User:Iyannuzzi/Entylia carinata
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Article Draft[edit]
Entylia carinata, commonly known as the keeled treehopper, is a species of treehopper in the family Membracidae. They can be found in Brazil, Panama, Mexico, the United States, and Canada. Keeled treehoppers are often attended by ants which feed on the honeydew they excrete. In return, the ants offer the treehoppers protection from predators.[1] Keeled treehoppers typically feed on plants in the aster family and are not considered significant plant pests or known to transmit plant diseases.[1][edit]
Biology[edit]
Morphology[edit]
Keeled treehoppers have unique saddle shaped keels, and are small and brown.[2] The species exhibits sexual dimorphism, females are typically 1/4 of an inch (6.35 mm) long with more pronounced keels while males are smaller, and their keels less noticeable.[2] On occasion, males appear so differently that they are misidentified.[2]
Life Cycle[edit]
As adults, keeled treehoppers spend the winter months in leaf litter and debris, finally emerging in March.[2] They begin to reproduce and implant their eggs on aster leafs.[2] During this time of year plants produce vulnerable growth and soft tissues which make it an optimal time to embed their eggs.[2] Occasionally the laid eggs cause the leaf to fold over, forming a protected environment for the nymphs to develop in once they hatch.[2]
Behavior[edit]
Keeled treehoppers mothers exhibit parental care and spend time protecting their egg masses.[2] They are phloem feeders, and their diet consists of liquids extracted from plants.[3] Plant sap, while a convenient material to feed on, is lacking in many different nutrients including essential amino acids.[4] Because their food source is so nutrient poor, keeled treehoppers rely on gut symbionts in order to supplement their diet.[3]
Range[edit]
Common Host Plants[edit]
Keeled treehoppers can be found on plants such as asters, baccharis, fleabane, goldenrod, sunflowers, oaks, dogwood, solanum, dahlias, and many more.[2] However, they exhibit a preference for plants in the family Asteraceae.[1]
Geographic Distribution[edit]
These insects can be found in Canada, the eastern United States, Mexico, Central America, and South America.[5]
Symbiosis[edit]
Like many other species in the family Membracidae, keeled treehoppers have ant-tending mutualism.[3] Ants care for both nymphs and adults.[6] The ant species know to live symbiotically with keeled treehoppers are Camponotus ferrugineus, Formica subsericea, Prenolepis imparis, Tapinoma sessile, and Camponotus pennsylvanicus.[6] Ants feed on treehopper honeydew and in return, fend off predators and facilitate feeding.[7] Honeydew feeding not only benefits ants, but also prevents nymphs from becoming trapped in the sticky material and prevents sooty molds from growing on the host plants.[7]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c "Keeled Treehopper". NC State Extension Publications. NC State University. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Keeled Treehopper | NC State Extension Publications". content.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2021-10-08.
- ^ a b c Mao, Meng; Yang, Xiushuai; Bennett, Gordon. "The complete mitochondrial genome of Entylia carinata (Hemiptera: Membracidae)". Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources. 1 (1): 662–663. doi:10.1080/23802359.2016.1219629. ISSN 2380-2359. PMC 7800129. PMID 33473588.
- ^ Mao, Meng; Yang, Xiushuai; Poff, Kirsten; Bennett, Gordon (2017-06). "Comparative Genomics of the Dual-Obligate Symbionts from the Treehopper, Entylia carinata (Hemiptera: Membracidae), Provide Insight into the Origins and Evolution of an Ancient Symbiosis". Genome Biology and Evolution. 9 (6): 1803–1815. doi:10.1093/gbe/evx134. ISSN 1759-6653. PMC 5533117. PMID 28854637.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ "Entylia carinata Förster - Encyclopedia of Life". eol.org. Retrieved 2021-10-14.
- ^ a b Flynn, Dawn; Elliott, Todd F.; Stanley, Allein (2018-11-02). "New host record for Entylia carinata (Forster) (Hemiptera: Membracidae)". Insecta Mundi.
- ^ a b Morales, Manuel A. (2000). "Mechanisms and Density Dependence of Benefit in an Ant–Membracid Mutualism". Ecology. 81 (2): 482–489. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[0482:MADDOB]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1939-9170.