User:Kasepulveda/sandbox
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| Species: | paucihalophilus
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| Haladaptatus paucihalophilus Savage et al 2007, emend.[1]
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Haladaptatus paucihalophilus is a halophilic archaeal species, originally isolated from a spring in Oklahoma.[1] It uses a new pathway to synthesize glycine, and contains unique physiological features for osmoadaptation. [2]
Discovery[edit]
H. paucihalophilus was originally found in 2004 by Mostafa Elshahed et al, but was not classified as a species at the time; only the Halobacteriales were studied. [3] Kristen N. Savage et al, isolated H. paucihalophilus from the Zodletone Spring located in Oklahoma.[1] It was originally considered to have two different strains: DX253 and GY252[1]. However, the two strains were later deemed together as a single species since they have a 97.7% species similarity in 16S ribosomal RNA sequence analysis.[1] In order to isolate H. paucihalophilus specifically, soil samples from the spring were taken and later inoculated onto a halophile selected medium and then analyzed further after colonial growth.[1] Testing was done for Gram reaction, carbon source, acid production, growth at minimal salt concentration, and antibiotic sensitivity.[1] Also PCR was performed with the primers A1F and UA1406R.[1] H. paucihalophilus was named for its ability to grow in low-salt environments ("pauci" meaning small, "halo" meaning salt, "philus" meaning loving).[1]
Ecology[edit]
Most species within Halobacteriaceae can be found in environments, such as springs and marshes, that contain a high salt concentration.[1] However, it has been suggested that many of these archaeal species that have a high tolerance to salt can also exist in low-salt environments.[1] H. paucihalophilus is capable of surviving and growing within a broad range of salt concentrations, therefore it can also be found living in low-salt environments, much like Zodletone Spring.[1]
Phylogeny[edit]
On the basis of 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing Haladaptatus paucihalophilus is similar to the species Halalkalicoccus tibetensis by 89.5-90.8% with the differences concentrated at the base pairs of 1-200 and 400-800.[1] Differences with the phospholipid content in H. paucihalophilus when compared to other halophilic genera is what mainly constitutes differentiation.[1]
Characterization[edit]
Morphology[edit]
Haladaptatus paucihalophilus is a cocci-shaped chemoorganotroph, non-motile, and pink pigmented archaeal species.[1] H. paucihalophius cells are 1.2 micrometers in diameter with a doubling time of 12-13 hours and are found growing as single cells or in pairs of two.[1] This speceis contains the phospholipids: phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester, and phosphatidylglycerol sulfate.[1] It produces acid, grows at a pH range of 5.0-7.5, and it is able to grow in a wide range of salt concentrations from 0.8-5.1M.[1]
Metabolism[edit]
The flow of carbon for Haladaptatus paucihalophilus is done with the oxidative tricarboxylic acid cycle, however it does not use the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle. [4] It uses glutamic acid, histidine, norleucine, phenylalanine, D-glucuronic acid, aesculin, trehalose, dextrin, salicin, sucrose, fructose, xylose, glucose, galactose, glycerol, citrate, pyruvate, acetate, starch, lactate, mannitol, fumarate, and malate as sources of carbon.[1] H. paucihalophilus is aerobic so it uses oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor [5]. It is not capable using nitrate, sulfate, thiosulfate, elemental sulfur, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), or trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) as an electron acceptor for growth in anaerobic conditions.[1] In this species, lysine synthesis is done by the diaminopimelate pathway, the typical pathway for halophilic archaea.[4] H. paucihalophillus sets itself apart by its biosynthesis of glycine by using a mixture of three biosynthetic pathways, which are the serine hydroxymethyltransferase pathway, the threonine aldolase pathways, and the reverse of the glycine cleavage system.[4]
Genomics[edit]
The size of the genome of H. paucihalophilus is 4,317,540 total bases.[5] It contains 4,489 genes that of which 4,429 are protein coding genes.[5] The G-C content of H. paucihalophilus is 60.5 mol%. [1]
Scientific importance[edit]
This particular halophile has an importance in the scientific field because not only can it survive high salt concentrations but it can also tolerate low salt concentrations, making it a target species to study in the lab[4] It is also the first microbe to be recognized that is able to synthesize glycine using different pathways besides the typical serine hydroxymethyltransferase pathway.[4] H. paucihalophilus is an organism to study due to its unique physiological features for osmoadaptation, which is its ability to adjust to differences in osmolarity by having salt within its cytoplasm.[6][2]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Savage, K. N., Krumholz, L. R., Oren, A., Elshahed, M.S. “Haladaptatus paucihalophilus gen. nov., sp. nov., a halophilic archaeon isolated from a low-salt, sulfide-rich spring.” Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 57 (2007): 19-24. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.64464-0.
- ^ a b Youssef, N. H., Savage-Ashlock, K. N., McCully, A. L., Luedtke, B., Shaw, E. I., Hoff, W. D., & Elshahed, M. S. “Trehalose/2-sulfotrehalose biosynthesis and glycine-betaine uptake are widely spread mechanisms for osmoadaptation in the Halobacteriales.” The ISME Journal, 8(3) (2014): 636–649. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2013.165.
- ^ Elshahed, M.S., Najar, F. Z., Roe, B, A., Oren, A., Dewers, T. A. & Krumholz, L, R. “Survey of archael diversity reveals an abundance of halophilic Archaea on a low-salt, sulfide- and sulfur-rich spring.” Appl Environ Microbiol, 70 (2004): 2230-2239. doi: 10.1128/AEM.70.4.2230-2239.2004.
- ^ a b c d e Liu, G., Zhang, M., Mo, T., He, L., Zhang, W., Yu, Y., . . . Ding, W. “Metabolic flux analysis of the halophilic archaeon haladaptatus paucihalophilus.” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 467(4) (2015): 1058-1062.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.09.174.
- ^ a b c Markowitzl, Victor M; Chen, I-Min A.; Palaniappan, Krishna; Chu, Ken; Szeto, Ernest; Grechkin, Yuri; Ratner, Anna; Jacob, Biju; Huang, Jinghua; Williams, Peter; Huntemann, Marcel; Anderson, Iain; Marvromatis, Konstantinos; Ivanova, Natalia N.; Kyrpides, Nikos C. "Haladaptatus paucihalophilus DX253". IMG: the integrated microbial genomes database and comparative analysis system. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
- ^ Sleator, Roy D; Hill, Colin (2002). "Bacterial osmoadaptation: the role of osmolytes in bacterial stress and virulence". FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 26 (1): 49-71. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2002.tb00598.x.