User:Mr. Ibrahem/Early pregnancy bleeding
| Early pregnancy bleeding | |
|---|---|
| Other names | First trimester bleeding, hemorrhage in early pregnancy, second trimester bleeding |
| Specialty | Obstetrics |
| Complications | Hemorrhagic shock[1] |
| Causes | Ectopic pregnancy, threatened miscarriage, pregnancy loss, implantation bleeding, gestational trophoblastic disease, polyps, cervical cancer[1][2] |
| Diagnostic method | Typically includes speculum examination, ultrasound, hCG[1] |
| Treatment | Depends on the underlying cause[1] |
| Frequency | ~30% of pregnancies[1] |
Early pregnancy bleeding refers to vaginal bleeding before 24 weeks of gestational age (during the first and second trimester).[2] If the bleeding is significant, hemorrhagic shock may occur.[1] Concern for shock is increased in those who have loss of consciousness, chest pain, shortness of breath, or shoulder pain.[1]
Common causes of early pregnancy bleeding include ectopic pregnancy, threatened miscarriage, and pregnancy loss.[1][2] Most miscarriages occur before 12 weeks gestation age.[2] Other causes include implantation bleeding, gestational trophoblastic disease, polyps, and cervical cancer.[1][2] Tests to determine the underlying cause usually include a speculum examination, ultrasound, and hCG.[1]
Treatment depends on the underlying cause.[1] If tissue is seen at the cervical opening it should be removed.[1] In those in who the pregnancy is in the uterus and who have fetal heart sounds, watchful waiting is generally appropriate.[3] Anti-D immune globulin is usually recommended in those who are Rh-negative.[4] Occasionally surgery is required.[1]
About 30% of women have bleeding in the first trimester (0 to 12 weeks gestational age).[1] Bleeding in the second trimester (12 to 24 weeks gestational age) is less common.[5] About 15% of women who realize they are pregnant have a miscarriage.[1] Ectopic pregnancy occurs in under 2% of pregnancies.[1]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Breeze, C (May 2016). "Early pregnancy bleeding". Australian Family Physician. 45 (5): 283–6. PMID 27166462.
- ^ a b c d e Stables, Dorothy; Rankin, Jean (2010). Physiology in Childbearing: With Anatomy and Related Biosciences. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 423. ISBN 978-0702044113. Archived from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2020-05-05.
- ^ Deutchman, M; Tubay, AT; Turok, D (1 June 2009). "First trimester bleeding". American Family Physician. 79 (11): 985–94. PMID 19514696.
- ^ Coppola, PT; Coppola, M (August 2003). "Vaginal bleeding in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy". Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 21 (3): 667–77. doi:10.1016/S0733-8627(03)00041-5. PMID 12962352.
- ^ Beebe, Richard; Myers, Jeffrey (2010). Professional Paramedic, Volume II: Medical Emergencies, Maternal Health & Pediatrics. Cengage Learning. p. 704. ISBN 9781285224909. Archived from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2020-05-05.