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A sugya is a self-contained passage of the Talmud that typically discusses a mishnah or other rabbinic statement, or offers an aggadic narrative. While the sugya is a literary unit in the Palestinian Talmud, the term is most often used for passages in the Babylonian Talmud, which is the primary focus of religious and academic reading of sugyot (plural form).

Religious and academic scholars of Talmud have identified numerous sugyot, though there is no definitive listing or count. Individual sugiyot have been explained for readers, taught as curricular units, and analyzed by historians and other scholars.

Definition

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The term sugya (pl. sugyot) is derived from the Aramaic segi (סגי), which means to go, and it refers to "a self-contained basic unit of Talmudic discussion".[1]

Sugya may also refer to a lesson on rabbinic law given in a rabbinical setting, such as a yeshiva.[2] (Such usage is informal and not covered by this article.)

Sugyot are sometimes marked in the Vilna edition of the Talmud by a colon, but not consistently or reliably.[3] There are 2,711 page of Talmud and 517 chapters, but the number of sugyot is not known. Scholars have done methodical delineation of sugyot for selected chapters, for example: 42 sugyot in the 12 pages of Berakhot ch.1, 47 sugyot in 10 pages of Berakhot ch.7, 39 sugyot in 10 pages of Eruvin ch.10, 20 sugyot in 8 pages of Pesachim ch. 4, 12 sugyot in 3 pages of Sanhedrin ch.5, 19 sugyot in Shabbat ch.6, and 53 sugyot in 15 pages of two chapters in Sukkot.[4]

Types of sugya

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A sugya is generally a commentary on a tannaitic statement, especially the particular mishnah that is the organizing topic for any given section of Talmud, or it may build upon an amoraic statement (memra). Sugyot vary in length, structure, and complexity. Some refer to other sugyot, which is a clue to their historical development.[1] The typical sugya presents an argument among rabbis, with a "give and take, proof and rejection, question and answer" style that is structured by a Talmudic vocabulary.[5]

A sugya may also comprise or incorporate a Talmudic narrative, or other kind of aggadah.[6][7]

Starting in the 1970s, scholars recognized that the opening sugya to some Talmudic chapters (especially at the beginning of tractate, such as Kiddushin) had a peculiar character and literary structure, associated with a later stage of redaction and composition.[8][9] Besides the textual analysis, Yaakov Elman stated that these opening sugyot may reflect the cultures of their time.[8]

The Babylonian Talmud also has a "conceptual sugya" that analyzes in-depth a legal principle, which are usually not found in the Palestinian Talmud or earlier documents. According to Leib Moscovitz, "Such passages generally analyze a group of tannaitic sources in light of the specified principle, which is assumed to apply to all the cases cited; these cases may be adduced either to support or to refute the relevant principle."[10]

Parallel sugyot also exist, not only between the two Talmuds, but also within the Babylonian Talmud corpus. In 1974, for example, Louis Jacobs examined four sugyot about efforts stymied by circumstances beyond one's control.[11]

Analysis of sugyot

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Talmudic commentary

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Further information: Talmud § In Jewish scholarship

Since the writing of the Babylonian Talmud can be terse and difficult to follow, Rashi and other medieval rabbis offer glosses and commentaries to explain the basic meaning and unfolding of each sugya. The next generation of commentary, the Tosafot, serve to deal with problems in the sugya (or its Rashi commentary), including inconsistencies with sugyot elsewhere in the Talmud.[3]

In rabbinic commentaries about the Talmud, some authors focus on less on the details of the text and more on the whole sugya. Rabbenu Hananel exemplifies this approach to elucidating a sugya.[12]

Historical and literary analysis

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The academic study of the sugya was influenced by a medieval history of the Talmud by Sherira ben Hanina, one of the 10th C. geonim, though eventually research pursued independent hypotheses.[13][8]

In the early years of Jewish studies and Wissenschaft des Judentums, scholars accepted the traditionalist view that the sugya reflected the actual deliberations of ancient Talmudic academies.[13] In the latter part of the 20th C., scholars uncovered the literary and redactional histories of the Babylonian Talmud and its sugyot. Hyman Klein pioneered the detection of historical layers by their linguistic features.[14] Scholars came to recognize the "anonymous voice" of the Talmud as creative redactors with their own jargon, concepts in halakha, and "dialectical commentary".[13]

To separate the layers in a given Babylonian sugya, research had to go beyond its internal features, linguistic or stylistic, and examine parallel texts, especially the sugyot of the Palestinian Talmud.[15] In a detailed study of Babylonian use of the Palestinian Talmud, Alyssa Gray put 44 sugyot into 6 categories: (1) taking a sugya from the same mishnah in the same order, (2) building a sugya from texts marked by the Palestinian editors, (3) close parallel to the Palestinian Talmud sugya, (4) placing materials under a different mishnah in the tractate, (5) using same mishnah to present aggadic narrative, and (6) using the same mishnah to expand on Palestinian Talmud's writing that goes beyond previous tannaitic sources.[16]

Indeed, the anonymous editors of the Babylonian Talmud did not merely build sugyot around the earlier statements attributed to amoraim, they reformulated the amoraic content, as Yaakov Sussman and Friedman found.[15] Scholars have stated that elements of sugyot could have been invented as if written by earlier rabbis, the amoraim,[13] as well as tannaitic statements emended by the redactors.[17][14] Moreover, sugyot may be composed by drawing upon amoraic or even stammaitic texts from other, unrelated tractates.[13] In a sugya, a halakhah (legal position) taken by the Mishnah, the layer of the tannaim, may be significantly reinterpreted by amoraim associated with the Gemara of the Talmud. This reinterpretation may, in turn, again have been reworked by the anonymous stammaim into a quite different legal ruling, as Kulp and Rogoff show with a sugya (Ketubot 80b) about a man taking a vow to excuse himself from a religious obligation.[14]

According to Moscovitz, the anonymous editors also can be said to have recontextualized the amoraic material to generate quite new meanings.[15] Along similar lines, Daniel Boyarin argued that these 5-6th Century redactors created an appealing historical background to their own rabbinic institutions by revising earlier legends into sugyot about Yohanan ben Zakkai and Yavne. The Babylonian Talmud thereby attributed the emphasis on prayer, the centrality of Talmud, and the theological foundations of later rabbinic Judaism to the legendary shift to a proto-rabbinic academy in Yavne. Boyarin also stated that this reflected "epistemic shifts within Christian culture."[18]

Contemporary Jewish responses

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The sugya may serve as the literary springboard to Jewish religious, literary, and philosophical expositions.

Notably, Emmanuel Levinas learned with the mysterious Monsieur Chouchani and presented a series of nine Talmudic readings, starting in 1960, that interpreted and transformed each sugya into philosophical discourse. The sugyot are Bava Kamma 60a-b ("Damages Due to Fire"), Bava Metsia 83a-b ("Judaism and Revolution"), Berakhot 61a ("And God Created Woman"), Nazir 66a-b ("The Youth of Israel"), Sanhedrin 36b-37a ("As Old as the World?"), Sanhedrin 67a-68a ("Desacralization and Disenchantment"), Shabbat 88a-b ("The Temptation of Temptation"), Sotah 34b-35a ("Promised Land or Permitted Land"), Yoma 85a-85b ("Toward the Other") [19]

An expert on sugyot, Judith Hauptman, wrote a book that interprets the layers of Talmudic views, tannaitic and amoraic, as reflecting a proto-feminist approach, a "growing sympathy for women" that resulted in improvements in Jewish law, creating a "more nuanced patriarchy than is generally assumed." The book's topics include inheritance, rape and seduction, the sotah (wife accused of infidelity), and the menstrual purity regulations known as niddah.[20]

Aviva Richman analyzes a sugya by melding the religious, "devotional" reading of the Talmud with the "relativistic" methodology of modern historical criticism. The sugya (Ketubot 51b) considers whether a sex act that began as coercion by the man, yet ends up with the woman's consent, and Richman states that the anonymous redactors were handling disputed stances on female sexuality and ensuring that "the female subject is part of the Talmud's theorizing of the self."[21]

In a multi-volume series, Noam Zion presented and examined Talmudic Marital Dramas. Overall, the series covers 23 Babylonian Talmud sugyot, one in the Palestinian Talmud, and four from collections of midrash.[22]

Noteworthy sugyot

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Jon Levinsohn, a Jewish studies professor, solicited input and compiled an ad hoc list of 66 important sugiyot.[23] Those that received multiple mentions are:

In his introduction to the Talmud, Rabbi Adin Steinsaltz cited Shabbat 66b to exemplify a sugya on a theme and Sanhedrin 33a for a sugya that derives rabbinic law from tannaitic statements. Other sample passages include Berakhot 2a-3a (in Holtz), Kiddushin 31b on honoring parents (in Schiffman).[24][25]

Among the sugyot highlighted in academic research, a notable example is the sugya (or series of sugyot) analyzed by Shamma Friedman, who identified the structure and compositional layers created by the anonymous editors of the Babylonian Talmud, the stammaim.[7] While Friedman focused on legal texts, he also found "creative editorial reworking" throughout the Talmud.[13]

David Weiss Halivni also conducted extensive source criticism and form criticism of Talmudic sugyot,[7] as in his Mekorot u-Mesorot volumes, with his analysis of Bava Batra (civil law) sugyot most accessible to English readers.[26] Jeffrey Rubenstein's work on the aggadic sugyot began with the sugya on the destruction of the Second Temple in Gittin (which leads into ben Zakkai's escape, noted above), a popular reading for the somber fast day of Tisha b'Av.[7]

Moscovitz analyzed an extensive conceptual sugya (at Sanhedrin 47b–48b) about the legal principle of designation (hazmanah), such as setting aside an object for Temple offerings. He concludes that the sugya was constructed to handle earlier discussions in the Palestinian Talmud, to "display intellectual virtuosity" with legal and conceptual problems, and for literary purposes. He considers the sugya "a literary and conceptual tour de force that reflects rabbinic conceptual thought and [Babylonian Talmud] compositional and redactional techniques at their most sophisticated."[10]

The afikoman of the Passover Seder is the subject of a sugya (Pesachim 119b-120a) analyzed by Kulp and Rogoff,[14] listed by Levisohn,[23] and mentioned in popular Jewish media.[27][28][29] Likewise, the lulav of the festival Sukkot is the topic of a sugya in academic and popular Jewish discourse.[14][23][30]

Further reading

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Brandes, Yehuda. "The conceptual significance of the prefatory sugya in the Babylonian Talmud." Journal of Jewish Studies 69, no. 1 (2018): 22-43. https://doi.org/10.18647/3349/jjs-2018

Elman, Yaakov. "The World of the ‘Sabboraim." Creation and Composition: the Contribution of the Bavli Redactors (Stammaim) to the Aggada: 384-415.

FRANCUS, I. "TEXTUAL READING AND EXPLANATION OF THE SUGYA IN TB YOMA 82A." TARBIZ. A QUARTERLY FOR JEWISH STUDIES 43, no. 1-4 (1973): 34-45. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23593794

Friedman, Shamma. "Perek Ha-ʾisha Raba in the Bavli, with a General Prolegomenon on the Study of the Sugya." Sources and Traditions 1 (1978): 275.

Friedman, Shamma. "Five Sugyot From the Babylonian Talmud." Towards an Edition of the Talmud with Original Commentary (Hebrew), Jerusalem (2002).

Gray, Alyssa M. "A Bavli Sugya and Its Two Yerushalmi Parallels: Issues of Literary Relationship and Redaction." How should rabbinic literature be read in the modern world? (2006): 35-78.

Hauptman, Judith. "The evolution of the Talmudic sugya: a comprehensive source critical analysis of sugyot containing braitot introduced by tanya nami hakhi." PhD diss., Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1982.

Hauptman, Judith. "Development of the Talmudic Sugya by Amoraic and Post-Amoraic Amplification of a Tannaitic Proto-Sugya." Hebrew Union College Annual (1987): 227-250.

Hauptman, Judith. Development of the Talmudic sugya: Relationship between tannaitic and amoraic Sources. University Press of America, 1988.

Jacobs, Louis. "The Talmudic Sugya as a Literary Unit: An Analysis of Baba Ḳamma 2a–3b." Journal of Jewish Studies 24, no. 2 (1973): 119-126.

Jacobs, Louis. "The Sugya on Sufferings in B. Berakhot 5a, b." In Studies in Aggadah, Targum and Jewish Liturgy in Memory of Joseph Heinemann, edited by JJ Petuchowski and E. Fleischer. 32-44. Jerusalem: Magnes Press (1981).

Noam, Vered. "'The later rabbis add and innovate': On the development of a Talmudic sugya." Trbys 72, no. 1-2 (2002): 151-175.

Porton, Gary G. "Ḥanokh Albeck on the Talmudic Sugya." In The Formation of the Babylonian Talmud, pp. 127-133. Brill, 1970.

Rafeld, Meir. "On the Interpretation of a Purim Sugya in Rabbinic Literature." Mentalities 14, no. 1 (1999): 1.

Reisner, Avram Israel. On the origins of the Sugya: Tractate Shevout of the Babylonian Talmud-Chapter One. The Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1996.

Richman, Aviva. "Consent: Coercion, Consent, and Self in the Redaction of a Bavli Sugya." In When Jews Argue, pp. 205-233. Routledge, 2024.

Rubenstein, Jeffrey. "Some Structural Patterns of Yerushalmi Sugyot." The Talmud Yerushalmi and Graeco-Roman Culture III (2002): 303-313.

Stein, Dina. "Linguistic Liaisons: Wives and Vows in the Babylonian Talmud (BT Nedarim 66a-b)." Nashim: A Journal of Jewish Women's Studies & Gender Issues 35 (2019): 176-198.

WEISS, See Abraham. "A Study of Four Parallel Sugyot in the BabylonianTalmud." https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/abs/10.18647/716/JJS-1974

Van der Heide, Albert. "" Mem and Samekh" Stood by a Miracle: The Sugya on the Hebrew Script (Shabbat 103a-104a)." Studia Rosenthaliana 38 (2005): 137-143.

Zur, Uri. "Chaining as a Structuring Means of the Sugya in the Talmud Bavli." Revue des études juives 175, no. 3 (2016): 415-423.

Boyarin, Daniel. "Medieval and Modern Philology: Notes on the First Sugya of BT Nazir." In Shoshannat Yaakov, pp. 21-31. Brill, 2012.

https://doi-org.proxy.lib.miamioh.edu/10.1163/9789004235458_003

https://benyehuda.org/dict/24412/40175

  1. ^ a b Strack, Hermann L.; Stemberger, Günter; Bockmuehl, Markus N. A. (1996). Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash (2nd ed.). Minneapolis (Minn.): Fortress Press. ISBN 978-0-8006-2524-5.
  2. ^ "Yeshibah". JewishEncyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2024-11-21.
  3. ^ a b Perlmutter, Haim (1996). Tools for Tosafos. Targum/Feldheim. ISBN 1568710933.
  4. ^ Benovitz, Moshe; Wald, Stephen G.; Stolman, Aviad; Amit, Aaron; Netanel, Baadani. Friedman, Shamma (ed.). "Igud HaTalmud: Sugyot". The Igud Publications: The Society for the Interpretation of the Talmud. Retrieved 2024-11-22.
  5. ^ Lifshitz, Berachyahu (1996). "The Age of the Talmud". In Hecht, Neil S.; Boston University (eds.). An introduction to the history and sources of Jewish law. Publication / the Institute of Jewish Law, Boston University School of Law. Oxford : New York: Clarendon Press ; Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-826226-8.
  6. ^ Rubenstein, Jeffrey L. (1999). Talmudic stories: narrative art, composition, and culture. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6146-8.
  7. ^ a b c d Rubenstein, Jeffrey (2016-02-10). "Talmudic Stories, Then and Now: A Retrospective". Ancient Jew Review. Retrieved 2024-11-21.
  8. ^ a b c Elman, Yaakov. "The World of the ‘Sabboraim." In Rubenstein, Jeffrey L., ed. Creation and Composition: the Contribution of the Bavli Redactors (Stammaim) to the Aggada. Mohr Sieback, 2005: 384-415.
  9. ^ Friedman, Shamma. "Five Sugyot From the Babylonian Talmud." Towards an Edition of the Talmud with Original Commentary (Hebrew), Jerusalem (2002).
  10. ^ a b Moscovitz, Leib (2003). ""Designation is Significant": An Analysis of the Conceptual Sugya in bSan 47b–48b". AJS Review. 27 (02): 227–252. doi:10.1017/S0364009403000084. ISSN 0364-0094.
  11. ^ Jacobs, Louis (1974). "A Study of Four Parallel Sugyot in the Babylonian Talmud". Journal of Jewish Studies. 25 (3): 398–411. doi:10.18647/716/JJS-1974. ISSN 0022-2097. The four sugyot to be considered are: Nedarim 27a-b; Ketubot 2b-3a; Gittin 30a; Gittin 34a.
  12. ^ "Hiddushim - JewishEncyclopedia.com". jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2024-11-21.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Friedman, Shamma (2005). "A Good Story Deserves Retelling – The Unfolding Of The Akiva Legend". In Rubenstein, Jeffrey L. (ed.). Creation and composition: the contribution of the Bavli redactors (Stammain) to the Aggada. Texte und Studien zum antiken Judentum. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 978-3-16-148692-0.
  14. ^ a b c d e Kulp, Joshua; Rogoff, Jason (2014). Reconstructing the Talmud: an introduction to the academic study of rabbinic literature. New York: Mechon Hadar. ISBN 978-0-9833253-2-1. OCLC 894253777.
  15. ^ a b c Moscovitz, Leib. "'The Holy Blessed One Be He... Does Not Permit the Righteous to Stumble': Reflections on the Development of a Remarkable BT Theologoumenon." In Rubenstein, Jeffrey L., ed. Creation and Composition: the Contribution of the Bavli Redactors (Stammaim) to the Aggada. Mohr Sieback, 2005:
  16. ^ Gray, Alyssa (2018). "Appendix. Complete List of Sugyot Drawn from Y. Avodah Zarah by B. Avodah Zarah". A Talmud in Exile. Brown Judaic Studies. pp. 243–246. doi:10.1353/book.75475. ISBN 978-1-951498-23-8.
  17. ^ Hauptman, Judith (1984). "An Alternative Solution to the Redundancy Associated with the Phrase Tanya Nami Hakhi". Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research. 51: 73. doi:10.2307/3622667. ISSN 0065-6798.
  18. ^ Boyarin, Daniel. "The Yavneh Cycle of the Stammaim and the Invention of the Rabbis." In Rubenstein, Jeffrey L., ed. Creation and Composition: the Contribution of the Bavli Redactors (Stammaim) to the Aggada. Mohr Sieback, 2005:
  19. ^ Lévinas, Emmanuel; Aronowicz, Annette; Lévinas, Emmanuel (1990). Nine Talmudic readings. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-253-20876-7.
  20. ^ Hauptman, Judith (1998). Rereading the rabbis: a woman's voice. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-3400-4.
  21. ^ Richman, Aviva (2024). "Coercion, Consent, and Self in the Redaction of a Bavli Sugya". In Katz, Ethan; Dolgopolʹskiĭ, S. B.; Ancselovits, Elisha (eds.). When Jews argue: between the university and the Beit midrash. Routledge approaches to history. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-032-42740-9.
  22. ^ Zion, Noam. Talmudic Marital Dramas: Passion and Miscommunication, Intimacy and Spirituality, Love and Law. [Nine books in the series] Cleveland, OH: Zion Holiday Publications, 2018. ISBN: 9780999148914
  23. ^ a b c Levisohn, Jon A. "What Sugyot Should An Educated Jew Know?" (PDF). Mandel Center for Studies in Jewish Education. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
  24. ^ Holtz, Barry W., ed. (1984). Back to the sources: reading the classic Jewish texts. New York: Summit Books. ISBN 978-0-671-45467-8.
  25. ^ Schiffman, Lawrence H., ed. (1998). Texts and traditions: a source reader for the study of Second Temple and rabbinic Judaism. Hoboken, NJ: KTAV Pub. House. ISBN 978-0-88125-434-1.
  26. ^ Blog, The Talmud (2013-12-02). "A Review of Weiss Halivni, The Formation of the Babylonian Talmud- Guest Post by Zvi Septimus". The Talmud Blog. Retrieved 2024-11-22.
  27. ^ "Pesachim 119". My Jewish Learning. Retrieved 2024-11-22.
  28. ^ Steinsaltz, Rabbi Adin Even-Israel; Society, The Aleph (2013-10-17). "The Aleph Society- Let My People Know". The Aleph Society. Retrieved 2024-11-22.
  29. ^ Student, Gil (2012-04-11). "After the Afikoman". Torah Musings. Retrieved 2024-11-22.
  30. ^ "Sukkah 29". My Jewish Learning. Retrieved 2024-11-22.
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