor Anne Varty', Royal Holloway, University of London.
- ^ Montefiore, Arguments of Heart and Mind, p. 23.
- ^ Kilgore-Caradec, 'Women Writing World War I in Poetry', p. 101.
- ^ Campbell, 'Interpreting the War', p. 270.
- ^ Tylee, The Great War, p. 10.
- ^ Byles, War, Women, and Poetry, p. 45.
- ^ a b ‘First World War Poems Showcase’.
- ^ Reilly, Scars, pp. xxv-xxxii.
- ^ Reilly, Scars, p. xxxiii.
- ^ Reilly, Scars, p. xxxiv.
- ^ Gillis, '"Many Sisters to Many Brothers"', p. 102.
- ^ Gray, 'Feminist Poetics', p. 158.
- ^ Clarke, 'War', p. 422.
- ^ Sage, 'Blighty in a Nighty'.
- ^ Montefiore, Feminism and Poetry, 64.
- ^ Montefiore, Arguments of Heart and Mind, p. 49.
- ^ Montefiore, Arguments of Heart and Mind, p. 51.
- ^ Higonnet, 'Behind the Lines', p.14.
- ^ a b Byles, 'Women's Experience of World War One', p. 479.
- ^ Byles, 'Women's Experience of World War One', p. 484.
- ^ Dowson,Women, Modernism and British Poetry, p. 42.
- ^ Plain, '"Great Expectations"', p. 42.
- ^ Buck, 'British Women's Writing of the Great War', p. 89.
- ^ Scutts, 'Teaching & Learning Guide', p. 566.
- ^ Giovanelli, 'Pedagogical Stylistics', p. 21.
- ^ Wood and Naylor, Teaching Poetry, p. 130.
- ^ 'Production News', The Stage.
- ^ 'War on Women', Stratford-upon-Avon Herald.
- ^ 'Mum and Daughter', Acton Gazette.
- ^ Scars Upon My Heart, advertisement, Ruislip and Northwood Gazette.
- ^ Reilly, Scars Upon My Heart, p. 131.
Sources[edit]
Brittain, Vera. 'To My Brother'. In Scars Upon My Heart, edited by Catherine Reilly, 15. London: Virago, 1981. The full poem may be accessed at Poets.org.
Byles, Joan Montgomery. War, Women, and Poetry, 1914–1945: British and German Writers and Activists. Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press, 1995.
Byles, Joan Montgomery. 'Women's Experience of World War One: Suffragists, Pacifists and Poets." Women's Studies International Forum 8, no. 5 (1985): 473-487.
Buck, Claire. 'British Women's Writing of the Great War'. In The Cambridge Companion to the Literature of the First World War, edited by Vincent Sherry, 85-112. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Campbell, James. 'Interpreting the War'. In The Cambridge Companion to the Literature of the First World War, edited by Vincent Sherry, 261–79. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Clarke, Jennifer. 'War'. In Encyclopedia of Feminist Literary Theory, edited by Elizabeth Kowaleski Wallace, 421-423. London: Taylor & Francis, 2009.
Dowson, Jane. Women, Modernism and British Poetry, 1910–1939: Resisting Femininity. New York: Routledge, 2017.
Featherstone, Simon. War Poetry: An Introductory Reader. New York: Routledge, 1995.
‘First World War Poems Showcase’. Poetry by Heart (Bristol, England).
Gillis, Stacy. '"Many Sisters to Many Brothers": The Women Poets of the First World War'. In The Oxford Handbook of British and Irish War Poetry, edited by Tim Kendall, 100-113. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
Giovanelli, Marcello. 'Pedagogical Stylistics: A Text World Theory Approach to the Teaching of Poetry'. English in Education 44, no. 3 (2010): 214-231.
Gray, Janet. 'Feminist Poetics'. In Encyclopedia of Feminist Literary Theory, edited by Elizabeth Kowaleski Wallace, 157–159. London: Taylor & Francis, 2009.
Harvey, Anne. 'Obituary: Catherine Reilly'. Independent (London), 10 October 2005, [1].
Higonnet, Margaret. Behind the Lines: Gender and the Two World Wars. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987.
Kilgore-Caradec, Jennifer. 'Women Writing World War I in Poetry: The Long Angle Toward Peace'. Arts of War and Peace 3, no. 2 (10 July 2022).[2]
Montefiore, Janet. Arguments of Heart and Mind: Selected Essays 1977-2000. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2002.
Montefiore, Janet. Feminism and Poetry: Language, Experience, Identity in Women's Writing. London: Pandora, 1987.
'Mum and Daughter Team Up for Peace'. Acton Gazette, 7 November 1986: 19.
Plain, Gill. '"Great Expectations": Rehabilitating the Recalcitrant War Poets'. Feminist Review, no. 51 (Autumn 1995): 41-65.
'Production News'. The Stage, 27 October 1983: 16.
'Professor Anne Varty, Scars Upon My Heart'. Royal Holloway, University of London. 5 July 2018, [3].
Reilly, Catherine W., ed. Scars Upon My Heart. London: Virago, 1981.
Sage, Lorna. 'Blighty in a Nighty'. The Observer (London), 15 November 1981.
Scars Upon My Heart. Advertisement. Ruislip and Northwood Gazette, 7 November 1990.
Scutts, Joanna. 'Teaching & Learning Guide for: Contemporary Approaches to the Literature of the First World War: A Critical Survey'. Literature Compass 6, no. 2 (2009): 565–571.
Tylee, Claire. The Great War and Women's Consciousness: Images of Militarism and Womanhood in Women's Writings, 1914-1964. New York: Macmillan, 1990.
'War on Women'. Stratford-upon-Avon Herald, 10 August 1984: 3.
Williams, Merryn. 'Obituary: Catherine Reilly, Bibliographer and Anthologist of Women's Poetry from the Two World Wars'. The Guardian (London), 30 October 2006, [4].
Wood, Audrey, and Amanda Naylor. Teaching Poetry: Reading and Responding to Poetry in the Secondary Classroom. United Kingdom: Routledge, 2012.