User:Stone/Problems

Beryllium

Beryllium is non-magnetic. Therefore, tools fabricated out of beryllium-based materials are used by naval or military explosive ordnance disposal teams for work on or near naval mines, since these mines commonly have magnetic fuzes.The selection of low-magnetic alloys for EOD toolsdubious |Beryllium tools |reason= doubt its not an alloy BeCu? |date= June 2014

Beryllium(II) readily forms complexes with strong donating ligands such as phosphine oxides and arsine oxides. There have been extensive studies of these complexes which show the stability of the O-Be bond.citation needed|date=September 2011

Boron

Whereas α, β and T clarify|date=September 2014 phases are based on B₁₂ icosahedra, the γ-phase can be described as a Sodium chloride-type arrangement of the icosahedra and B₂ atomic pairs.

Carbon

Fullerenes are a synthetic citation needed|date=April 2016 crystalline formation with a graphite-like structure, but in place of hexagons, fullerenes are formed of pentagons (or even heptagons) of carbon atoms.

Some meteorites contain microscopic diamonds that were formed when the solar system was still a protoplanetary disk.citation needed|date=April 2016

Nitrogen

The resulting difficulty of converting N
₂ into other compounds, and the ease (and associated high energy release) of converting nitrogen compounds into elemental N
₂, have dominated the role of nitrogen in both nature and human economic activities.citation needed|date=January 2013

Similarly, access to any of the steam cycle components in a boiling water reactor nuclear power plant must be restricted during operation. Condensate is typically retained for 10 minutes to allow for decay of ¹⁶N to radioactive depletion,citation needed|date=January 2013 though radioactive decay is an asymptotic process, never reaching zero.

Magnesium also burns in nitrogen, forming magnesium nitride.citation needed|date=January 2013 The reaction, which is the source of the bulk of nitrogen in the biosphere, is catalyzed by the nitrogenase enzyme complex that contains Fe and Mo atoms, using energy derived from hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into adenosine diphosphate and inorganic phosphate (−20.5 kJ/mol).citation needed|date=January 2013

Neon

Even the atmosphere of Jupiter is somewhat depleted of neon,Citation needed|date=July 2015 presumably for this reason.

Sodium's estimated acrustal abundancea is 2.36×10⁴ milligrams per kilogram.citation needed|date=December 2015 Sodium's estimated oceanic abundance is 1.08×10⁴ milligrams per liter.citation needed|date=December 2015

The high affinity of sodium for oxygen-based ligands is the basis of crown ethers; macrolide antibiotics, which interfere with Na⁺ transport in the infecting organism, are functionally related and more complex.citation needed|date=December 2013

Metallic sodium was first produced commercially in 1855 by carbothermal reduction of sodium carbonate at 1100 °C, citation needed|date=August 2012 in what is known as the Deville process:

Reagent-grade sodium in tonne quantities sold for about US$3.30/kg in 2009; lower purity metal sells for considerably less.citation needed|date=August 2012

Sodium lasers emitting light at the D line are used to create artificial laser guide stars that FASOR assist in the adaptive optics for land-based visible light telescopes.citation needed|date=April 2012

Fire extinguishers based on water accelerate sodium fires; those based on carbon dioxide and bromochlorodifluoromethane lose their effectiveness when they dissipate.citation needed|date=November 2015

An effective extinguishing agent for sodium fires is Met-L-X, which comprises approximately 5% Saran (plastic) in sodium chloride together with flow agents; it is most commonly hand-applied with a scoop.citation needed|date=November 2015 Other effective agents include Lith-X, which has graphite powder and an organophosphate flame retardant, and dry sand.citation needed|date=November 2015

Sulfur

these states are only stable with strong oxidants such as fluorine, oxygen, and chlorine. citation needed|date=March 2016

Phosphorus

Demonstrating the link between phosphorus and life, elemental phosphorus was first isolated from human urine, and bone ash was an important early phosphate source. phosphate minerals are fossils.clarify|date=August 2015

silicon

In its crystalline form, pure silicon has a gray color and a metallic luster. Like germanium, silicon is rather strong,vague|date=November 2015

potassium

is also formed in s-process nucleosynthesis and the neon burning process.Citation needed|date=November 2013

scandium

This has two beneficial effects: the precipitated Al₃Sc forms smaller crystals than in other aluminium alloys, and the volume of precipitate-free zones at the grain boundaries of age-hardening aluminium alloys is reduced. Both of these effects increase the usefulness of the alloy.why|date=May 2013

vanadium

Vanadium is probably a micronutrient in mammals, including humans, but its precise role in this regard is unknown citation needed|date=February 2016.

This compound oxidizes sulfur dioxide (SO
₂) to the trioxide (SO
₃). In this redox reaction, sulfur is oxidized from +4 to +6, and vanadium is reduced from +5 to +4:

V₂O₅ + SO₂ → 2 VO₂ + SO₃citation needed|date=May 2016

Batteries of the type were first proposed in the 1930s and developed commercially from the 1980s onwards. Cells use +5 and +2 formal oxidization state ions, and (as of 2016) are used commercially for small scale (c. 0.1 - 10 MW, 0.1 - 100 GJ) grid energy storage.citation needed|date=March 2016

chromium

Weapons found in burial pits dating from the late 3rd century B.C. Qin Dynasty of the Terracotta Army near Xi'an, China have been analyzed by archaeologists. Although buried more than 2,000 years ago, the ancient bronze tips of crossbow bolts and swords found at the site showed unexpectedly little corrosion, possibly because the bronze was deliberately coated with a thin layer of chromium oxide. dubious|date=October 2012 However, this oxide layer was not chromium metal or chrome plating as we know it.