User:Ichthyovenator/Timeline of ancient Assyria

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For a general overview of Assyrian history, both ancient and modern, see history of the Assyrians. For the ancient Assyrians' own timeline records, see eponym dating system.
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

This timeline of ancient Assyria comprises important political events in ancient Assyria, from the beginning of the Early Assyrian period c. 2600 BC to the fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 609 BC.

Millennia: 3rd BC · 2nd BC · 1st BC

Centuries: 26th BC · 25th BC · 24th BC · 23rd BC · 22nd BC · 21st BC · 20th BC · 19th BC · 18th BC · 17th BC · 16th BC · 15th BC · 14th BC · 13th BC · 12th BC · 11th BC · 10th BC · 9th BC · 8th BC · 7th BC

3rd millennium BC[edit]

26th century BC[edit]

Year Event
Early Assyrian period, c. 2600–2025 BC
c. 2600 BC Assur is founded.[1] It begins its history as a Hurrian[2][3] settlement surrounding a temple dedicated to the goddess Ishtar.[4]

25th century BC[edit]

Year Event
Uncertain In the Early Dynastic Period, Assur for a brief time falls under the hegemony of the Sumerian city of Kish.[5]

24th century BC[edit]

Year Event
Uncertain Assur falls under the control of the Akkadian Empire, probably in the reign of Sargon of Akkad (c. 2334–2279 BC).[5]

23rd century BC[edit]

Year Event
Uncertain Ititi serves as governor of Assur under Rimush of Akkad (c. 2279–2270 BC).[6]
Uncertain Azuzu serves as governor of Assur under Manishtushu of Akkad (c. 2270–2255 BC).[6]

22nd century BC[edit]

Year Event
Uncertain Assur is sacked and destroyed by the Lullubi. The city is later rebuilt.[7]
c. 2154 BC Collapse and fall of the Akkadian Empire. Political status of Assur uncertain.[8]
Uncertain Assur falls under the control of the Third Dynasty of Ur.[9]

21st century BC[edit]

Year Event
c. 2050 BC Zariqum is first attested as Assur's governor under the Third Dynasty of Ur.[10]
c. 2041 BC Zariqum is last attested as Assur's governor under the Third Dynasty of Ur.[10]
Old Assyrian period, c. 2025–1364 BC
c. 2025 BC Puzur-Ashur I becomes king and Assur becomes independent of the Third Dynasty of Ur as a city-state.[11][12]
Uncertain Earliest known Assyrian royal inscription, by Puzur-Ashur I's son and successor Shalim-ahum.[13]

2nd millennium BC[edit]

20th century BC[edit]

Year Event
c. 1974 BC Erishum I becomes king.[14]
Uncertain Erishum I initiates free trade,[15] allowing the populace of Assur to trade freely, paving the way for the city to develop into an important trading center.[16]
c. 1950 BC Earliest recorded evidence from the Old Assyrian trading colony at Kültepe in Anatolia.[17]
c. 1934 BC Ikunum becomes king.[14]
c. 1920 BC Sargon I becomes king.[14]

19th century BC[edit]

Year Event
c. 1880 BC Puzur-Ashur II becomes king.[14]
c. 1872 BC Naram-Sin becomes king.[14]
c. 1836 BC The Assyrian trading colony at Kültepe is burnt down, but is rebuilt shortly thereafter.[17]
c. 1818 BC Erishum II becomes king.[14]
c. 1808 BC The Amorite conqueror Shamshi-Adad I, ruler of Ekallatum, conquers Assur and incorporates it into his Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia.[14][18]

18th century BC[edit]

Year Event
c. 1785 BC Shamshi-Adad I, ruling from Shubat-Enlil, grants his sons portions of his kingdom as vassals. Assur and Ekallatum are granted to Ishme-Dagan I.[19]
c. 1776 BC Shamshi-Adad I dies and the Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia collapses.[20] Ishme-Dagan I, ruling from Ekallatum, retains control over Assur.[21][22]
c. 1772 BC Ibal-pi-el II of Eshnunna invades and temporarily occupies Ishme-Dagan I's realm, including both Ekallatum and Assur.[23]
c. 1761 BC Assur is temporarily conquered and incorporated into the Old Babylonian Empire under Hammurabi.[24]
Uncertain Assur becomes an independent city-state again, perhaps still ruled by Shamshi-Adad I's descendants.[21]
Uncertain The poorly attested king Puzur-Sin usurps power in Assur and ends the Shamshi-Adad dynasty's rule over the city.[25]
Uncertain Ashur-dugul usurps power in Assur, his rule is perhaps opposed by several usurpers and rivals.[26]

17th century BC[edit]

Year Event
c. 1700 BC Bel-bani becomes king.[27] He founds the Adaside dynasty, which rules Assyria for almost a thousand years.[28]
c. 1690 BC Libaya becomes king.[29]
c. 1673 BC Sharma-Adad I becomes king.[30]
c. 1661 BC Iptar-Sin becomes king.[31]
c. 1649 BC Bazaya becomes king.[27]
c. 1621 BC Lullaya, possibly a usurper, becomes king.[25][29]
c. 1615 BC Shu-Ninua becomes king.[32]
c. 1601 BC Sharma-Adad II becomes king.[30]

16th century BC[edit]

Year Event
c. 1598 BC Erishum III becomes king.[33]
c. 1595 BC Mesopotamia is invaded by the Hittite king Mursili I. Mursili destroys the Old Babylonian Empire, facilitating the rise of kingdoms such as Mitanni and Kassite Babylonia.[34]
c. 1585 BC Shamshi-Adad II becomes king.[30]
c. 1579 BC Ishme-Dagan II becomes king.[35]
c. 1563 BC Shamshi-Adad III becomes king.[35]
c. 1547 BC Ashur-nirari I becomes king.[35]
c. 1521 BC Puzur-Ashur III becomes king. Assur (possibly now controlling some land in the vicinity of the city) and Babylonia first enter into diplomacy/conflict in his reign.[36]

15th century BC[edit]

Year Event
c. 1497 BC Enlil-nasir I becomes king.[37]
c. 1484 BC Nur-ili becomes king.[37]
c. 1473 BC Ashur-shaduni becomes king.[37]
c. 1472 BC Ashur-rabi I becomes king.[37]
c. 1452 BC Ashur-nadin-ahhe I becomes king.[37]
c. 1430 BC Assur is subjugated by Mitanni as a vassal kingdom.[38]
Enlil-nasir II becomes king.[14]
c. 1424 BC Ashur-nirari II becomes king.[14]
c. 1417 BC Ashur-bel-nisheshu becomes king.[39]
c. 1408 BC Ashur-rim-nisheshu becomes king.[39]

14th century BC[edit]

Year Event
c. 1400 BC Ashur-nadin-ahhe II becomes king.[39]
c. 1390 BC Eriba-Adad I becomes king.[39]
Middle Assyrian Empire, c. 1363–912 BC
c. 1363 BC Ashur-uballit I becomes king.[39]
Assyria becomes an independent territorial state under Ashur-uballit I, who claims equal standing with the pharaohs and Hittite kings.[40]
Uncertain Ashur-uballit I conducts successful campaigns in the south.[41]
Uncertain Ashur-uballit I seals peace with Babylonia through marrying his daughter Muballitat-Serua to the Babylonian king Burnaburiash II.[41]
c. 1332 BC Ashur-uballit I defeats the Babylonian usurper Nazi-Bugash and sets up Kurigalzu II, son of Burnaburiash II, as king of Babylon.[41][42]
c. 1327 BC Enlil-nirari becomes king.[39]
Uncertain Kurigalzu II, installed as king of Babylon by the Assyrians, betrays their alliance and attacks Assyria. He is defeated and driven back near Sugagu.[43]
c. 1317 BC Arik-den-ili becomes king.[39]
c. 1305 BC Adad-nirari I becomes king.[39]

13th century BC [WIP][edit]

Year Event
Year Text

12th century BC [WIP][edit]

Year Event
Year Text

11th century BC [WIP][edit]

Year Event
Year Text

1st millennium BC[edit]

10th century BC [WIP][edit]

Year Event
Year Text
Neo-Assyrian Empire, 911–609 BC
Year Text

9th century BC [WIP][edit]

Year Event
Year Text

8th century BC [WIP][edit]

Year Event
727 BC Shalmaneser V becomes king.
722 BC Sargon II becomes king, presumably seizing the throne from Shalmaneser V in a palace coup and founding the Sargonid dynasty. His accession is met with considerable opposition within the Assyrian heartland itself.[44]
721 BC Peripheral regions of the empire use the instability caused by Sargon II's accession to rebel, including Babylonia under Marduk-apla-iddina II and much of Syria under Yahu-Bihdi.[45]
720 BC Sargon II fails to defeat Marduk-apla-iddina II but defeats Yahu-Bihdi and cements Assyrian control over the northern Levant.[46]

7th century BC[edit]

Year Event
700 BC Unrest in Babylonia. Sennacherib removes Bel-ibni from office, campaigns against the instigating Marduk-apla-iddina II and Mushezib-Marduk, and sets up his son Ashur-nadin-shumi as king of Babylon.[47]
699 BC Sennacherib conducts some raids against the villages around the foot of Mount Judi.[48]
698 BC Sennacherib's generals lead a campaign against Kirua, an Assyrian governor revolting in Cilicia.[48]
695 BC Sennacherib's generals lead a campaign against the city of Tegarama.[48]
694 BC Sennacherib invades Elam with the goal to root out Marduk-apla-iddina II and his supporters, who had taken refuge there. In retaliation, the Elamite king Hallushu-Inshushinak invades Babylonia, captures Ashur-nadin-shumi, and probably has him executed.[49] The Elamites proclaim Nergal-ushezib as king of Babylon.[50] Sennacherib's younger son Arda-Mulissu becomes the Assyrian crown prince in Ashur-nadin-shumi's stead.[51]
Nergal-ushezib is defeated and captured in battle. Babylon continues to oppose the Assyrians, now with Mushezib-Marduk as king.[52]
691 BC The Battle of Halule: Sennacherib fights the Elamite king Humban-Numena III and some Babylonian forces. The results of the battle are unclear since both sides claimed victory.[53]
690 BC Sennacherib embarks on his final campaign against Babylonia and besieges Babylon.[54]
689 BC Sennacherib captures and destroys Babylon,[55] hoping to destroy Babylonia as a political entity.[56]
684 BC Sennacherib for unknown reasons replaces Arda-Mulissu as heir with the younger son Esarhaddon.[51]
681 BC Arda-Mulissu and the younger son Nabu-shar-usur attack and murder Sennacherib, hoping to seize the throne.[51]
Esarhaddon defeats Arda-Mulissu's supporters after six weeks of civil war and becomes king.[51]
680 BC Esarhaddon begins his project to rebuild Babylon.[57]
679 BC The Cimmerians invade the westernmost provinces of the Assyrian Empire.[58]
677 BC Esarhaddon recaptures the rebellious city of Sidon in Syria. The king of Sidon, Abdi-Milkutti, escapes by boat but is captured and executed a year later.[59]
676 BC The Cimmerians penetrate deep into Assyrian territory but are defeated by Esarhaddon and his army.[58]
675 BC The Elamites invade Babylonia and capture Sippar. The conflict is resolved peacefully after the death of the Elamite king Khumban-khaltash II and Sippar is returned.[60]
674 BC Esarhaddon names his eldest son Sin-nadin-apli crown prince.[61]
673 BC Esarhaddon unsuccessfully invades Egypt, one of the worst defeats of the Assyrian Empire.[62]
672 BC Sin-nadin-apli dies; Esarhaddon replaces him as heir with the younger son Ashurbanipal and designates his eldest son Shamash-shum-ukin as the heir to Babylon.[61]
671 BC Esarhaddon invades and conquers Egypt, bringing the Assyrian Empire to its greatest extent.[63]
The usurper Sasî unsuccessfully attempts to wrestle the throne from Esarhaddon.[64]
669 BC Ashurbanipal becomes king of Assyria and Shamash-shum-ukin becomes king in Babylon.[65]
c. 667 BC Ashurbanipal invades Egypt to quell a rebellion by Taharqa.[66]
665 BC The Elamites invade Babylonia but are defeated.[67]
The Assyrians aid the Lydians in Anatolia in defeating an invasion by the Cimmerians.[68]
663 BC Another Egyptian uprising, led by Tantamani. The Assyrians crush the revolt and sack the Egyptian capital of Thebes for the third time in less than a decade.[66]
652 BC Shamash-shum-ukin, supported by the Elamites, revolts against Ashurbanipal.[69]
648 BC Ashurbanipal defeats Shamash-shum-ukin's revolt.[69][70] His extensive sack of Babylon, less than fifty years after the city's destruction by Sennacherib, increases anti-Assyrian sentiments in southern Babylonia.[71] The puppet ruler Kandalanu is placed on the Babylonian throne by Ashurbanipal.[69]
647 BC Ashurbanipal campaigns against Elam, sacking a few cities.[72]
646 BC Ashurbanipal campaigns against Elam again, brutally devastating the country and significantly contributing to the collapse of ancient Elamite civilization.[73]
631 BC Ashur-etil-ilani becomes king.[74] His accession is met with unrest as the official Nabu-rihtu-usur attempts to usurp the throne. The unrest is dealt with by the chief eunuch Sin-shumu-lishir.[75]
627 BC Sinsharishkun becomes king.[74]
626 BC Sin-shumu-lishir revolts against Sinsharishkun and captures Babylon and Nippur. He is defeated after three months.[76]
Nabopolassar seizes power in Babylon and revolts against Sinsharishkun.[77] Foundation of the Neo-Babylonian Empire.
625 BC The Assyrians counterattack; they successfully recapture Sippar from Nabopolassar and Nabopolassar fails to capture Nippur.[78]
623 BC Uruk, Nabopolassar's probable home city, is recaptured by the Assyrians.[78]
622 BC An unknown Assyrian general from the empire's western provinces revolts and captures Nineveh. He is defeated after 100 days by Sinsharishkun.[78]
620 BC The Babylonians successfully push the Assyrians completely out of Babylonia.[79]
616 BC Nabopolassar and his forces enter the Assyrian heartland for the first time, the first time an army has reached this deep into Assyrian territory in centuries.[80]
615 BC Nabopolassar inflicts a crushing defeat on the Assyrians in a battle on the banks of the Tigris river.[81]
614 BC The Medes under Cyaxares enter Assyrian territory and capture the city of Arrapha.[82][83]
The Medes capture and sack Assur. Nabopolassar and his forces arrive in the aftermath of the sack and ally with Cyaxares.[84]
613 BC Sinsharishkun goes on the offensive, though the Babylonian forces evade his army.[85]
612 BC The Medes and Babylonians capture and sack Nineveh. Sinsharishkun dies in the capital's defense.[84][86]
Ashur-uballit II rallies the remaining Assyrian army at Harran, ruling with the title of crown prince since he is unable to undergo formal coronation at Assur.[87]
611 BC Nabopolassar consolidates his rule over northern Mesopotamia and Babylonian forces nearly reach Harran.[88]
610 BC The Medes and Babylonians campaign against Harran, placing the city under siege.[88] Ashur-uballit II flees the city before the Medes and Babylonians reach it.[89]
609 BC Harran falls after a siege lasting a few months.[88]
Three months after the fall of Harran, Ashur-uballit II attempts to retake the city but his siege fails. Neither Ashur-uballit II, nor the Assyrians in general, are thereafter mentioned in Babylonian records.[89][90]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Lewy 1971, pp. 729–730.
  2. ^ Liverani 2014, p. 208.
  3. ^ Lewy 1971, p. 733.
  4. ^ Mallowan 1971, p. 300.
  5. ^ a b Foster 2016, chapter 3.
  6. ^ a b Grayson 1972, p. 2.
  7. ^ Lewy 1971, pp. 739–740.
  8. ^ Garfinkle 2007, p. 62.
  9. ^ Garfinkle 2007, pp. 62–63.
  10. ^ a b Michałowski 2009, p. 152.
  11. ^ Roux 1992, p. 187.
  12. ^ Veenhof 2003, p. 59.
  13. ^ Lewy 1971, p. 754.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i Chen 2020, p. 198.
  15. ^ Lewy 1971, pp. 758–759.
  16. ^ Veenhof 2017, p. 61.
  17. ^ a b Düring 2020, p. 34.
  18. ^ Lewy 1971, p. 740.
  19. ^ Garfinkle 2007, p. 67.
  20. ^ Garfinkle 2007, p. 68.
  21. ^ a b Garfinkle 2007, p. 69.
  22. ^ Reade 2001, p. 5.
  23. ^ Veenhof 2017, p. 66.
  24. ^ Veenhof & Eidem 2008, p. 30.
  25. ^ a b Reade 2001, p. 6.
  26. ^ Reade 2001, p. 7.
  27. ^ a b Bertman 2003, p. 81.
  28. ^ Frahm 2017, p. 191.
  29. ^ a b Bertman 2003, p. 92.
  30. ^ a b c Bertman 2003, p. 104.
  31. ^ Bertman 2003, p. 89.
  32. ^ Bertman 2003, p. 91.
  33. ^ Bertman 2003, p. 85.
  34. ^ Düring 2020, pp. 41–42.
  35. ^ a b c McIntosh 2005, p. 355.
  36. ^ Düring 2020, pp. xvi, 42.
  37. ^ a b c d e Düring 2020, p. xvi.
  38. ^ Düring 2020, p. 42.
  39. ^ a b c d e f g h Chen 2020, p. 199.
  40. ^ Düring 2020, p. 43.
  41. ^ a b c Jakob 2017, p. 118.
  42. ^ Chen 2020, p. 203.
  43. ^ Jakob 2017, pp. 118–119.
  44. ^ Frahm 2017, pp. 180–181.
  45. ^ Elayi 2017, p. 45.
  46. ^ Elayi 2017, pp. 45, 63–65.
  47. ^ Levine 1982, pp. 40–41.
  48. ^ a b c Luckenbill 1924, p. 14.
  49. ^ Levine 1982, pp. 41, 43.
  50. ^ Brinkman 1973, p. 92.
  51. ^ a b c d Radner 2003, p. 166.
  52. ^ Levine 1982, pp. 40, 43–45, 47–49.
  53. ^ Levine 1982, pp. 49–50.
  54. ^ Brinkman 1973, p. 93.
  55. ^ Brinkman 1973, p. 94.
  56. ^ Frahm 2014, p. 210.
  57. ^ Porter 1993, p. 67.
  58. ^ a b Mark 2014.
  59. ^ Grayson 1970, p. 125.
  60. ^ Grayson 1970, p. 131–132.
  61. ^ a b Ahmed 2018, p. 63.
  62. ^ Ephʿal 2005, p. 99.
  63. ^ Frahm 2017, p. 187.
  64. ^ Radner 2003, p. 173.
  65. ^ Radner 2003, p. 176–177.
  66. ^ a b Mark 2009.
  67. ^ Carter & Stolper 1984, p. 50.
  68. ^ Delaunay 1987, pp. 805–806.
  69. ^ a b c Ahmed 2018, p. 8.
  70. ^ Johns 1913, pp. 124–125.
  71. ^ Frahm 2017, p. 190.
  72. ^ Carter & Stolper 1984, pp. 51–52.
  73. ^ Carter & Stolper 1984, pp. 52–53.
  74. ^ a b Na'aman 1991, p. 243.
  75. ^ Ahmed 2018, p. 121.
  76. ^ Lipschits 2005, p. 13.
  77. ^ Lipschits 2005, p. 14.
  78. ^ a b c Lipschits 2005, p. 15.
  79. ^ Lipschits 2005, p. 16.
  80. ^ Melville 2011, pp. 17, 27.
  81. ^ Melville 2011, p. 13.
  82. ^ Melville 2011, p. 18.
  83. ^ Lipschits 2005, p. 17.
  84. ^ a b Lipschits 2005, p. 18.
  85. ^ Melville 2011, p. 19.
  86. ^ Radner 2019, p. 135.
  87. ^ Radner 2019, pp. 140–141.
  88. ^ a b c Lipschits 2005, p. 19.
  89. ^ a b Rowton 1951, p. 128.
  90. ^ Lipschits 2005, p. 20.

Sources[edit]

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