Jump to content

User:Mr. Ibrahem/Congenital syphilis

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Congenital syphilis
File:Congenital syphilis. Papulosquamous lesions with oral involvement.png
Early onset rash of congenital syphilis
SpecialtyInfectious disease
Symptoms
Usual onsetUnborn baby, at birth, infancy, and later[2]
Types
  • Early onset (0-2-years age)[1]
  • Late onset (older than 2-years)[1]
CausesSpread from mother to baby of untreated syphilis (Treponema pallidum) during pregnancy or at birth[2]
Diagnostic method
PreventionSafe sex, adequate screening, early treatment in pregnancy[5]
TreatmentAntibiotics[6]
MedicationPenicillin by injection; Benzylpenicillin (IV), procaine benzylpenicillin (IM), benzathine penicillin G (IM)[6]
Frequency473 per 100,000 live births worldwide (2016)[7]
Deaths204,000 worldwide (2016)[7]

Congenital syphilis is syphilis that occurs when a mother with untreated syphilis passes the infection to her baby during pregnancy.[1] It may be detected in the unborn baby as poor growth, excessive fluid leading to premature birth, or loss of the baby; though some have no signs.[2][8] Features vary widely and may be divided into whether they present before or after age 2-years.[1] Typically there are no signs in the first few weeks of life; though babies may be small and irritable.[1] Features may include fever, rash, large liver and spleen, runny nose, or bone or joint pain.[1][4] There may be yellowish skin and eyes, large glands, pneumonia, meningitis, warty bumps on genitals, deafness, or blindness.[1][5] Untreated babies that survive may develop deformities of the nose, lower legs, forehead, collar bone, jaw, or cheek bone.[1] There may be a perforated or high arched palate, joint disease, and intellectual disability.[1][4] Seizures and cranial nerve palsies may occur in both early and late phases.[1]

It is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum when it infects the baby after crossing the placenta during pregnancy or from contact with a syphilitic sore at birth.[1][8] It is not transmitted during breastfeeding unless there is a syphilitic sore on the mother's breast.[1] Most cases occur due to inadequate screening and treatment during pregnancy.[9] The baby is highly infectious if the rash and snuffles are present.[1] The disease may be suspected from tests on the mother; blood tests and ultrasound.[3] Tests on the baby may include blood, CSF, and medical imaging.[10] Findings may reveal low red blood, low platelets, low sugars, protein in the urine, or low thyroid.[1] The placenta may appear large and pale.[1] Other investigations include testing for HIV.[10]

Prevention is by safe sex to prevent syphilis in the mother, and early screening and treatment in pregnancy.[5] One intramuscular injection of benzathine penicillin G given to a pregnant woman early in the illness can prevent congenital syphilis in her baby.[11] Treatment of suspected congenital syphilis is with penicillin by injection; benzylpenicillin, procaine benzylpenicillin, or benzathine penicillin G.[6][10] During times of penicillin unavailability, ceftriaxone may be used.[10] If there is a penicillin allergy, desensitisation may be an option.[10][12]

Syphilis affects around a million pregnancies a year.[13] In 2016, there were around 473 cases of congenital syphilis per 100,000 live births and 204,000 deaths from the disease worldwide.[7] Of 660,000 cases reported in 2016, 143,000 resulted in deaths of unborn babies, 61,000 deaths of newborn babies, 41,000 low birth weights or preterm births, and 109,000 young children diagnosed with congenital syphilis.[14] Around 75% were from the African and Eastern Mediterranean regions.[4] The cost of preventing syphilis in the mother and baby and in treating the disease is generally inexpensive.[11][15] The disease was first described in the sixteenth century.[16] Blood tests for syphilis were introduced in 1906, and it was later shown that spread occurred from the mother.[17]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Medoro, Alexandra K.; Sánchez, Pablo J. (June 2021). "Syphilis in Neonates and Infants". Clinics in Perinatology. 48 (2): 293–309. doi:10.1016/j.clp.2021.03.005. ISSN 1557-9840. PMID 34030815. Archived from the original on 2022-07-20. Retrieved 2023-05-10.
  2. ^ a b c Ghanem, Khalil G.; Hook, Edward W. (2020). "303. Syphilis". In Goldman, Lee; Schafer, Andrew I. (eds.). Goldman-Cecil Medicine. Vol. 2 (26th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. p. 1986. ISBN 978-0-323-55087-1. Archived from the original on 2023-06-30. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
  3. ^ a b "Congenital Syphilis". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1 April 2021. Archived from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  4. ^ a b c d Adamson, Paul C.; Klausner, Jeffrey D. (2022). "60. Syphilis (Treponema palladium)". In Jong, Elaine C.; Stevens, Dennis L. (eds.). Netter's Infectious Diseases (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 339–347. ISBN 978-0-323-71159-3. Archived from the original on 2023-07-06. Retrieved 2023-07-05.
  5. ^ a b c "STD Facts - Congenital Syphilis". www.cdc.gov. 10 April 2023. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  6. ^ a b c Ferri, Fred F. (2022). "Syphilis". Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2022. Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 1452–1454. ISBN 978-0-323-75571-9. Archived from the original on 2023-06-30. Retrieved 2023-05-09.
  7. ^ a b c Global progress report on HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections, 2021 (PDF). Geneva: World Health Organization;. 2021. ISBN 978-92-4-003098-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-03-26. Retrieved 2023-05-08.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  8. ^ a b James, William D.; Elston, Dirk; Treat, James R.; Rosenbach, Misha A.; Neuhaus, Isaac (2020). "18. Syphilis, Yaws, Bejel, and Pinta". Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology (13th ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier. pp. 347–361. ISBN 978-0-323-54753-6. Archived from the original on 2023-06-30. Retrieved 2023-05-11.
  9. ^ Gilmour, Leeyan S.; Walls, Tony (15 March 2023). "Congenital Syphilis: a Review of Global Epidemiology". Clinical Microbiology Reviews: e0012622. doi:10.1128/cmr.00126-22. ISSN 1098-6618. PMID 36920205. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  10. ^ a b c d e "Congenital Syphilis - STI Treatment Guidelines". www.cdc.gov. 19 October 2022. Archived from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  11. ^ a b WHO guideline on syphilis screening and treatment for pregnant women. Geneva: World health Organization. 2017. ISBN 978-92-4-155009-3. Archived from the original on 2023-06-30. Retrieved 2023-05-10.
  12. ^ Chastain, DB; Hutzley, VJ; Parekh, J; Alegro, JVG (9 August 2019). "Antimicrobial Desensitization: A Review of Published Protocols". Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland). 7 (3). doi:10.3390/pharmacy7030112. PMID 31405062. Archived from the original on 2 February 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2023.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  13. ^ Hussain, Syed A.; Vaidya, Ruben (2023). "Congenital Syphilis". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 30725772. Archived from the original on 2022-12-10. Retrieved 2023-05-12.
  14. ^ "Congenital syphilis - Mother-to-child transmission of syphilis". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  15. ^ Akhtar, F; Rehman, S (16 January 2018). "Prevention of Congenital Syphilis Through Antenatal Screenings in Lusaka, Zambia: A Systematic Review". Cureus. 10 (1): e2078. doi:10.7759/cureus.2078. PMID 29560291. Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  16. ^ Nissanka-Jayasuriya, EH; Odell, EW; Phillips, C (September 2016). "Dental Stigmata of Congenital Syphilis: A Historic Review With Present Day Relevance". Head and neck pathology. 10 (3): 327–31. doi:10.1007/s12105-016-0703-z. PMID 26897633. Archived from the original on 2023-02-10. Retrieved 2023-05-13.
  17. ^ Oriel, J. David (2012). "5. "The sins of the fathers": Congenital syphilis". The Scars of Venus: A History of Venereology. London: Springer-Verlag. pp. 69–70. ISBN 978-1-4471-2068-1. Archived from the original on 2023-06-30. Retrieved 2023-05-10.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Mr._Ibrahem/Congenital_syphilis&oldid=1221973616"