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User:Ktashkulov/Poppers

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Poppers and Sex Risks

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The use of poppers in combination with anal sex, mostly by gay men, shows a trend where users are more likely to have and transmit or more likely to be infected with HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs)[1][2][3]. Though these correlations cannot be confirmed as they have not been tested in clinical trials. Abuse of poppers may cause a temporary loss of social inhibitions and therefore could lead to a poor practice of sexual practices, such as using less protection. Using poppers in conjunction with other drugs only increases the chance that one would practice unsafe sexual practices. People that already practice high-risk sexual behavior will have a higher chance of continued high-risk sexual behavior if poppers and other drugs are used[4].

Cyanide Treatment

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Amyl nitrites are a part of one of the United States cyanide standard kits used to treat cyanide poisoning . The Lilly Cyanide Antidote Kit was the first cyanide kit available in the US and was the only approved kit for a long time. The kit contained amyl nitrite, sodium nitrite, and sodium thiosulfate. The nitrites themselves were administered to produce methemoglobin and induce vasodilation[5][6]. Amyl nitrites were discontinued in 2012 in standard cyanide kits along with the Lilly Cyanide Antidote Kit itself, possibly due to the toxicity present[7]. The US standard antidote kit now uses hydroxocobalmin that are found in Cyanokits[8].

19th-Century discovery

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Amyl nitrites were originally enclosed in a glass mesh called "pearls". The usual administration of these pearls was done by crushing them between the fingers; this was followed up by a popping sound. This administration process seems to be the origin of the slang term "poppers". It was then administered by direct inhalation of the vapours or inhalation through silk that covered the capsule. Brunton found that amyl nitrites had effects of dilating blood vessels and flushing of the face. Butyl nitrites were also documented around the late 1890s by Brunton and despite being found to have generally the same effects of amyl nitrites, they were never used as a clinical alternative to amyl nitrates. Brunton also found that propyl nitrites had the same effects as well[9][10].

21st-century Presence

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Poppers have seen widespread use among swingers[11], circuit parties[12], and are seen as a "club-drug"[13]

Japan and Poppers

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In 2007, numerous compounds and one plant were listed as designated substances or narcotics. Six of these compounds were alkyl nitrites that were listed as designated substances. After this new designation, the distribution of the alkyl nitrates in the illegal drug market drastically went down. In 2014, the classification of designated substances was changed to "dangerous drugs" in the revised Pharmaceutical Affairs Law. This was to define substances that have high probabilities of nervous system stimulation, suppression, or hallucination[14][15].

Alkyl Nitrates are listed as a part of Japan's "Poisonous and Deleterious Substances Control Act". This act requires for manufacturers, importers, and distributors of the substances listed under this act to acquire a license and be registered under this act before engaging in said relevant business practices. It also requires that the persons under this act to comply and meet the standards set for storing, containing, labelling, transferring, and storing equipment of the substances. Most of the alkyl nitrates are listed under this act including isobutyl nitrites, amyl nitrites, butyl nitrites, methyl nitrites, and isopropyl nitrites.[16]

US and Poppers:

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Can be sold as "commercial products" that do not have the intent of inhalation or other ways of introducing nitrites to the human body. Due to this, they are often marketed as room deodorizers, incense, and other commercially appropriate products.

There was a huge increase in the number of brands for butyl nitrites after the FDA put in the prescription requirement again in 1969[4].

Butyl nitrites were outlawed in 1988 by the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988[17]. This prompted distributors to sell other alkyl nitrates not yet banned, like ispropyl nitrites[4]. In 1990, isopropyl nitrites and other nitrites not yet banned were outlawed by the Crime Control Act of 1990[18]. Both of these laws include an "exception for commercial purpose, defined as any use other than for the production of consumer products containing volatile alkyl nitrites meant for inhaling or otherwise introducing volatile alkyl nitrites into the human body for euphoric or physical effects"(Taken from article).

  1. ^ Xu, Jun-Jie; Zhang, Chen; Hu, Qing-Hai; Chu, Zhen-Xing; Zhang, Jing; Li, Yong-Ze; Lu, Lin; Wang, Zhe; Fu, Ji-Hua; Chen, Xi; Yan, Hong-Jing (2014-12-02). "Recreational drug use and risks of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among Chinese men who have sex with men: Mediation through multiple sexual partnerships". BMC Infectious Diseases. 14 (1): 642. doi:10.1186/s12879-014-0642-9. ISSN 1471-2334. PMC 4272794. PMID 25443542.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  2. ^ Hickson, Ford; Bonell, Chris; Weatherburn, Peter; Reid, David (2010-01-01). "Illicit drug use among men who have sex with men in England and Wales". Addiction Research & Theory. 18 (1): 14–22. doi:10.3109/16066350902770433. ISSN 1606-6359.
  3. ^ Daskalopoulou, Marina; Rodger, Alison; Phillips, Andrew N; Sherr, Lorraine; Speakman, Andrew; Collins, Simon; Elford, Jonathan; Johnson, Margaret A; Gilson, Richard; Fisher, Martin; Wilkins, Ed (2014-10-01). "Recreational drug use, polydrug use, and sexual behaviour in HIV-diagnosed men who have sex with men in the UK: results from the cross-sectional ASTRA study". The Lancet HIV. 1 (1): e22–e31. doi:10.1016/S2352-3018(14)70001-3. ISSN 2352-3018.
  4. ^ a b c Romanelli, Frank; Smith, Kelly M.; Thornton, Alice C.; Pomeroy, Claire (2004). "Poppers: Epidemiology and Clinical Management of Inhaled Nitrite Abuse". Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy. 24 (1): 69–78. doi:10.1592/phco.24.1.69.34801. ISSN 1875-9114.
  5. ^ Johnson, W. S.; Hall, A. H.; Rumack, B. H. (1989-07). "Cyanide poisoning successfully treated without 'therapeutic methemoglobin levels'". The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 7 (4): 437–440. doi:10.1016/0735-6757(89)90057-0. ISSN 0735-6757. PMID 2567600. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ^ Marraffa, Jeanna M.; Cohen, Victor; Howland, Mary Ann (2012-02-01). "Antidotes for toxicological emergencies: A practical review". American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. 69 (3): 199–212. doi:10.2146/ajhp110014. ISSN 1079-2082.
  7. ^ "cyanide antidote kit (sodium thiosulfate, sodium nitrite, & amyl nitrite) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more". reference.medscape.com. Retrieved 2019-12-02.
  8. ^ Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and (2019-08-14). "Products Approved for Chemical Emergencies". FDA.
  9. ^ Newell, G. R.; Spitz, M. R.; Wilson, M. B. (1988). "Nitrite inhalants: historical perspective". NIDA research monograph. 83: 1–14. ISSN 1046-9516. PMID 3140018.
  10. ^ Brunton, Thomas Lauder (1898). Lectures on the Action of Medicines: Being the Course of Lectures on Pharmacology and Therapeutics Delivered at St. Bartholomew's Hospital During the Summer Session of 1896. Macmillan. pp. 332–339.
  11. ^ Spauwen, Laura W. L.; Niekamp, Anne-Marie; Hoebe, Christian J. P. A.; Dukers-Muijrers, Nicole H. T. M. (2015-02-01). "Drug use, sexual risk behaviour and sexually transmitted infections among swingers: a cross-sectional study in The Netherlands". Sexually Transmitted Infections. 91 (1): 31–36. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2014-051626. ISSN 1368-4973. PMID 25342812.
  12. ^ Mattison, Andrew M.; Ross, Michael W.; Wolfson, Tanya; Franklin, Donald (2001-09-01). "Circuit party attendance, club drug use, and unsafe sex in gay men". Journal of Substance Abuse. SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND HIV. 13 (1): 119–126. doi:10.1016/S0899-3289(01)00060-8. ISSN 0899-3289.
  13. ^ Fernández, M. Isabel; Perrino, Tatiana; Collazo, Jose B.; Varga, Leah M.; Marsh, David; Hernandez, Nilda; Rehbein, Alfredo; Bowen, G. Stephen (2005-03-01). "Surfing new territory: Club-drug use and risky sex among hispanic men who have sex with men recruited on the internet". Journal of Urban Health. 82 (1): i79–i88. doi:10.1093/jurban/jti027. ISSN 1468-2869. PMC 3456161. PMID 15738317.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  14. ^ Feng, Ling-Yi; Wada, Kiyoshi; Chung, Heesun; Han, Eunyoung; Li, Jih-Heng. "Comparison of legislative management for new psychoactive substances control among Taiwan, South Korea, and Japan". The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences. n/a (n/a). doi:10.1002/kjm2.12140. ISSN 2410-8650.
  15. ^ Kikura-Hanajiri, Ruri; Uchiyama, Nahoko; Kawamura, Maiko; Ogata, Jun; Goda, Yukihiro (2013). "[Prevalence of new designer drugs and their legal status in Japan]". Yakugaku Zasshi: Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan. 133 (1): 31–40. doi:10.1248/yakushi.12-00247-6. ISSN 1347-5231. PMID 23292017.
  16. ^ "Search Results - NITE-CHRIP (NITE Chemical Risk Information Platform)". www.nite.go.jp. Retrieved 2019-11-20.
  17. ^ "15 U.S. Code § 2057a - Banning of butyl nitrite". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 2019-12-02.
  18. ^ "15 U.S. Code § 2057b - Banning of isopropal nitrite and other nitrites". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 2019-12-02.
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