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Northern Ontario

Demographics

Population

Census Region	Population (2021)	Population (2016)	Population (2011)	Population (2006)	Population (2001)	Area (km2)
Greater Sudbury	166,128	161,647	160,376	157,909	155,268	3,228.35
Thunder Bay	146,862	146,048	146,057	149,063	150,860	103,719.51
Algoma	113,777	114,094	115,870	117,461	118,567	48,814.88
Nipissing	84,716	83,150	84,736	84,688	82,910	17,103.52
Cochrane	77,963	79,682	81,122	82,503	85,247	141,268.51
Muskoka*	66,674	60,599	58,047	57,563	53,106	3,937.76
Kenora	66,000	65,533	57,607	64,419	61,802	407,213.01
Parry Sound	46,909	42,824	42,162	40,918	39,665	9,322.80
Timiskaming	31,424	32,251	32,634	33,283	34,442	13,299.92
Sudbury	22,368	21,546	21,196	21,392	22,894	40,205.41
Rainy River	19,437	20,110	20,370	21,564	22,109	15,486.75
Manitoulin	13,935	13,255	13,048	13,090	12,679	3,107.12
Total	789,519	760,030	775,178	786,290	786,443	802,769.78
Total *(incl ext. area)	856,193	820,629	833,225	843,853	839,549	806,707.54

Census Metropolitan Areas

Metropolitan Area	Type	Population			Change	Land Area (km2)	Population Density (/km2)
		(2023) Estimate	(2021)	(2016)
Greater Sudbury	CMA	185,230	170,605	165,958	+2.80%	4187.40	40.7
Thunder Bay	CMA	130,752	123,258	121,621	+1.35%	2550.79	48.3
Sault Ste. Marie	CA	85,033	76,731	78,159	−1.83%	802.58	95.6
North Bay	CA	79,732	71,736	70,378	+1.93%	5314.85	13.5
Timmins	CA	44,819	41,145	41,788	−1.54%	2955.33	13.9
Kenora	CA	15,612	14,967	15,096	−0.85%	211.65	70.7
Elliot Lake	CA	12,115	11,372	10,741	+5.87%	696.06	16.3

Eastern Ontario

Demographics

Population

Census Region	Population (2021)	Population (2016)	Population (2011)	Population (2006)	Population (2001)	Area (km2)
Ottawa (Ontario)	1,017,449	934,243	883,391	812,129	774,072	2,790.31
Frontenac	161,780	150,475	149,738	143,865	138,606	3,336.62
Hastings*	145,746	136,445	134,934	130,474	125,915	5,291.05
Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry	114,637	113,429	111,164	110,399	109,522	3,309.87
Renfrew	106,365	102,394	101,326	97,545	95,138	7,357.94
Leeds and Grenville	104,070	100,546	99,306	99,206	96,606	3,350.08
Prescott and Russell	95,639	89,333	85,381	80,184	76,446	2,004.47
Lanark	75,760	68,698	65,667	63,785	62,495	3,025.98
Lennox and Addington	45,182	42,888	41,824	40,542	39,461	2,839.68
Prince Edward*	25,704	24,735	25,258	25,496	24,901	1,050.45
Total	1,720,882	1,602,006	1,537,797	1,447,655	1,392,376	28,014.95
Total *(incl ext. area)	1,892,332	1,763,186	1,697,989	1,603,625	1,543,192	34,356.45

Census Metropolitan Areas

Metropolitan Area	Type	Population			Change	Land Area (km2)	Population Density (/km2)
		(2023) Estimate	(2021)	(2016)
Ottawa-Gatineau	CMA	1,609,805	1,488,307	1,371,576	+8.51%	8046.99	185.0
Ottawa (Ontario)	CMA	1,244,997	1,017,449	934,243	+8.90%	2,790.31	364.7
Kingston	CMA	188,267	172,546	161,175	+7.06%	1919.17	89.9
Belleville-Quinte West	CMA	121,982	111,184	103,401	+7.53%	1337.50	83.1
Cornwall	CA	66,351	61,415	59,699	+2.87%	509.21	120.6
Brockville	CA	33,649	31,661	31,200	+1.48%	576.87	54.9
Pembroke	CA	25,068	23,814	23,269	+2.34%	553.40	43.0
Petawawa	CA	19,464	18,160	17,187	+5.66%	164.70	110.3
Hawkesbury	CA	12,668	12,010	11,974	+0.30%	12.91	930.3
Hawkesbury (Ontario)	CA	10,747	10,194	10,263	−0.67%	10.00	1019.4

Southwestern Ontario

History

Indigenous peoples had occupied Southwestern Ontario for thousands of years prior to European settlement. Archaeological sites such as the Princess Point Complex and the Parkhill Complex indicate the presence of Paleo-Indians in the area dating back approximately 11,000 years. First Nations peoples located in the region included Anishinaabe, Algonquin, Haudenosaunee (Iroquois), and Wendat peoples.

Initial European settlement and colonization of the region occurred in the 17th and 18th centuries by the French as part of the colony of Canada within New France. The oldest continually-inhabited European settlement in Southwestern Ontario is Windsor, which originated as a southerly extension of the settlement of Fort Detroit in 1701 and was established as la Petite Côte in 1749. Further development occurred under the British as part of the Province of Quebec from 1763 to 1791, and eventually the Province of Upper Canada from 1791 to 1841. One of the earliest British settlements, Port Talbot, was settled by Thomas Talbot in 1803, and was amongst the first successful settlements due to the construction of Talbot Trail, one of the earliest major roads in the region. Kitchener, originally known as Ebytown and later Berlin, was established by German Mennonite and Pennsylvania Dutch settlers in 1807, after sections of the Haldimand Tract were purchased from the Six Nations in 1798. London, originally called Georgiana upon its selection in 1793 as the potential site of the future capital of Upper Canada, was formally founded in 1826 by John Graves Simcoe, the first Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada. Guelph was founded in 1827 by John Galt as a headquarters for the Canada Company. Many other cities in the region did not see major settlement until the mid-19th century, when agricultural expansion was occurring. During the early-to-mid 19th century, the region was the northern terminus of the Underground Railroad for enslaved African Americans seeking escape from the United States. Thousands of slaves escaped to the region, settling and owning farms in areas such as Essex County, Chatham-Kent, and Queen's Bush.

The region's economy was predominantly focused on agriculture until the late 19th century, when industrialization of the region began to occur. Southwestern Ontario emerged as an ideal location for manufacturing due to the presence of cheap and abundant hydroelectric power sourced from the nearby Niagara Falls, and eventually became Canada's manufacturing heartland, which attracted multiple heavy industrial sectors, including automotive manufacturing, chemical production, petrochemical refinement and transport, and food processing. Automotive manufacturing is central to the regional economy, with major active automotive plants being located in Windsor, London, Ingersoll, Woodstock, and Cambridge. The 2008 Financial Crisis disproportionately impacted this sector and caused a large number of plants to shut down across the region in the following years. The 2020s saw a widespread resurgence in industrial development, predominantly due to the comparative lack of available land for development and fast-rising property prices in the Golden Horseshoe. Multiple large investments in electric vehicle production were also made in the region in the 2020s, and resulted in the establishment of multiple plants for battery production in Windsor and St. Thomas.

Economy

Manufacturing and Processing

Southwestern Ontario's economy and political identity is heavily rooted in the manufacturing industry. Proximity to heavy industry in the United States Rust Belt and hydroelectric power sources in Niagara Falls provided a foundation for allowing the region to emerge as Canada's manufacturing heartland.

Automotive manufacturing is a major component of the regional manufacturing sector. The Canadian automotive industry first emerged in Windsor and Chatham-Kent in the early 20th century, with the first large-scale automotive plant in Canada being opened in Walkerville in 1904 by the Ford Motor Company of Canada. Early domestic automotive brands in Canada were based in Windsor and Chatham-Kent, including Brooks, Gray-Dort, and Hyslop and Ronald, but were eventually dominated by the American automotive companies such as Chrysler, Ford, General Motors, and Studebaker. Production increases during World War I and World War II allowed the industry to grow significantly, at one point making Canada the second largest automotive manufacturer globally. The Canadian and United States automotive industries were eventually integrated with the signing of the APTA in 1965, which reduced cross-border tariffs and production inefficiencies in Canada, resulting an increase in motor vehicle exports to the United States and domestic parts production, but came at the cost of the decline of domestic automotive brands and consolidation of plants. The signing of NAFTA in 1994 with the United States and Mexico further integrated automotive production across North America. The modern regional automotive industry has multiple large, centralized plants in the region, in addition to numerous smaller automotive parts suppliers. The following major automotive plants are currently active or under construction in the region:

• CAMI, General Motors Canada, founded in 1989 in Ingersoll;
• Essex Engine, Ford Motor Company of Canada, founded in 1981 in Windsor;
• Formet, Magna International, founded in 1998 in St. Thomas;
• GDLS-C, General Dynamics Land Systems, founded in 1950 in London;
• NextStar Battery Plant, LG/Stellantis Canada, under construction in Windsor;
• Polycon, Magna International, founded in 1988 in Guelph;
• St. Thomas Battery Plant, Volkswagen Group, under construction in St. Thomas;
• TMMC North, Toyota Canada, founded in 1985 in Cambridge;
• TMMC South, Toyota Canada, founded in 1988 in Woodstock;
• Windsor Assembly, Stellantis Canada, founded in 1928 in Windsor;
• Windsor Engine, Ford Motor Company of Canada, founded in 1923 in Windsor.

Food and beverage processing also has a significant regional presence, owing to the strong agricultural industry. Major food products processed in Southwestern Ontario include refined grains, tomato paste, sauces, condiments, meat products, canned foods, dairy products, parcooked foods, rendered products, and dietary supplements. Major plants include Cargill in London, Maple Leaf in Brantford, London, Guelph, and New Hamburg, Highbury Canco in Leamington, Bonduelle in Tecumseh, Ferrero in Brantford, and Jamieson Vitamins in Windsor.

Culture

Politics

Southwestern Ontario's political sentiments have largely been influenced by its historical position as Canada's manufacturing heartland. The cities of Windsor, London, and Waterloo Region have historically been political strongholds for both the provincial and federal New Democratic Party, owing to all three having historically been major centres for the manufacturing industry, and subsequently having large proportions of a unionized workforce, which the NDP's policies have historically favoured. In wake of the 2008 Financial Crisis, the manufacturing industry suffered significant decline, particularly in the automotive industry. The decline and subsequent economic stagnation over the following decade has resulted in the emergence of populist and protectionist political attitudes in cities like Windsor and London, holding the strongest such attitudes in Canada, along with Prairie cities like Regina, Saskatoon, Edmonton, and Calgary.

Sports

In the late 2000s, former BlackBerry co-CEO Jim Balsillie made three unsuccessful attempts to purchase and move an NHL franchise to either Kitchener or Hamilton; in 2006 with the Pittsburgh Penguins, in 2007 with the Nashville Predators, and in 2009 with the Arizona Coyotes.

Active

Club	Sport	League	Level	City	Stadium	Years Active
KW Titans	Basketball	BSL	Professional	Kitchener	Kitchener Memorial Auditorium	2016 - Present
London Lightning	Basketball	BSL	Professional	London	Budweiser Gardens	2011 - Present
Windsor Express	Basketball	BSL	Professional	Windsor	WFCU Centre	2012 - Present
Brantford Red Sox	Baseball	IBL (Ind)	Semi-Pro	Brantford	Arnold Anderson Stadium	1911 - Present
Chatham-Kent Barnstormers	Baseball	IBL (Ind)	Semi-Pro	Chatham-Kent	Fergie Jenkins Field	2024 - Present
Guelph Royals	Baseball	IBL (Ind)	Semi-Pro	Guelph	David E. Hastings Stadium	1919 - Present
Kitchener Panthers	Baseball	IBL (Ind)	Semi-Pro	Kitchener	Jack Couch Park	1919 - Present
London Majors	Baseball	IBL (Ind)	Semi-Pro	London	Labatt Park	1925 - Present
BVB IA Waterloo	Soccer	L1O	Semi-Pro Minor	Waterloo	RIM Park	2021 - Present
FC London	Soccer	L1O	Semi-Pro Minor	London	Tricar Field	2016 - Present
Guelph United FC	Soccer	L1O	Semi-Pro Minor	Guelph	Centennial Bowl	2021 - Present
Windsor City FC	Soccer	L1O	Semi-Pro Minor	Windsor	St. Clair College SportsPlex	2014 - Present
Brantford Bulldogs	Ice Hockey	OHL	Major Junior	Brantford	Brantford Civic Centre	2023 - Present
Guelph Storm	Ice Hockey	OHL	Major Junior	Guelph	Sleeman Centre	1991 - Present
Kitchener Rangers	Ice Hockey	OHL	Major Junior	Kitchener	Kitchener Memorial Auditorium	1963 - Present
London Knights	Ice Hockey	OHL	Major Junior	London	Budweiser Gardens	1965 - Present
Owen Sound Attack	Ice Hockey	OHL	Major Junior	Owen Sound	Harry Lumley Bayshore CC	1989 - Present
Sarnia Sting	Ice Hockey	OHL	Major Junior	Sarnia	Progressive Auto Sales Arena	1994 - Present
Windsor Spitfires	Ice Hockey	OHL	Major Junior	Windsor	WFCU Centre	1971 - Present

Former

Club	Sport	League	Level	City	Stadium	Years Active
Guelph Nighthawks	Basketball	CEBL	Professional	Guelph	Sleeman Centre	2019 - 2022
Orangeville A's	Basketball	NBLC	Professional	Orangeville	Athlete Institute	2015 - 2017
London Tigers	Baseball	EL (AA)	Pro-Minor	London	Labatt Park	1989 - 1993
London Monarchs	Baseball	CBL (Ind)	Pro-Minor	London	Labatt Park	2003
London Rippers	Baseball	FL (Ind)	Pro-Minor	London	Labatt Park	2012
London Werewolves	Baseball	FL (Ind)	Pro-Minor	London	Labatt Park	1999 - 2001
Guelph Maple Leafs	Baseball	IA (Ind)	Pro-Minor	Guelph	Unknown	1877
London Tecumsehs	Baseball	IA (Ind)	Pro-Minor	London	Labatt Park	1877 - 1878
Sarnia Golden Bears	Football	AFC	Pro-Minor	Sarnia	Athletic Park	1961
Detroit Cougars	Ice Hockey	NHL	Professional	Windsor	Border Cities Arena	1926 - 1927
Berlin Dutchmen	Ice Hockey	OPHL	Professional	Kitchener	Queen Street Auditorium	1908 - 1911
Brantford Indians	Ice Hockey	OPHL	Professional	Brantford	Unknown	1908 - 1911
Galt Professionals	Ice Hockey	OPHL	Professional	Cambridge	Unknown	1908 - 1909
Guelph Royals	Ice Hockey	OPHL	Professional	Guelph	Unknown	1909 - 1911
Waterloo Colts	Ice Hockey	OPHL	Professional	Waterloo	Unknown	1910 - 1911
Kitchener Flying Dutchmen	Ice Hockey	CPHL	Pro-Minor	Kitchener	Unknown	1928 - 1929
Kitchener Millionaires	Ice Hockey	CPHL	Pro-Minor	Kitchener	Unknown	1927 - 1928
London Panthers	Ice Hockey	CPHL	Pro-Minor	London	London Arena	1926 - 1929
Stratford Nationals	Ice Hockey	CPHL	Pro-Minor	Stratford	Unknown	1926 - 1928
Windsor Bulldogs	Ice Hockey	CPHL	Pro-Minor	Windsor	Border Cities Arena	1926 - 1929
Chatham Maroons	Ice Hockey	IHL	Pro-Minor	Chatham-Kent	Chatham Memorial Arena	1949 - 1952, 1963-1964
Windsor Gotfredsons	Ice Hockey	IHL	Pro-Minor	Windsor	Windsor Arena	1945 - 1950
Windsor Spitfires	Ice Hockey	IHL	Pro-Minor	Windsor	Windsor Arena	1945 - 1950
Brantford Smoke	Ice Hockey	UHL	Pro-Minor	Brantford	Brantford Civic Centre	1991 - 1998
Chatham Wheels	Ice Hockey	UHL	Pro-Minor	Chatham-Kent	Chatham Memorial Arena	1992 - 1994
London Wildcats	Ice Hockey	UHL	Pro-Minor	London	London Ice House	1994 - 1995
St. Thomas Wildcats	Ice Hockey	UHL	Pro-Minor	St. Thomas	St. Thomas Memorial Centre	1991 - 1994
Brantford Redskins	Football	ORFU	Pro-Am	Brantford	Unknown	1952 - 1953
Kitchener-Waterloo Dutchmen	Football	ORFU	Pro-Am	Waterloo	Seagram Stadium	1953 - 1959
London Lords	Football	ORFU	Pro-Am	London	Labatt Park	1956 - 1974
Sarnia Imperials	Football	ORFU	Pro-Am	Sarnia	Athletic Park	1928 - 1955
Windsor Royals	Football	ORFU	Pro-Am	Windsor	Windsor Stadium	1945 - 1952
Brantford Alexanders	Ice Hockey	OHL	Major Junior	Brantford	Brantford Civic Centre	1978 - 1984
Guelph Platers	Ice Hockey	OHL	Major Junior	Guelph	Guelph Memorial Gardens	1968 - 1989