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Atlas
Atlas
Titan of endurance and astronomy
	The Farnese Atlas, a 2nd century Roman marble and copy of an earlier Hellenistic sculpture. It is the oldest known representation of the celestial sphere.
Abode	Western edge of Gaia (the Earth)
Genealogy
Parents	Iapetus (father); Asia or Clymene (mother);
Consort	Pleione; Hesperius;
Children	The Hesperides; The Hyades; The Pleiades; Hyas; Calypso; Dione; Maera;
Equivalents
Roman	Atlas

In Greek mythology, Atlas (/ˈætləs/; ‹See Tfd›Greek: Ἄτλας, Átlas) was a Titan condemned to hold up the celestial heavens for eternity after the Titanomachy. Atlas also plays a role in the myths of two of the greatest Greek heroes: Heracles (the Roman equivalent being Hercules) and Perseus. According to the ancient Greek poet Hesiod, Atlas stood at the ends of the earth in extreme west.^[1] Later, he became commonly identified with the Atlas Mountains in northwest Africa and was said to be "King of Mauretania".^[2] Atlas was said to have been skilled in philosophy, mathematics, and astronomy. In antiquity, he was credited with inventing the first celestial sphere. In some texts, he is even credited with the invention of astronomy itself.^[3]

Atlas was the son of the Titan Iapetus and the Oceanid Asia^[4] or Clymene.^[5] He had many children, mostly daughters, the Hesperides, the Hyades, the Pleiades, and the nymph Calypso who lived on the island Ogygia.^[6]

The term Atlas has been used to describe a collection of maps since the 16th century when German-Flemish geographer Gerardus Mercator published his work in honor of the mythological Titan. The "Atlantic Ocean" means "Sea of Atlas", while "Atlantis" means "island of Atlas", with some myths calling the deity a king of Atlantis.

Etymology

The etymology of the name Atlas is uncertain. Virgil took pleasure in translating etymologies of Greek names by combining them with adjectives that explained them: for Atlas his adjective is durus, "hard, enduring",^[7] which suggested to George Doig^[8] that Virgil was aware of the Greek τλῆναι "to endure"; Doig offers the further possibility that Virgil was aware of Strabo's remark that the native North African name for this mountain was Douris. Since the Atlas mountains rise in the region inhabited by Berbers, it has been suggested that the name might be taken from one of the Berber, specifically ádrār 'mountain'.^[9]

Traditionally historical linguists etymologize the Ancient Greek word Ἄτλας (genitive: Ἄτλαντος) as comprised from copulative α- and the Proto-Indo-European root *telh₂- 'to uphold, support' (whence also τλῆναι), and which was later reshaped to an nt-stem.^[10] However, Robert Beekes argues that it cannot be expected that this ancient Titan carries an Indo-European name, and that the word is of Pre-Greek origin, and such words often end in -ant.^[10]

Mythology

Oldest Legends

In Homer's Odyssey, Atlas is described as "oloophron" or baleful, a word which means "with destructive thoughts" and was applied to wild animals and dangerous humans. In his account Atlas "knows the depths of all the seas, and he, no other, guards (or holds) the tall pillars that keep the sky and earth apart."^[11] Though classical greek myths state that the Titans are an older generation of primordial gods, there is no evidence that the Titans had ancient cults that worshipped them, as was the case for the younger generation of gods, the Olympians. This is true even in the early Mycenaean or Minoan period, and so the defeat and punishment of the Titans did not symbolize some historic change in religion to new a pantheon of gods. Despite Homer's description, there is no evidence that the word "Titan" equated with "wild" "rebellious" even "wicked" as has been suggested by some scholars. Rather, the gods of Asia minor, such as those of the Hittites, tell tales of battling gods that show points of contact with the greek tales of the Titans.

Punishment

Atlas and his brother Menoetius sided with the Titans in their war against the Olympians, the Titanomachy. When the Titans were defeated, many of them (including Menoetius) were confined to Tartarus, but Zeus condemned Atlas to stand at the western edge of Gaia (the Earth) and hold up the sky on his shoulders.^[1] Thus, he was Atlas Telamon, "enduring Atlas," and became a doublet of Coeus, the embodiment of the celestial axis around which the heavens revolve.^[12]

A common misconception today is that Atlas was forced to hold the Earth on his shoulders, but Classical art shows Atlas holding the celestial spheres, not a globe; the solidity of the marble globe borne by the renowned Farnese Atlas may have aided the conflation, reinforced in the 16th century by the developing usage of atlas to describe a corpus of terrestrial maps.

Encounter with Heracles

One of the Twelve Labors of the hero Heracles was to fetch some of the golden apples which grow in Hera's garden, tended by Atlas' reputed daughters, the Hesperides which were also called the Atlantides, and guarded by the dragon Ladon. Heracles went to Atlas and offered to hold up the heavens while Atlas got the apples from his daughters.^[13]^[14]

Upon his return with the apples, however, Atlas attempted to trick Heracles into carrying the sky permanently by offering to deliver the apples himself, as anyone who purposely took the burden must carry it forever, or until someone else took it away. Heracles, suspecting Atlas did not intend to return, pretended to agree to Atlas' offer, asking only that Atlas take the sky again for a few minutes so Heracles could rearrange his cloak as padding on his shoulders. When Atlas set down the apples and took the heavens upon his shoulders again, Heracles took the apples and ran away.

In some versions,^[15] Heracles instead built the two great Pillars of Hercules to hold the sky away from the earth, liberating Atlas much as he liberated Prometheus.

Encounter with Perseus

The greek poet Polyidus ca. 398 BC^[16] tells a tale of Atlas, then a shepherd, encountering Perseus who turned him to stone. Ovid later gives a more detailed account of the incident, combining it with the myth of Heracles. In this account Atlas is not a shepherd but a King.^[17] According to Ovid, Perseus arrives in Atlas's Kingdom and asks for shelter, declaring he is a son of Zeus. Altas, fearful of a prophecy which warned of a son of Zeus stealing his golden apples from his orchard, refuses Perseus hospitality.^[18] In this account, Atlas is turned not just into stone by Perseus, but an entire mountain range: Atlas's head the peak, his shoulders ridges and his hair woods. The prophecy did not relate to Perseus stealing the golden apples but Heracles, another son of Zeus, and Perseus' great-grandson.^[19]

Other Variations

King of Atlantis

According to Plato, the first king of Atlantis was also named Atlas, but that Atlas was a son of Poseidon and the mortal woman Cleito.^[20] The works of Eusebius^[21] and Diodorus^[3] also give an Atlantean account of Atlas. In these accounts, Atlas's father was Uranus and mother Gaia. His grandfather was Elium "King of Phoenicia" who lived in Byblos with his wife Beruth. Atlas was raised by his sister, Basilia.^[22]^[23]^[24]

King of Mauretania

Atlas was also a legendary king of Mauretania, the land of the Mauri in antiquity roughly corresponding with modern Maghreb. In the 16th Century Gerardus Mercator put together the first collection of maps to be called an "Atlas" and devoted his book to the "King of Mauretania".^[23]^[25]

Atlas became associated with Northwest Africa over time. He had been connected with the Hesperides, "Nymphs" which guarded the golden apples, and Gorgons both of which lived beyond Ocean in the extreme west of the world since Hesiod's Theogony.^[26] Diodorus and Palaephatus mention that the Gorgons lived in the Gorgades, islands in the Aethiopian Sea. The main island was called Cerna and modern day arguments have been advanced that these islands may correspond to Cape Verde due to Phoenician exploration.^[27] The Northwest Africa region emerged as the canonical home of the King via separate sources. In particular, according to Ovid, after Perseus turns Atlas to into a mountain range, he flies over Aethiopia, the blood of Medusa's head giving rise to Libyan snakes. By the time of the Roman empire the habit of associating Atlas' home to a chain of mountains, the Atlas mountains, which were near Mauretania and Numidia, was firmly entrenched.^[28]

Other

The identifying name Aril is inscribed on two 5th-century BCE Etruscan bronze items, a mirror from Vulci and a ring from an unknown site.^[29] Both objects depict the encounter with Atlas of Hercle, the Etruscan Heracles, identified by the inscription; they represent rare instances where a figure from Greek mythology is imported into Etruscan mythology, but the name is not. The Etruscan name Aril is etymologically independent.

According to Robert Graves's The Greek Myths, the Pelasgians believed the creator goddess Eurynome assigned Atlas and Phoebe to govern the moon.^[30]

Genealogy

According to Hesiod, Atlas a son of Iapetus and Clymene, and a brother of Menoetius, Prometheus, and Epimetheus. According to Apollodorus, his mother's name was Asia; and, according to Hyginus, he was a son of Aether and Gaia. In Plato's Atlantis Atlas is son of Neputune and...

According to Diodorus and Eusebius Atlas's father was Uranus and mother Gaia. His grandfather was Elium "King of Phoenicia" who lived in Byblos with his wife Beruth. Atlas was raised by his sister, Basilia.

According to Servius.

Iapetus & Clymene (Hesoid)
Iapetus & Asia (Apollodorus}
Iapetus (Ovid)
Aether & Gaia (Hyginus)
Uranus & Gaia (Diodorus)
Poseidon & Cleito (Plato)

Sources describe Atlas as the father, by different goddesses, of numerous children, mostly daughters. Some of these are assigned conflicting or overlapping identities or parentage in different sources.

By Hesperius:
- the Hesperides^[31]
By Pleione (or Aethra^[32]):
- the Hyades^[33]
- a son, Hyas^[33]
- the Pleiades^[34]
By one or more unspecified goddesses:
- Calypso^[35]
- Dione^[36]
- Maera^[37]

Hyginus emphasises the primordial nature of Atlas by making him the son of Aether and Gaia.^[38]

Cultural influence

Atlas' best-known cultural association is in cartography. The first publisher to associate the Titan Atlas with a group of maps was the print-seller Antonio Lafreri, on the engraved title-page he applied to his ad hoc assemblages of maps, Tavole Moderne Di Geografia De La Maggior Parte Del Mondo Di Diversi Autori (1572);^[39] however, he did not use the word "A"tlas" in the title of his work, an innovation of Gerardus Mercator, who dedicated his "atlas" specifically to honour the Titan, Atlas, King of Mauretania, a learned philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer.

In psychology, Atlas is used metaphorically to describe the personality of someone whose childhood was characterized by excessive responsibilities.^[40]

Gallery

Atlas supports the terrestrial globe on a building in Collins Street, Melbourne, Australia.
Nautilus Cup. This drinking vessel, for court feasts, depicts Atlas holding the shell on his back.^[41] The Walters Art Museum
Sculpture of Atlas, Praza do Toural, Santiago de Compostela
Lee Lawrie's colossal bronze Atlas, Rockefeller Center, New York
Greco-Buddhist (c. AD 100) Atlas, supporting a Buddhist monument, Hadda, Afghanistan

Notes

^ ^a ^b Hesiod, Theogony, 517–520.
^ Smith. "Atlas". Retrieved February 26, 2013.
^ ^a ^b
Referencing Diodorus:
- "[Atlas] perfected the science of astrology and was the first to publish to mankind the doctrine of the sphere. and it was for this reason that the idea was held that the entire heavens were supported upon the shoulders of Atlas, the myth darkly hinting in this way at his discovery and description of the sphere." Diodorus, Bibliotheca historica, Book III 60.2
- "Atlas was so grateful to Heracles for his kindly deed that he not only gladly gave him such assistance as his Labour called for, but he also instructed him quite freely in the knowledge of astrology. For Atlas had worked out the science of astrology to a degree surpassing others and had ingeniously discovered the spherical nature of the stars, and for that reason was generally believed to be bearing the entire firmament upon his shoulders. Similarly in the case of Heracles, when he had brought to the Greeks the doctrine of the sphere, he gained great fame, as if he had taken over the burden of the firmament which Atlas had borne, since men intimated in this enigmatic way what had actually taken place." Diodorus, Bibliotheca historica, Book IV 27.4-5
^ Apollodorus, Bibliotheca, 1.2.3.
^ Hesiod,Theogony 507. It is possible that the name Asia became preferred over Hesiod's Clymene to avoid confusion with what must be a different Oceanid named Clymene, who was mother of Phaethon by Helios in some accounts.
^ Homer, Odyssey, 1.14, 1.50. Calypso is sometimes referred to as Atlantis (Ατλαντίς), which means the daughter of Atlas, see the entry Ατλαντίς in Liddell & Scott, and also Hesiod, Theogony, 938.
^ Aeneid iv.247: "Atlantis duri" and other instances; see Robert W. Cruttwell, "Virgil, Aeneid, iv. 247: 'Atlantis Duri'" The Classical Review 59.1 (May 1945), p. 11.
^ George Doig, "Vergil's Art and the Greek Language" The Classical Journal 64.1 (October 1968, pp. 1-6) p. 2.
^ Strabo, 17.3;
^ ^a ^b Beekes, Robert; van Beek, Lucien (2010). "Etymological Dictionary of Greek" (Document). Brill. p. 163{{inconsistent citations}} {{cite document}}: Unknown parameter |volume= ignored (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
^ [https://books.google.pn/books?id=ouOmOC6Z1HkC&printsec=copyright&source=gbs_pub_info_r#v=onepage&q=atlas&f=false Prometheus: Archetypal Image of Human Existence By Carl Kerényi, p=38]
^ The usage in Virgil's maximum Atlas axem umero torquet stellis ardentibus aptum (Aeneid, iv.481f , cf vi.796f), combining poetic and parascientific images, is discussed in P. R. Hardie, "Atlas and Axis" The Classical Quarterly N.S. 33.1 (1983:220-228).
^ Diodorus Siculus. Library, 4.27.2
^ Gantz (1993), pp. 410–413
^ A lost passage of Pindar quoted by Strabo (3.5.5) was the earliest reference in this context: "the pillars which Pindar calls the 'gates of Gades' when he asserts that they are the farthermost limits reached by Heracles"; the passage in Pindar has not been traced.
^ Polyeidos, Fragment 837; Ovid, 'Metamorphoses 4.627
^ Ovid, Metamorphoses, IV.617ff (on-line English translation at TheoiProject).
^ William Godwin (1876). Lives of the Necromancers. London, F. J. Mason. p. 39.
^ Ogden (2008), pp. 49, 108, 114
^ Plato, Critias
^ The "testimony of Eusebius" was "drawn from the most ancient historians" according to Mercator. Eusebius' Praeparatio evangelica gives accounts of Atlas that had been translated from the works of ancient Phoenician Sanchuniathon, the original sources for which predate the Trojan War (i.e. 13th century BCE).
^ For further comment on Mercator's chosen Titanic genealogy see Keuning (1947), Akerman (1994) and Ramachandran (2015), p. 42
^ ^a ^b Mercator & Lessing J. Rosenwald Collection (Library of Congress) (2000)
^ See Bibliotheca historica, Book III, Eusebius' Praeparatio evangelica references the same mythology as Diodorus stating "These then are the principal heads of the theology held among the Atlanteans".
^ Grafton, Most & Settis (2010), p. 103
^ See Gantz (1993), p. 401 and Ogden (2008), p. 47-49
^ For instance the Phoenician Hanno the Navigator is said to have sailed as far as Mount Cameroon in the 5th or 6th century BC. See Lemprière (1833), pp. 249–250 and Ovid, The Metamorphoses, commented by Henry T. Riley ISBN 978-1-4209-3395-6
^ Lemprière (1833), pp. 249–250
^ Paolo Martini, Il nome etrusco di Atlante, (Rome:Università di Roma) 1987 investigates the etymology of aril, rejecting a link to the verbal morpheme ar- ("support") in favor of a Phoenician etymon in an unattested possible form *'arrab(a), signifying "guarantor in a commercial transaction" with the connotation of "mediator", related to the Latin borrowing arillator, "middleman". This section and note depend on Rex Wallace's review of Martini in Language 65.1 (March 1989:187–188).
^ Graves, Robert (1992). The Greek Myths. Penguin Books. p. 27. ISBN 978-0140171990.
^ Diodorus Siculus, The Library of History 4.26.2
^ Hyginus, Astronomica 2.21; Ovid, Fasti 5.164
^ ^a ^b Hyginus, Fabulae 192
^ Hesiod, Works and Days 383; Apollodorus, 3.10.1; Ovid, Fasti 5.79
^ Homer, Odyssey 1.52; Apollodorus, E7.24.
^ Hyginus, Fabulae 82, 83
^ Pausanias, Guide to Greece 8.12.7, 8.48.6
^ Hyginus, Preface to Fabulae.
^ Ashley Baynton-Williams. "The 'Lafreri school' of Italian mapmakers". Retrieved February 26, 2013.
^ Vogel, L. Z.; Savva, Stavroula (1993-12-01). "Atlas personality". British Journal of Medical Psychology. 66 (4): 323–330. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1993.tb01758.x. ISSN 2044-8341. PMID 8123600.
^ "Nautilus Cup". The Walters Art Museum.

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References

Test^[1]

Test

^ Homer, The Odyssey, Book VII 7.32.

Ancient Sources

Homer, The Odyssey, ca. 725 BC
Hesiod, Theogony, ca. 700 BC
Polyidus, fr. 837 PMG, ca. 398 BC
Plato, Critias, ca. 400-350 BC
Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica, ca. 60-30 BC
Gaius Julius Hyginus, Fabulae, ca. 50 BC
Virgil, Aeneid, ca. 29-19 BC
Ovid, Metamorphoses, ca. 20 BC
Apollodorus, Bibliotheca, ca. 100-200 AD
Eusebius of Caesarea, Praeparatio evangelica, ca. 313 AD
Second Vatican Mythographer, 114 Bode, ca. 1000-1100 AD

Modern Sources

Akerman, J. R. (1994). "Atlas, la genèse d'un titre". In Watelet, M. (ed.). Gerardi Mercatoris, Atlas Europae. Antwerp: Bibliothèque des Amis du Fonds Mercator. pp. 15–29.
Diodorus Siculus (1933–67). Oldfather, C. H.; Sherman, C. L.; Welles, C. B.; Geer, R. M.; Walton, F. R. (eds.). Diodorus of Sicily : The Library of History. 12 Vols (2004 ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
Gantz, T. (1993). Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-4410-2. LCCN 92026010. OCLC 917033766.
Grafton, A.; Most, G. W.; Settis, S., eds. (2010). The Classical Tradition (2013 ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-07227-5. LCCN 2010019667. OCLC 957010841.
Hornblower, S.; Spawforth, A.; Eidinow, E., eds. (2012). The Oxford Classical Dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8. LCCN 2012009579. OCLC 799019502.
Keuning, J. (1947). "The History of an Atlas: Mercator. Hondius". Imago Mundi. 4 (1): 37–62. doi:10.1080/03085694708591880. ISSN 0308-5694. JSTOR 1149747.
Lemprière, J. (1833). Anthon, C. (ed.). A Classical Dictionary. New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill [etc.] LCCN 31001224. OCLC 81170896.
Ogden, D. (2008). Perseus (1st ed.). London ; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-42724-1. LCCN 2007031552. OCLC 163604137.
Ogden, D. (2013). Drakon: Dragon Myth and Serpent Cult in the Greek and Roman Worlds. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-955732-5. LCCN 2012277527. OCLC 799069191.
Ramachandran, A. (2015). The Worldmakers: Global Imagining in Early Modern Europe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-28879-6. OCLC 930260324.
Mercator, G.; Lessing J. Rosenwald Collection (Library of Congress) (2000). Karrow, R. W. (ed.). Atlas sive Cosmographicæ Meditationes de Fabrica Mundi et Fabricati Figura: Duisburg, 1595 (PDF). Translated by Sullivan, D. Oakland, CA: Octavo. ISBN 978-1-891788-26-0. LCCN map55000728. OCLC 48878698. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 Mar 2016.
Apollodorus, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Robert Graves, The Greek Myths, London: Penguin, 1955; Baltimore: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-001026-2
Hesiod, Theogony, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Hesiod; Works and Days, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Smith, William; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London (1873). "Atlas"

External links

Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (c. 140 images of Atlas)

Category:Greek gods Category:Mythology of Heracles Category:Titans (mythology) Category:Kings of Mauretania

[FOOTNOTEHesiod,_''Theogony''517–520-1] Hesiod, Theogony, 517–520.

[Smith-2] Smith. "Atlas". Retrieved February 26, 2013.

[Diodorus-3] Referencing Diodorus:
"[Atlas] perfected the science of astrology and was the first to publish to mankind the doctrine of the sphere. and it was for this reason that the idea was held that the entire heavens were supported upon the shoulders of Atlas, the myth darkly hinting in this way at his discovery and description of the sphere." Diodorus, Bibliotheca historica, Book III 60.2

"Atlas was so grateful to Heracles for his kindly deed that he not only gladly gave him such assistance as his Labour called for, but he also instructed him quite freely in the knowledge of astrology. For Atlas had worked out the science of astrology to a degree surpassing others and had ingeniously discovered the spherical nature of the stars, and for that reason was generally believed to be bearing the entire firmament upon his shoulders. Similarly in the case of Heracles, when he had brought to the Greeks the doctrine of the sphere, he gained great fame, as if he had taken over the burden of the firmament which Atlas had borne, since men intimated in this enigmatic way what had actually taken place." Diodorus, Bibliotheca historica, Book IV 27.4-5

[4] "[Atlas] perfected the science of astrology and was the first to publish to mankind the doctrine of the sphere. and it was for this reason that the idea was held that the entire heavens were supported upon the shoulders of Atlas, the myth darkly hinting in this way at his discovery and description of the sphere." Diodorus, Bibliotheca historica, Book III 60.2

[5] "Atlas was so grateful to Heracles for his kindly deed that he not only gladly gave him such assistance as his Labour called for, but he also instructed him quite freely in the knowledge of astrology. For Atlas had worked out the science of astrology to a degree surpassing others and had ingeniously discovered the spherical nature of the stars, and for that reason was generally believed to be bearing the entire firmament upon his shoulders. Similarly in the case of Heracles, when he had brought to the Greeks the doctrine of the sphere, he gained great fame, as if he had taken over the burden of the firmament which Atlas had borne, since men intimated in this enigmatic way what had actually taken place." Diodorus, Bibliotheca historica, Book IV 27.4-5

[FOOTNOTEApollodorus,_''Bibliotheca''1.2.3-4] Apollodorus, Bibliotheca, 1.2.3.

[Asia-5] Hesiod,Theogony 507. It is possible that the name Asia became preferred over Hesiod's Clymene to avoid confusion with what must be a different Oceanid named Clymene, who was mother of Phaethon by Helios in some accounts.

[Daughter-6] Homer, Odyssey, 1.14, 1.50. Calypso is sometimes referred to as Atlantis (Ατλαντίς), which means the daughter of Atlas, see the entry Ατλαντίς in Liddell & Scott, and also Hesiod, Theogony, 938.

[7] Aeneid iv.247: "Atlantis duri" and other instances; see Robert W. Cruttwell, "Virgil, Aeneid, iv. 247: 'Atlantis Duri'" The Classical Review 59.1 (May 1945), p. 11.

[8] George Doig, "Vergil's Art and the Greek Language" The Classical Journal 64.1 (October 1968, pp. 1-6) p. 2.

[9] Strabo, 17.3;

[Beekes-10] Beekes, Robert; van Beek, Lucien (2010). "Etymological Dictionary of Greek" (Document). Brill. p. 163{{inconsistent citations}} {{cite document}}: Unknown parameter |volume= ignored (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)

[11] [https://books.google.pn/books?id=ouOmOC6Z1HkC&printsec=copyright&source=gbs_pub_info_r#v=onepage&q=atlas&f=false Prometheus: Archetypal Image of Human Existence By Carl Kerényi, p=38]

[12] The usage in Virgil's maximum Atlas axem umero torquet stellis ardentibus aptum (Aeneid, iv.481f , cf vi.796f), combining poetic and parascientific images, is discussed in P. R. Hardie, "Atlas and Axis" The Classical Quarterly N.S. 33.1 (1983:220-228).

[:0-13] Diodorus Siculus. Library, 4.27.2

[14] Gantz (1993), pp. 410–413

[15] A lost passage of Pindar quoted by Strabo (3.5.5) was the earliest reference in this context: "the pillars which Pindar calls the 'gates of Gades' when he asserts that they are the farthermost limits reached by Heracles"; the passage in Pindar has not been traced.

[16] Polyeidos, Fragment 837; Ovid, 'Metamorphoses 4.627

[17] Ovid, Metamorphoses, IV.617ff (on-line English translation at TheoiProject).

[LOTN-18] William Godwin (1876). Lives of the Necromancers. London, F. J. Mason. p. 39.

[19] Ogden (2008), pp. 49, 108, 114

[20] Plato, Critias

[Eusebius-21] The "testimony of Eusebius" was "drawn from the most ancient historians" according to Mercator. Eusebius' Praeparatio evangelica gives accounts of Atlas that had been translated from the works of ancient Phoenician Sanchuniathon, the original sources for which predate the Trojan War (i.e. 13th century BCE).

[22] For further comment on Mercator's chosen Titanic genealogy see Keuning (1947), Akerman (1994) and Ramachandran (2015), p. 42

[Mercator-23] Mercator & Lessing J. Rosenwald Collection (Library of Congress) (2000)

[24] See Bibliotheca historica, Book III, Eusebius' Praeparatio evangelica references the same mythology as Diodorus stating "These then are the principal heads of the theology held among the Atlanteans".

[25] Grafton, Most & Settis (2010), p. 103

[26] See Gantz (1993), p. 401 and Ogden (2008), p. 47-49

[27] For instance the Phoenician Hanno the Navigator is said to have sailed as far as Mount Cameroon in the 5th or 6th century BC. See Lemprière (1833), pp. 249–250 and Ovid, The Metamorphoses, commented by Henry T. Riley ISBN 978-1-4209-3395-6

[28] Lemprière (1833), pp. 249–250

[29] Paolo Martini, Il nome etrusco di Atlante, (Rome:Università di Roma) 1987 investigates the etymology of aril, rejecting a link to the verbal morpheme ar- ("support") in favor of a Phoenician etymon in an unattested possible form *'arrab(a), signifying "guarantor in a commercial transaction" with the connotation of "mediator", related to the Latin borrowing arillator, "middleman". This section and note depend on Rex Wallace's review of Martini in Language 65.1 (March 1989:187–188).

[30] Graves, Robert (1992). The Greek Myths. Penguin Books. p. 27. ISBN 978-0140171990.

[31] Diodorus Siculus, The Library of History 4.26.2

[32] Hyginus, Astronomica 2.21; Ovid, Fasti 5.164

[Hyginus,_Fabulae_192-33] Hyginus, Fabulae 192

[34] Hesiod, Works and Days 383; Apollodorus, 3.10.1; Ovid, Fasti 5.79

[35] Homer, Odyssey 1.52; Apollodorus, E7.24.

[36] Hyginus, Fabulae 82, 83

[37] Pausanias, Guide to Greece 8.12.7, 8.48.6

[38] Hyginus, Preface to Fabulae.

[39] Ashley Baynton-Williams. "The 'Lafreri school' of Italian mapmakers". Retrieved February 26, 2013.

[40] Vogel, L. Z.; Savva, Stavroula (1993-12-01). "Atlas personality". British Journal of Medical Psychology. 66 (4): 323–330. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1993.tb01758.x. ISSN 2044-8341. PMID 8123600.

[41] "Nautilus Cup". The Walters Art Museum.

[FOOTNOTEHomer,_The_OdysseyBook_VII_7.32-43] Homer, The Odyssey, Book VII 7.32.

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