User:Michael leung1004/sandbox
Mortality risk[edit]
Overall research evidence has shown that long working hours increases mortality risk. A UK census-based longitudinal study of 414949 people aged 20-64 years, showed that overtime work increases mortality risk in men working for more than 55 hours per week.[1] The authors showed that mortality is higher in technical, semi-routine or routine occupations (positions with high demand, low levels of control, or perceived imbalance between effort and reward). The authors also demonstrated that increased mortality risk was mainly attributed to cardiovascular disease.
Similar results were found in other studies. A 30-year longitudinal study in Denmark of 5249 employed Caucasian men aged 40-59 years, showed that men working 41-45 hours per week had a 59% increased risk for mortality due to Ischemic heart disease compared to men working less than 40 hours per week.[2] The authors also found that physical fitness played a significant role, where among men with low physical fitness, those working more than 45 hours per week had more than twice the risk of death by Ischemic heart disease compared to men working less than 40 hours per week; while this increased risk was not seen among the fittest men. Furthermore, a study based on data from the Swedish twin registry showed that there was an association between overtime work of more than 5 hours a week and increased mortality in women.[3] This association was also seen in men, but only in the first 5 years of follow-up. In contrast, the authors showed that working less than 5 hours a week of overtime decreases the risk of mortality in men.
Counter arguments[edit]
Other studies argue that there is no direct cause-and-effect relationship between hours worked and short and long-term risks. Their claims include comments about factors that alter the outcome of effects. These include an individual's personality, occupation, and income. This research was done through a HILDA (Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia) survey in 2001 and was completed in 2004.[4] Prior research into these counter-arguments was completed by a group of researchers in 1997. They found links between increased CVD events and mental health disorder, along with decreases in production, as the number of hours worked increased. However, they state that further research is necessary before definitive conclusions can be made, as factors of each individual have vast consequences on the effect of working overtime.[5] In addition, workers who work overtime when it is not mandatory find that there are very minimal effects on their fatigue levels.[6]
In contrast, a Japanese study of 1105 employees has demonstrated that longer working hours is associated with better health status in older employees[7]. The authors of this study showed that overall health differed by age group, which reflects a generational difference with regards to their attitudes towards work. Among older workers, longer work hours might be beneficial as work-based social networks offer a structured environment, social support, as well as companionship.
 | This is a user sandbox of Michael leung1004. You can use it for testing or practicing edits. This is not the sandbox where you should draft your assigned article for a dashboard.wikiedu.org course. To find the right sandbox for your assignment, visit your Dashboard course page and follow the Sandbox Draft link for your assigned article in the My Articles section. |
- ^ O'Reilly, Dermot; Rosato, Michael (December 2013). "Worked to death? A census-based longitudinal study of the relationship between the numbers of hours spent working and mortality risk". International Journal of Epidemiology. 42 (6): 1820–1830. doi:10.1093/ije/dyt211. ISSN 1464-3685. PMID 24415615.
- ^ Holtermann, Andreas; Mortensen, Ole Steen; Burr, Hermann; Søgaard, Karen; Gyntelberg, Finn; Suadicani, Poul (October 2010). "Long work hours and physical fitness: 30-year risk of ischaemic heart disease and all-cause mortality among middle-aged Caucasian men". Heart (British Cardiac Society). 96 (20): 1638–1644. doi:10.1136/hrt.2010.197145. ISSN 1468-201X. PMID 20820054.
- ^ Nylén, L.; Voss, M.; Floderus, B. (January 2001). "Mortality among women and men relative to unemployment, part time work, overtime work, and extra work: a study based on data from the Swedish twin registry". Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 58 (1): 52–57. doi:10.1136/oem.58.1.52. ISSN 1351-0711. PMC 1740025. PMID 11119635.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Gray, Matthew; Qu, Lixia; Stanton, David; Weston, Ruth (June 2004). "Long Work Hours and the Wellbeing of Fathers and their Families" (PDF). curtin.edu. Australian Journal of Labour Economics. Retrieved October 21, 2016.
- ^ Spurgeon, Anne; Harrington, J.; Cooper, Cary (1997). "Health and safety problems associated with long working hours: a review of the current position". europepmc.org. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. Retrieved October 21, 2016.
- ^ Golden, Lonnie; Wiens-Tuers, Barbara (April 2007). "Overtime Work and Family Consequences". papers.ssrn.com. SSRN. SSRN 988203.
{{cite web}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Missing or empty|url=(help) - ^ Suzuki, E.; Takao, S.; Subramanian, S. V.; Doi, H.; Kawachi, I. (September 2009). "Work-based social networks and health status among Japanese employees". Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 63 (9): 692–696. doi:10.1136/jech.2008.082453. ISSN 1470-2738. PMID 19286690.