User:Morri362/asparagus miner
Overview[edit]
The asparagus miner (Ophiomyia simplex Loew; Diptera; Agromyzidae) is a specialist on asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) and is a problem for asparagus growers. It is shiny black and occurs in most major asparagus producing regions of the world.
Identification[edit]
The asparagus miner is a bivoltine stem-mining fly and a major pest of asparagus. It is small (~2-5 mm) with a shiny black body and black legs [1] . Under a dissecting microscope or with a hand lens, one can confirm the identity of the fly by checking that the costa (the thicker marginal vein) ends at vein R4+5 [2]. In addition, the fly has five conspicuous orbital bristles emerging from the middle of its head. The maggots (immature stages) may be up to 5 mm long, and can be found feeding internally in asparagus stems. They are creamy white in appearance, with the anterior spiracles on short stalks. The pupae are darker brown or reddish, and can sometimes be seen as dried skin from the stem peels back around parts that have been mined.
Distribution & History[edit]
The asparagus miner occurs in most major asparagus producing regions of the world. The fly was first described by Loew from Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New York in the United States in 1869. However, because it is host-specific to asparagus, it was likely introduced to the United States from Europe when asparagus was brought over by settlers. It has been recorded from Germany [3], Great Britain [4] , France [5] ,[6] , Canada [7] , other locales in the United States [8] , [9] , and many other countries. The species was originally described as Agromyza simplex, was moved to Melangromyza simplex and its current species name after revisions is Ophiomyia simplex.
Fungal Vector[edit]
The miner is a possible passive vector of pathogenic species of fungi [10][11] that are responsible for the development of Fusarium crown and root rot and early decline of fields [12] . Species in this fungal complex include Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium proliferatum, among others [13] , and these can shave 5-8 years off the economic life span of an asparagus field. The fly may passively vector the fungi from spores injected into the asparagus plant from the ovipositor or the sites of mining damage may create entrance points for the fungal spores from windblown sand [14] .
Life Cycle[edit]
Adult asparagus miners emerge in mid-May in the northern United States [15], and seek out recently planted asparagus fields that have gone to fern [16], which may be especially vulnerable to infestation by the fly. First generation adults peak in abundance during mid-June [17]. After mating, females lay eggs at the base of asparagus stems at the soil surface level or just below [15]. Upon hatching, maggots undergo three larval instars or stages before pupating underneath the stem of the asparagus plant [4]. As they develop, the asparagus miner feeds on cortical tissue [8]. After pupation, the second generation of adult asparagus miners peaks around mid-July to mid-August in the United States [15]. The end of adult flight happens in October and the asparagus miner overwinters as a pupa inside senesced asparagus stems.
Management[edit]
An integrated pest management program should be established in problem fields that combine 1) monitoring using yellow sticky traps [18] or scouting, 2) use of degree-day model to guide decisions about spraying (Morrison, in press), and 3) enhancement of biological control from the natural enemies of the asparagus miner. The degree-day model can be accessed in the near future on Enviroweather’s website, a free service maintained by Michigan State University Extension and tied into a state-wide network of weather stations. Research is currently ongoing in the investigation of which flowering resources benefit the natural enemies of the asparagus the most [19] . Currently, growers apply broad spectrum pesticides, most commonly Sevin, to treat for adult asparagus miners in the field. Coupling this management action with the degree-day model may allow growers to save money on chemicals and spare unneeded environmental costs.
References[edit]
- ^ Szendrei, Zsofia (2011). "Asparagus miner factsheet" (PDF). East Lansing, MI, USA: Michigan State University Extension, Department of Entomology. p. 1-4.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Spencer, KA (1973). Agromyzidae (Diptera) of Economic Importance. Germany: Springer.
- ^ Dingler, M (1934). "Die kleine Spargelfliege". Anzeiger Fuer Schaedlingskunde (134–139). doi:10.1007/BF02337732.
- ^ a b Barnes, HF (1937). "The asparagus miner (Melanagromyza simplex) H. Loew)". Annals of Applied Biology. 24: 574–618. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1937.tb05854.x.
- ^ Brunel, E (1987). "La mineuse des tiges de l'asperge premiere appreciation de sa nuisibilite". Phytoma. 390: 42–44.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Giard, A (1904). "Sur l'Agromyza simplex H. Loew parasite de l'asperge (Dipt)". Bulletin Societe Entomologique de France: 176-178.
- ^ Mailloux, G (2004). Identification rapide des insectes auxiliaires dans les aspergerais du Qubec. Saint Bruno, Canada: Institut de Recherche et de Development en Agroenvironment.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Eichmann, RD (1943). "Asparagus miner not really a pest". Journal of Economic Entomology. 36: 849-852. doi:10.1093/jee/36.6.849. Cite error: The named reference "Eichmann, 1943" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Fink, DE (1913). "The asparagus miner and the twelve-spotted asparagus beetle". Vol 331, Bulletin of the Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station. Ithaca, NY, USA. p. 411-421.
- ^ 10
- ^ Gilbertson, RL (1985). "Association of the asparagus miner with stem rot caused in asparagus by Fusarium species". Phytopathology. 75 (11): 1188-1191. doi:10.1094/Phyto-75-1188.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Grogan, RG (1959). "The association of Fusarium wilt and root rot with the asparagus decline and replant problem in California". Phytopathology. 49: 122-125.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Gordon, TR (1997). "The evolutionary biology of Fusarium oxysporum". Annual Review of Phytopathology. 35: 111–128. doi:10.1146/annurev.phyto.35.1.111. PMID 15012517.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Morrison III, WR (2011). "Constraints on asparagus production: the association of Ophiomyia simplex (Diptera: Agromyzidae) and Fusarium spp" (PDF). Crop Science. 51 (4): 1414-1423. doi:10.2135/cropsci2011.01.0032.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c Ferro, DN (1982). "Bionomics and population dynamics of the asparagus, Ophiomyia simplex (Loew), in Western Massachusetts". Environmental Entomology. 11: 639-644. doi:10.1093/ee/11.3.639.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Tuell, JK (2003). "Fusarium and the asparagus miner (Ophiomyia simplex) in Michigan". Department of Plant Pathology, Master of Science, Michigan State University. East Lansing, MI, USA.
- ^ Tuell, JK (2008). "Characterization of the Ophiomyia simplex (Diptera: Agromyzidae) activity in commercial asparagus fields and its association with Fusarium crown and root rot". 11th International Symposium on Asparagus, Acta Horticulturae (776): 203-210. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2008.776.25.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Ferro, DN (1980). "Assessment of visual traps for monitoring the asparagus miner, Ophiomyia simplex (Agromyzidae: Diptera)". Entomologia et Experimentalis Applicata. 28 (2): 177-182. doi:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1980.tb03002.x.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Z Szendrei; WR Morrison III (2012). "The asparagus miner and its natural enemies in Michigan". Michigan State University Extension, Department of Entomology. East Lansing, MI, USA. p. 1-2.
Category:Crops Category:Pest insects Category:Diptera of North America Category:Diptera of Europe Category:Asparagaceae Category:Vegetables