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Early Life

Richard W. Clarke was born in Hansborough, England, on December 15th, 1845. He lived here for the first sixteen years of his life, before immigrating to the United States in 1861. Motivated by the stories of recent gold discoveries, Clarke made his way to Illinois where he fell in with a band of prospectors. At the height of excitement about gold discoveries in the Black Hills, Clarke traveled the Overland Trail into the Dakota territories; completing the trip took over two months. Clarke joined the illegal settlement at Deadwood and was instrumental in building the town. The town flourished, despite the fact that the land of the Black Hills had been granted to the local Lakota people by the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie.

Career

Richard Clarke was widely considered to be a hero of the Old West – a man who endured the hardships of frontier life, engaged in mining, battled Amerindians, worked for the [[Pony Express], acted as a local guide, and was employed as an assistant to United States Marshals.

Clarke fought alongside George Armstrong Custer at the [Battle of Little Bighorn]], in eastern Montana Territory on June 25th and 26th, 1876. The 7th Cavalry Regiment, led by Custer, faced the combined forces of the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho peoples, but the United States effort was a failure, and the battle resulted in the deaths of Custer and a casualty rate of 52%, with 300 military personnel either dead or wounded. Clarke managed to both escape the carnage and to establish his reputation as a respected Indian fighter. Following the battle, Clarke devoted time to refuting the rumor that Custer’s death had been a suicide and supporting the notion that the military leader met his end at the hands of the Indians they were fighting^[1] .

Settling in Deadwood, Clarke claimed the acquaintance of such notable figures as Wild Bill Hickok, Calamity Jane, Buffalo Bill Cody, Poker Alice Tubbs, and Captain Jack Crawford^[2]. Clarke himself adopted the moniker of Deadwood Dick, long before Deadwood Dick became a famous fictional character^[3].

The majority of Clarke’s working life was spent driving and guarding stage coaches, fighting off bandits and Amerindians in order to protect the gold being transported out of the Black Hills.

"Deadwood Dick and the Dime Novel

Many people believed Clarke to be the inspiration behind a number of dime novels published between 1877 and 1897, written by Edward Lytton Wheeler, and starring a protagonist named Deadwood Dick. These novels were so popular that Clarke was able to use their fame to boost his own public profile; many other Deadwood residents also adopted the name. The fictional Deadwood Dick was a fearless frontiersman, and his history shared many biographical details with Clarke. However, it was never established with any certainty that Wheeler had based his character on Clarke. Although there would eventually be number of writers on the fictional exploits of Deadwood Dick, Wheeler's first serial would run from 1877 through 1885: Deadwood Dick starred in 31 stories before the death of his creator. At this point, Beadle and Adams - publishers of the original books - introduced Deadwood Dick Jr., who was almost indistinguishable from his fictional father, and was the protagonist of a further 70 stories.

The fictional Dick was a plainsman, who spent most of his time dealing with trouble in mining camps, but highwaymen who preyed on stage coach travelers, kidnappers, and Calamity Jane helped occupy Dick's quieter hours. Although Dick lacked the moral compass of other Western heroes, such as Buffalo Bill Cody, Wheeler's protagonist could engage in activities that would have been problematic to other protagonists. Deadwood Dick was virile, violent, and invincible in combat, but due to periods of rages and despair, he did sometimes operate outside of the law^[4].

There has been speculation the Clarke himself was the author of Wheeler's Deadwood Dick series, but this has never been sufficiently proven^[5] .

Later Career

Described as short, “long-haired and long-winded,” Clarke provided visitors to Deadwood with a physical representation of the popular literary character. For a period, Clarke made a living in Deadwood by selling “rusty old guns with phony histories, homemade scalps, and pin ups of himself^[6]."

Clarke spent some time traveling with Buffalo Bill’s Wild West show. The show played to the American fascination with the West and frontier life, and was a circus-like attraction featuring recreations of life in the West, shooting contests, displays of horsemanship, and usually closing with a staged Amerindian attack on a settler cabin. Clarke proved popular with audiences, and achieved some success with his own spinoff show. In his later years, Clarke was employed by the Deadwood town administration to act as a guide for visiting tourists. Provided with a residence adjacent to the town’s tourist park, Clarke dressed in buckskins and would regale visitors with stories of his past as an adventurer and warrior.

In 1927, Clarke met then President, Calvin Coolidge when the summer White House was established near Rapid City, South Dakota. At the age of 82, in 1929, Clarke made the journey from the Black Hills to Washington, D.C., for the express purpose of extending a personal invitation to President Coolidge to visit Deadwood. He opted to travel by plane, and was pleased that the flight from Rapid City to Chicago took four and a half hours as opposed to the two months it took to cross the Overland Trail. His appearance back East attracted a great deal of press interest, and the many scars that attested to Deadwood Dick’s violent past fascinated journalists. Clarke proved very interested in seeing the sites of the East but considered the region “effete” and publicly declared that he could never live away from the Black Hills^[7] .

Death

Clarke passed away in 1930, at the age of 83 after an extended illness. With his passing, American was said to have lost “one of the last picturesque characters of the old west.” Clarke was buried in the Black Hills, just outside of Deadwood.

References

^ Hennessy, M. E. (July 16, 1927). "Was Gen Custer a Suicide?". Boston Daily Globe. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Hume, Janice (2000). Obituaries in American culture. Jackson, Miss.: Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 123. ISBN 157806242X.
^ Hendrickson, Robert (2000). The Facts on File dictionary of American regionalisms. New York: Facts on File. p. 471. ISBN 0816041563.
^ Murdoch, David H. (2003). The American West : the invention of a myth ([Nachdr.] ed.). Reno [u.a.]: University of Nevada Press. p. 52. ISBN 0874173698.
^ Hart, James D. (1995). The Oxford companion to American literature (6. ed. / with rev. and add. by Phillip W. Leininger. ed.). New York u.a.: Oxford Univ. Press. p. 163. ISBN 0195065484.
^ McLoughlin, Denis (1977). The encyclopedia of the old West. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. p. 97. ISBN 0710086288.
^ ""Deadwood Dick" Invites Coolidge to Vist Dakotas: Famous Indian Fighter, Here by Airplane, Recalls Fights". The Washington Post. November 11, 1928. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)

Comments

Jane, you have dug up a lot of interesting information on Richard Clark (Deadwood Dick). The "Career" section is particularly well done and informative. I also like your prose: you have successfully presented the information from a neutral point of view. That being said, I feel as though the "Early Life", "Death", and even "Career" section could be expanded on. Of course, I don't know how much scholarship exists on Richard Clarke. Also, you have not included a bibliography nor have you substantiated factual information with footnotes/references to specific sources. I think an image (images) of Deadwood Dick would help as well. All in all, a very solid article that will be excellent after further editing. I rate it a 3 right now, but foresee a 5 when changes are made. Farnumm (talk) 15:45, 27 March 2013 (UTC)

[1] Hennessy, M. E. (July 16, 1927). "Was Gen Custer a Suicide?". Boston Daily Globe. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)

[2] Hume, Janice (2000). Obituaries in American culture. Jackson, Miss.: Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 123. ISBN 157806242X.

[3] Hendrickson, Robert (2000). The Facts on File dictionary of American regionalisms. New York: Facts on File. p. 471. ISBN 0816041563.

[4] Murdoch, David H. (2003). The American West : the invention of a myth ([Nachdr.] ed.). Reno [u.a.]: University of Nevada Press. p. 52. ISBN 0874173698.

[5] Hart, James D. (1995). The Oxford companion to American literature (6. ed. / with rev. and add. by Phillip W. Leininger. ed.). New York u.a.: Oxford Univ. Press. p. 163. ISBN 0195065484.

[6] McLoughlin, Denis (1977). The encyclopedia of the old West. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. p. 97. ISBN 0710086288.

[7] ""Deadwood Dick" Invites Coolidge to Vist Dakotas: Famous Indian Fighter, Here by Airplane, Recalls Fights". The Washington Post. November 11, 1928. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)

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