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Chavacano or Chabacano [tʃaβaˈkano] refers to a number of Spanish-based creole language varieties spoken in the Philippines. The variety spoken in Zamboanga City, located in the southern Philippine island group of Mindanao, has the highest concentration of speakers. Other currently existing varieties are found in Cavite City and Ternate, located in the Cavite province on the island of Luzon.[1] Chavacano is the only Spanish-based creole in Asia.[2]
The different varieties of Chavacano differ in certain aspects like vocabulary but they are generally mutually intelligible by speakers of these varieties, especially between neighboring varieties. While a majority of the lexicon of the different Chavacano varieties derive from Spanish, their grammatical structures are generally similar to other Philippine languages. Among Philippine languages, it is the only one that is not an Austronesian language, but like Malayo-Polynesian languages, it uses reduplication.
The word 'Chabacano' is derived from Spanish, roughly meaning "poor taste" or "vulgar", though the term itself carries no negative connotations to contemporary speakers and has lost its original Spanish meaning.
Terminology[edit][edit]
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The term Chavacano or Chabacano originated from the Spanish word 'chabacano' which literally means "poor taste", "vulgar", "common", "of low quality", or "coarse". Chavacano has since evolved into a word of its own in different spellings with no negative connotation, but to simply being the name of the language itself.
During the Spanish colonial period, what is today called Chavacano was also called by the Spanish-speaking population as the "lenguaje de la calle", "lenguaje de parian" (language of the street), or "lenguaje de cocina" (kitchen Spanish) to refer to the Chabacano spoken by the people of Manila, (particularly in Ermita) to distinguish it from the Spanish language spoken by the peninsulares, insulares, mestizos, or the elite class called the ilustrados. those of the upper class, which consisted of Spaniards and educated Natives.
Zamboangueños refer to their vernacular as Chavacano, though this is sometimes spelled as Chabacano. Caviteños and Ternateños, and Ermitenses spell the word as it is spelled originally in the Spanish language – as Chabacano. Speakers in Ternate themselves, however, use the term Bahra for both their vernacular and Ternate itself. Linguists use the term Philippine Creole Spanish [need space] which can be further divided into two geographic classifications: Manila Bay Creoles (which includes Ternateño, Caviteño, and Ermitense) and Mindanao Creole (including Zamboangueño, Castellano Abakay, and Cotabateño). (next sentence pushed up to previous paragraph) The varieties of the language are geographically related. Ermitense, Caviteño, and Ternateño – also known as Bahra – are similar to each other in having The Manila Bay Creoles have Tagalog as their substrate language while Zamboangueño, Castellano Abakay, and Cotabateño the Mindanao Creoles have are similar to each other in having Visayan (mostly Cebuano, Tausug, and Hiligaynon), Subanon, and Sama as their substrate language(s).[3][4]
Chavacano/Chabacano speakers themselves have different preferences on whether to spell the language with a V or a B.[5] Zamboangueños would call their variety Zamboangueño, Zamboangueño Chavacano, and Caviteños would call their variety Caviteño or Chabacano de Cavite, etc., to They emphasize the difference between their variety, and others using their own geographical location as a point of reference. Language speakers in Ternate also use the term Bahra to refer to their language and their city. Chavacano varieties usually have their area name attached to the language.
There are also other alternative names and spellings for this language depending on the varieties and context (whether Hispanicized or native). Zamboangueños sometimes spell their variety as Chavacano, or Zamboangenio. Caviteño is also known as Caviten, Linguaje di Niso, or sometimes spell their variety as Tsabakano. Ermitense is also known as Ermiteño while Ternateño is also known as Ternateño Chabacano, Bahra, or Linguaje di Bahra. Davaoeño is also Davaweño, Davawenyo, Davawenyo Zamboangenyo, Castellano Abakay, or Davao Chabacano/Chavacano. Cotabateño is also known as Cotabato Chabacano/Chavacano.
Speakers from Basilan consider their Chavacano as Zamboangueño or formally as Chavacano de Zamboanga.
| Location | Geographical Area | Alternative Names and Spellings |
|---|---|---|
| Zamboanga | Mindanao | Chavacano, Zamboangueño, Zamboangueño Chavacano, Zamboangenio |
| Cavite | Manila Bay | Chabacano de Cavite, Caviteño, Caviten, Linguaje de Niso, Tsabakano |
| Basilan | Mindanao | Zamboangueño, Chavacano de Zamboanga |
| Cotabato | Mindanao | Cotabateño, Cotabato Chabacano/Chavacano. |
| Davao | Mindanao | Davaoeño, Davaweño, Davawenyo, Davawenyo Zamboangenyo, Castellano Abakay, Davao Chabacano/Chavacano |
| Ermita | Manila Bay | Ermitense, Ermiteño |
| Ternate | Manila Bay | Ternateño, Ternateño Chabacano, Bahra, or Linguaje di Bahra |
External links[edit][edit]
| This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) |
| Zamboangueño Chavacano edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| Meta has related information at: Wikimedia Philippines/cbk-zam |
Chavacano at Curlie (based on DMOZ)**remove --redirects to Chavacano Wikipedia page- A Blog about the Chabacano de Zamboanga **remove -- blogs are not to be put in the external links, unless it's an official site
- Chavacano Lessons with Audio
- An abridged Chavacano dictionary **will make this first on the list
"Jesus" A two-hour religious film in RealVideo dubbed in Chavacano*remove -- questionable link, not sure if legally distributed copy.- FilipinoKastila Database of Chavacano academic articles **remove description: The Spanish and Chabacano situation in the Philippines
Ben Saavedra's speech on Chabacano at the University of the Philippines (Web archive version)**remove, moved as a footnote under Historical Background, Distribution and Variants sectionsEl Chabacano El Chabacano en Español **remove--does not provide a unique resource to what is already on the article + this is not an official websiteAustronesian Elements in Philippine Creole Spanish (pdf)**remove-- dead link.Spanish world-wide: the last century of language contacts (PDF)**remove -- article mainly talks about Spanish in the Philippines, not Philippine Creole Spanish or ChavacanoThe Puzzling Case of Chabacano: Creolization, Substrate, Mixing, and Secondary Contact by Patrick O. Steinkrüger**remove -- moved as a Footnote under TerminologyConfidence in Chabacano by Michael L. Forman**remove -- moved as a footnote under TerminologyChabacano/Spanish and the Philippine Linguistic Identity by John M. Lipski**remove-- dead link.Noun phrases in Creole languages: a multi-faceted approach by Marlyse Baptista**remove -- moved as a footnote under Terminologyhttp://www.zamboanga.com/history/history_chabacano_versus_related_creoles.htm**remove -- moved as a footnote under the Introductory paragraph- http://www.zamboanga.com/z/index.php?title=Category:Chavacano -
An interactive online chavacano dictionary.Chavacano dictionary http://www.christusrex.org/www1/pater/JPN-chavacano.html**remove -- problematic page - not workinghttp://filipinokastila.tripod.com/chaba11.html**remove -- moved to citations - same article as one abovehttp://www.sil.org/asia/philippines/ical/papers/tardo-chavacano_reader_project.pdf**remove -- problematic page - not workingSIL.org**remove -- moved as a footnote under The Writing Systems section- 1883 letter – correspondence of Jacinto Juanmartí to German linguist Hugo Schuchardt dated 19 November 1883 containing text of chavacano spoken in Cotabato **in Spanish. will add {{sp icon}}
- ^ "Chavacano". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2018-10-18.
- ^ Holm, John (2001). "Chabacano versus related creoles: Socio-linguistic Affinities and differences". Estudios de Sociolingüística. 2: 69–93.
- ^ Baptista, Marlyse; Guéron, Jacqueline (2007). Noun Phrases in Creole Languages: A Multi-faceted Approach. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 902725253X.
- ^ Steinkrüger, Patrick O. (2008). "The Puzzling Case of Chabacano: Creolization, Substrate, Mixing and Secondary Contact" (PDF). Studies in Philippine Languages and Cultures. 19: 142–157.
- ^ Forman, Michael L. (2001). "Confidence in Chabacano: Counterbalance to a western ideology of language". Estudios de Sociolingüística. 2: 95–117.