User:Hjlipsky/Subjectivity
Lead published 3/19[edit]
Subjectivity in a philosophical context has to do with a lack of objective reality. Subjectivity has been given various and ambiguous definitions by differing sources as it is not often the focal point of philosophical discourse.[1] However, it is related to ideas of consciousness, agency, personhood, reality, and truth. Three common definitions include that subjectivity is the quality or condition of:
- Something being a subject, narrowly meaning an individual who possesses conscious experiences, such as perspectives, feelings, beliefs, and desires.[2]
- Something being a subject, broadly meaning an entity that has agency, meaning that it acts upon or wields power over some other entity (an object).[3]
- Some information, idea, situation, or physical thing considered true only from the perspective of a subject or subjects.[4]
The varying definitions of subjectivity are often used together and interchangeably.[1] The term is most commonly used as an explanation for that which influences, informs, and biases people's judgments about truth or reality; it is the collection of the perceptions, experiences, expectations, and personal or cultural understanding of, and beliefs about, an external phenomenon, that are specific to a subject.[4]
Subjectivity is contrasted to the philosophy of objectivity, which is described as a view of truth or reality that is free of any individual's biases, interpretations, feelings, and imaginings. Subjectivity and objectivity are usually seen as two directly opposing views; therefore, an understanding of one usually influences that of the other.
Philosophy Section edited 3/18[edit]
Thinkers[edit]
The idea of subjectivity is thought to have its philosophical roots in the works of Descartes and Kant though it could also come from Aristotle's work relating to the soul.[5][1] The idea of subjectivity is often seen as a peripheral to other philosophical concepts, namely skepticism, individuals and individuality, and existentialism.[1][5] The questions surrounding subjectivity have to do with whether or not people can escape the subjectivity of their own human existence and whether or not there is an obligation to try to do so.[2] Important thinkers who focused on this area of study include Descartes, Locke, Kant, Hegel, Kierkegaard, Husserl, Foucault, Derrida, Nagel, and Satre.[2][6]
Subjectivity was rejected by Foucault and Derrida in favor of constructionism,[2] but Satre embraced and continued Descartes' work in the subject by emphasizing subjectivity in phenomenology.[2][7] Sartre believed that, even within the material force of human society, the ego was an essentially transcendent being -- posited, for instance, in his opus Being and Nothingness through his arguments about the 'being-for-others' and the 'for-itself' (i.e., an objective and subjective human being).[7]
The innermost core of subjectivity resides in a unique act of what Fichte called “self-positing”, where each subject is a point of absolute autonomy, which means that it cannot be reduced to a moment in the network of causes and effects.[8]
Subjectivity applied[edit]
One way that subjectivity has been conceptualized by philosophers such as Kierkegaard, is in the context of religion.[6] Religious beliefs can vary quite extremely from person to person, but oftentimes people think that whatever they believe is the truth. Subjectivity as seen by Descartes and Satre was a matter of what was dependent on consciousness, so because religious beliefs require the presence of a consciousness that can believe, they must be subjective.[2][6] This is in contrast to what has been proven by science, what does not depend on the perception of people, and is therefore considered objective.[6] Subjectivity is what relies on personal perception regardless of what is proven or objective.[6]
Many philosophical arguments within this area of study have to do with moving from subjective thoughts to objective thoughts with many different methods employed to get from one to the other along with a variety of conclusions reached.[2] Foucault and Derrida denied the idea of subjectivity in favor of their ideas of constructs in order to account for differences in human thought.[2] Instead of focusing on the idea of consciousness and self-consciousness shaping the way humans perceive the world, these thinkers would argue that it is instead the world that shapes humans.
Others like Husserl and Satre followed the phenomenological approach.[2] This approach focused on the distinct separation of the human mind and the physical world, where the mind is subjective because it can take liberties like imagination and self-awareness.[7] The philosophical conversation around subjectivity remains one that struggles with the epistemological question of what is real, what is made up, and what it would mean to be separated completely from subjectivity.[2]
- ^ a b c d Bykova, Marina F. (February 2018). "On the Problem of Subjectivity: Editor's Introduction". Russian Studies in Philosophy. 56: 1–5 – via EBSCOhost.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Solomon, Robert C. "Subjectivity," in Honderich, Ted. Oxford Companion to Philosophy (Oxford University Press, 2005), p.900
- ^ Allen, Amy (2002). "Power, Subjectivity, and Agency: Between Arendt and Foucault". International Journal of Philosophical Studies. 10 (2): 131–49. doi:10.1080/09672550210121432.
- ^ a b Gonzalez Rey, Fernando (June 2019). "Subjectivity in Debate: Some Reconstructed Philosophical Premises to Advance Its Discussion in Psychology". Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour. 49: 212–234 – via EBSCOhost.
- ^ a b Strazzoni, Andrea (2015). "Introduction. Subjectivity and Individuality: Two Strands in Early Modern Philosophy". Societate Si Politica. 9 – via ProQuest.
- ^ a b c d e Solomon, Robert C. "Subjective Truth," in Honderich, Ted. Oxford Companion to Philosophy (Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 900
- ^ a b c Thomas, Baldwin. "Satre, Jean-Paul," in Honderich, Ted. Oxford Companion to Philosophy (Oxford University Press, 2005). pp. 834-837
- ^ Žižek, Slavoj (2019-09-23). "The Fall That Makes Us Like God, Part I". The Philosophical Salon. Archived from the original on 2019-09-25. Retrieved 2019-09-25.