User:Pseudo-Richard/The Eternal Jew

The eternal Jew is a Christian notion of a figure that has been rejected by God and forced to wander among the nations for having rejected Jesus as the Messiah.

Evolution

Jews

Among Jews, it is a metaphor for exile, based in part on the story of Cain in the Biblical book of Genesis. Cain is forced to wander in the land of Nod as punishment for slaying his brother, Abel. According to Jehoshua Gilboa, many commentators have pointed to Hos 9:17 as a statement of the notion of the "eternal/wandering Jew".^[1]

Medieval times

Cartaphilus^[2]

Germany

Some scholars have identified components of the legend of the Eternal Jew in Teutonic legends of the Eternal Hunter, some features of which are derived from Wotan mythology.^[3]

"In some areas the farmers arranged the rows in their fields in such a way that on Sundays the Eternal Jew might find a resting place. Elsewhere they assumed that he could rest only upon a plough or that he had to be on the go all year and was allowed a respite only on Christmas."^[3]

Eighteenth and nineteenth centuries

By the beginning of the eighteenth century, the figure of the "Wandering Jew" as an apocryphal legendary individual began to be identified with the fate of the Jewish people as a whole. The "Eternal Jew" became an increasingly "symbolic... and universal character" as the struggle for Jewish emancipation gave rise to what came to be referred to as "The Jewish Question". ^[4]

20th century

In 1933, the Jewish Talking Picture Company released a Yiddish-language film entitled The Eternal Jew.

In 1934, the Gaumont-Twickenham studios released a film entitled The Eternal Jew.

Nazi propaganda

From November 8, 1937 to January 31, 1938, the Library of the German Museum in Munich displayed an art exhibition titled The Eternal Jew. This exhibit displayed works that the Nazis condered to be 'degenerate art'. A book containing images of the works displayed at this exhibition was published under the title The Eternal Jew.^[5] Although this was the most famous Nazi-sponsored exhibition of 'Degenerate Art', it was preceded by a number of other exhibitions in cities such as Mannheim, Karlsruhe, Dresden, Munich, Berlin and Vienna. The works of art displayed at these exhibitions generally consisted of works executed by avant-garde artists who had become recognized and esteemed in the 1920s. However, the objective of the exhibition was not to hold these works up as exemplary and admirable but to present them as worthy of condemnation and derision.^[6]

In 1940, the Nazis released an antisemitic^[7] documentary film entitled The Eternal Jew. The film consists of feature and documentary footage combined with materials filmed shortly after the Nazi occupation of Poland.

References

^ Sweeney, Marvin Alan; Cotter, David W.; Walsh, Jerome T. (October 2000). The Twelve Prophets: Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi. Liturgical Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-8146-5095-0. Retrieved 13 December 2011. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ A social and religious history of the Jews: Citizen or alien conjurer. Vol. 11. Columbia University Press. 1967. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-231-08847-3. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
^ ^a ^b A social and religious history of the Jews: Citizen or alien conjurer. Vol. 11. Columbia University Press. 1967. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-231-08847-3. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
^ Bein, Alex (30 April 1990). The Jewish question: biography of a world problem. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-8386-3252-9. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
^ "Der ewige Jude - "The Eternal Jew or The Wandering Jew"". Retrieved 2011-11-14.
^ West, Shearer (2000). The visual arts in Germany 1890-1937: Utopia and despair. Manchester University Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-7190-5279-8. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
^
Antisemitic:
- Sara Friedrichsmeyer, Sara Lennox, Susanne Zantop. The imperialist imagination: German colonialism and its legacy, University of Michigan Press, 1998, p. 173.
- Jack Fischel, The Holocaust, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998, pp. 15–16.
- David Stewart Hull. Film in the Third Reich: a study of the German cinema, 1933-1945, University of California Press, 1969, pp. 157–158.
- Marvin Perry, Frederick M. Schweitzer. Antisemitism: myth and hate from antiquity to the present, Palgrave Macmillan, 2002, p. 78.
- Hershel Edelheit, Abraham J. Edelheit. A world in turmoil: an integrated chronology of the Holocaust and World War II, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1991, 388.

[SweeneyCotter2000-1] Sweeney, Marvin Alan; Cotter, David W.; Walsh, Jerome T. (October 2000). The Twelve Prophets: Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi. Liturgical Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-8146-5095-0. Retrieved 13 December 2011. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[A_social_and_religious_history_of_the_Jews:_Citizen_or_alien_conjurer-2] A social and religious history of the Jews: Citizen or alien conjurer. Vol. 11. Columbia University Press. 1967. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-231-08847-3. Retrieved 13 December 2011.

[SocialReligiousHistoryOfJews-3] A social and religious history of the Jews: Citizen or alien conjurer. Vol. 11. Columbia University Press. 1967. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-231-08847-3. Retrieved 13 December 2011.

[Bein1990-4] Bein, Alex (30 April 1990). The Jewish question: biography of a world problem. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-8386-3252-9. Retrieved 13 December 2011.

[HolocaustResearchProject-5] "Der ewige Jude - "The Eternal Jew or The Wandering Jew"". Retrieved 2011-11-14.

[West2000-6] West, Shearer (2000). The visual arts in Germany 1890-1937: Utopia and despair. Manchester University Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-7190-5279-8. Retrieved 14 November 2011.

[antisemitic-7] Antisemitic:
Sara Friedrichsmeyer, Sara Lennox, Susanne Zantop. The imperialist imagination: German colonialism and its legacy, University of Michigan Press, 1998, p. 173.

Jack Fischel, The Holocaust, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998, pp. 15–16.

David Stewart Hull. Film in the Third Reich: a study of the German cinema, 1933-1945, University of California Press, 1969, pp. 157–158.

Marvin Perry, Frederick M. Schweitzer. Antisemitism: myth and hate from antiquity to the present, Palgrave Macmillan, 2002, p. 78.

Hershel Edelheit, Abraham J. Edelheit. A world in turmoil: an integrated chronology of the Holocaust and World War II, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1991, 388.

[8] Sara Friedrichsmeyer, Sara Lennox, Susanne Zantop. The imperialist imagination: German colonialism and its legacy, University of Michigan Press, 1998, p. 173.

[9] Jack Fischel, The Holocaust, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998, pp. 15–16.

[10] David Stewart Hull. Film in the Third Reich: a study of the German cinema, 1933-1945, University of California Press, 1969, pp. 157–158.

[11] Marvin Perry, Frederick M. Schweitzer. Antisemitism: myth and hate from antiquity to the present, Palgrave Macmillan, 2002, p. 78.

[12] Hershel Edelheit, Abraham J. Edelheit. A world in turmoil: an integrated chronology of the Holocaust and World War II, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1991, 388.

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