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English: Anthroposophy lead section[edit]

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Anthroposophy
General
Anthroposophically inspired work
Philosophy

Anthroposophy is a philosophy founded in the early 20th century by the esotericist Rudolf Steiner that postulates the existence of an objective, intellectually comprehensible spiritual world, accessible to human experience. Followers of anthroposophy aim to develop mental faculties of spiritual discovery through a mode of thought independent of sensory experience.[1][2] They also aim to present their ideas in a manner verifiable by rational discourse and specifically seek a precision and clarity in studying the spiritual world mirroring that obtained by scientists investigating the physical world.

Anthroposophy has its roots in German idealist and mystical philosophies.[3] Steiner chose the term anthroposophy (from anthropo-, human, and Sophia, wisdom) to emphasize his philosophy's humanistic orientation.[1][4] He defined it as "a scientific exploration of the spiritual world",[5] and others have variously called it a 'philosophy and cultural movement",[6] a "spiritual movement",[7] a spiritual science ,[8] or "a system of thought".[9] Anthroposophical ideas have been employed in alternative movements in many areas including education (both in Waldorf schools and in the Camphill movement), agriculture, medicine, banking, organizational development, and the arts.[1][10][11][12][13] The main organization for advocacy of Steiner's ideas, the Anthroposophical Society, is headquartered at the Goetheanum in Dornach, Switzerland.

Anthroposophy's supporters include Hilma af Klint, Pulitzer Prize-winning and Nobel Laureate Saul Bellow,[14] Nobel prize winner Selma Lagerlöf,[15] Andrei Bely,[16][17] Joseph Beuys,[18] Owen Barfield, architect Walter Burley Griffin,[19] Wassily Kandinsky,[20][21] Andrei Tarkovsky,[22] Bruno Walter,[23] Right Livelihood Award winners Sir George Trevelyan,[24] and Ibrahim Abouleish,[25] child psychiatrist Eva Frommer,[26][27] Fortune magazine editor Russell Davenport, Romuva (Lithuanian pagan) religious founder Vydūnas, and former president of Georgia, Zviad Gamsakhurdia. Albert Schweitzer was a friend of Steiner's and was supportive of his ideals for cultural renewal.[28] The historian of religion Olav Hammer has termed anthroposophy "the most important esoteric society in European history."[29] However, many scientists and physicians, including Michael Shermer, Michael Ruse, Edzard Ernst, David Gorski, and Simon Singh have criticized anthroposophy's application in the areas of medicine, biology, agriculture, and education to be dangerous and pseudoscientific.[30][31][32][33]

Deutsch: de:Anthroposophie lead section[edit]

Als Anthroposophie (von ἄνθρωπος „Mensch“ und σοφία „Weisheit“) werden eine von Rudolf Steiner (1861–1925) begründete, weltweit vertretene spirituelle und esoterische Weltanschauung sowie der zugehörige Ausbildungs- und Erkenntnisweg bezeichnet. Die Anthroposophie versucht, Elemente des deutschen Idealismus, der Weltanschauung Goethes, der Gnosis,[34] christlicher Mystik, fernöstlicher Lehren sowie der naturwissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse zu Steiners Zeit miteinander zu verbinden. Eine Hauptquelle der anthroposophischen Lehre bilden die Erkenntnisse, die Rudolf Steiner nach eigenen Aussagen aus seinen Erforschungen einer für ihn bestehenden geistigen Welt erlangt hat.

Ein zentraler Aspekt war und ist eine Anwendung des Evolutionsgedankens auf die spirituelle Entwicklung. Dabei verarbeitete Steiner evolutionäre Ansätze sowohl des Darwinisten Ernst Haeckel als auch der modernen Theosophie, wie sie Helena Petrovna Blavatsky vertrat. Die Anthroposophie sucht – im Gegensatz zu Vertretern eines rein säkular naturwissenschaftlich orientierten Fortschrittsgedankens – die Menschheit und ihre Entwicklung spirituell und übersinnlich zu verstehen,[35] setzt sich dabei aber von der Theosophie und ihrer Orientierung an der östlichen Religiosität ab. Die Einbeziehung und Neuinterpretation der Evolution führte ebenso wie bei Haeckel und anderen Zeitgenossen Steiners zu Kontroversen um mögliche sozialdarwinistische und rassistische Aspekte.

Angeregt von Steiners Ideen existiert in vielen Bereichen eine „Anwendungs-Anthroposophie“, die bis heute zur Attraktivität der anthroposophischen Bewegung beiträgt. Hierzu zählen unter anderem die Anthroposophische Architektur, die Waldorfpädagogik, die anthroposophische Medizin, die Naturkosmetik der Marke Weleda, die biologisch-dynamische Landwirtschaft, die Eurythmie und Die Christengemeinschaft.[36]

References from both versions[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Robert McDermott, The Essential Steiner, ISBN 0-06-065345-0, pp. 3–11, 392–5
  2. ^ "Anthroposophy", Encyclopædia Britannica online, accessed 10/09/07
  3. ^ Christian Clement (ed.), Rudolf Steiner: Schriften über Mystik, Mysterienwesen und Religionsgeschichte. Frommann-holzboog Verlag, Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, 2013. ISBN 978-3-7728-2635-1. p. xlii
  4. ^ Rudolf Steiner, Waldorf Education and Anthroposophy, Anthroposophic Press 1995 ISBN 0880103876
  5. ^ Steiner, Rudolf (1965). Philosophie und Anthroposophie: Gesammelte Aufsätze, 1904-1918 (in German). Verlag der Rudolf Steiner-Nachlassverwaltung.
  6. ^ Handbook of new religions and cultural production. Carole M. Cusack, Alex Norman. Leiden: BRILL. 2012. ISBN 978-90-04-22648-7. OCLC 794328527.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  7. ^ Phillips, D. C. (2014-05-19). Encyclopedia of Educational Theory and Philosophy. SAGE Publications. p. 847. ISBN 978-1-4833-6475-9.
  8. ^ Steiner, Rudolf (2002). What is anthroposophy? : three perspectives on self-knowledge. Christopher Bamford. Great Barrington, MA: Anthroposophic Press. ISBN 0-88010-506-2. OCLC 49531507.
  9. ^ Weiner, Irving B.; Craighead, W. Edward (2010-01-19). The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology, Volume 1. John Wiley & Sons. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-470-17025-0.
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference Willmann was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ Heiner Ullrich, "Rudolf Steiner", Prospects: the quarterly review of comparative education (Paris, UNESCO: International Bureau of Education), vol. XXIV, no. 3/4, 1994, p. 555–572.
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference Schneider was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ Ullrich, Heiner (2010). Rudolf Steiner: Leben und Lehre. Munich: C. H. Beck. p. 9.
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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  25. ^ Cite error: The named reference :11 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  26. ^ Cite error: The named reference :12 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  27. ^ Cite error: The named reference :13 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  28. ^ Cite error: The named reference :14 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  29. ^ Olav Hammer, Claiming Knowledge: Strategies of Epistemology from Theosophy to the New Age, Brill 2004, pp. 329; 64f; 225-8; 176. See also p. 98,
  30. ^ The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience. ABC-CLIO. 2002. pp. 31–. ISBN 9781576076538.
  31. ^ Ruse, Michael (2013-09-25). The Gaia Hypothesis: Science on a Pagan Planet. University of Chicago Press. pp. 128–. ISBN 9780226060392. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  32. ^ "Schools of pseudoscience pose a serious threat to education | letters". the Guardian. The Guardian. 12 May 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  33. ^ Gorski, David (14 March 2011). "A University of Michigan Medical School alumnus confronts anthroposophic medicine at his alma mater". Science-Based Medicine. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  34. ^ So etwa Richard Geisen, der auf Grundlage eines detaillierten Vergleichs mit der antiken Gnosis von einem „anthroposophischem Gnostizismus“ bzw. von „Steiners gnostischem Gesamtsystem“ spricht. Siehe Richard Geisen: Anthroposophie und Gnostizismus. Darstellung, Vergleich und theologische Kritik. 1992, S. 522. Helmut Zander weist darauf hin, dass Steiner Eugen Heinrich Schmitts: Die Gnosis: Grundlagen der Weltanschauung einer edleren Kultur, 2 Bd., 1903/1907 überaus positiv besprochen hatte und es auch für seine Theoriebildung nutzte. Siehe Helmut Zander: Anthroposophie in Deutschland. Band 1, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2007, S. 736, FN 698.
  35. ^ Johannes Hemleben: Rudolf Steiner und Ernst Haeckel. Verlag Freies Geistesleben, Stuttgart 1965.
  36. ^ Ulrich Linse: Theosophie/Anthroposophie. In: Metzler Lexikon Religion. Gegenwart – Alltag – Medien. J.B. Metzler, Stuttgart/Weimar 2005, Bd. 3, S. 493.
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