User:Guettarda/scratchpad
Society in Trinidad and Tobago in the 1970s was stratified by the combination of class and skin colour that was typical in the larger islands of the English-speaking Caribbean.[2]: 136–137 Traditionally, the upper class was white, the middle class was coloured (mixed-race) and working class was Black. Social mobility in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries had allowed Black people to move into the middle class and coloured people to move into both the upper and lower classes, but it had kept the general pyramid of social stratification intact. Indians and smaller minorities lay outside this system of stratification. Education, especially university education, provided a path for entry to the middle class for working class people.[2]: 148–155
Matthew Quest compares NUFF's activities of "robbing banks and striking back at brutal police" to those of the Black Liberation Army in the United States.[3]
Instead of dividing the society broadly by race and class, economist Lloyd Best divided society into nine ethnic groups. The Afro-Saxon community, which is urban, educated and Christian; the Garveyite Black Power community which is urban, Afro-Trinidadian, but separated from the Afro-Saxons in terms of lower educational achievement and socioeconomic status; the "Grenadian" working class of the oilfields which Best described as a "classic...Marxist proletariat [with] nothing to sell but their labour; the Tobagonians, who were distinguished from the three Afro-Trinidadian groups by being predominantly rural; the rural Hindu population which was an agricultural proletarian class; the Indian Muslims; the mostly Indian Presbyterians; the whites and near-whites; and those who didn't fit easily into the other groups - intellectuals, nationalist, and the "mixed race, mixed ethnic origin, or mixed marriages".[4]: 109–111
Independence moved Black and mixed-race people into the government and the public service, but much of the economy remained in the hands of British and North American corporations.[5]
- ^ Ramcharitar, Raymond (2021). A history of Creole Trinidad, 1956-2010. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-3-030-75634-5. OCLC 1263340908.
- ^ a b Hall, Stuart (2021). "Pluralism, Race and Class in Caribbean Society [1977]". In Gilroy, Paul; Gilmore, Ruth Wilson (eds.). Selected Writings on Race and Difference. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. pp. 136–160. ISBN 9781478021223.
- ^ Quest, Matthew (2017). "New Beginning Movement: Coordinating Council of Revolutionary Alternatives for Trinidad". In Pantin, Shane J.; Teelucksingh, Jerome (eds.). Ideology, Regionalism, and Society in Caribbean History. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 131–178. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-61418-2. ISBN 978-3-319-61417-5.
- ^ Meighoo, Kirk (2008). "Ethnic Mobilisation vs. Ethnic Politics: Understanding Ethnicity in Trinidad and Tobago Politics". Commonwealth & Comparative Politics. 46 (1): 101–127. doi:10.1080/14662040701838068. ISSN 1466-2043.
- ^ Lowenthal, David (1972). "Black Power in the Caribbean Context". Economic Geography. 48 (1): 116–134. doi:10.2307/143020. ISSN 0013-0095. JSTOR 143020.
Lawful Conquest?[edit]
Stephen Campbell to QEII in 1963: "She took it without our having asked her to do so" -- TNA, S. Campbell,“Memorandum to the Queen of England”, London, 13 October 1963, CO1031_4509, TNA.[1]: 8–9
- ^ Weiske, Constanze (2021). Lawful Conquest?: European Colonial Law and Appropriation Practices in Northeastern South America, Trinidad, and Tobago, 1498-1817. München: De Gruyter Oldenbourg. ISBN 978-3-11-069014-9.
Tapia House[edit]
Caroni[edit]
Course[edit]
Major tributaries[edit]
Twelve tributaries join the Caroni River from the Northern Range: the San Juan River, the Saint Joseph River, teh Tunapuna River, the Tacarigua River, the Arouca River, the Oropuna River, the Mausica River, the Carapo River, the Arima River, the Guanapo River, El Mamo River, and the Aripo River. A further six tributaries drain the Central Range: the Tumpuna River, the Talparo River, the Cumuto River, the Guatapajaro River and two rivers which bear the name Arena.[1]
Discharge[edit]
Watershed[edit]
Geology[edit]
History[edit]
Ecology[edit]
Pollution[edit]
- https://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?pid=S0034-77442018000301101
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/42657071
- ^ Juman, Rahanna; Bacon, Peter; Gerald, Lloyd (2002). "Environmental modifications and impacts on the Caroni River basin, Trinidad". In Kjerfve, B.; Wiebe, W. J.; Kremer, H. H.; Salomons, W.; Marshall Crossland, J. I.; Morcom, N.; Harvey, N. (eds.). Caribbean Basins LOICZ Global Change Assessment and Synthesis of River Catchment/Island-Coastal Sea Interactions and Human Dimensions; with a desktop study of Ocean Basins (PDF). Den Burg, the Netherlands: Land-Ocean Interaction in the Coastal Zone Core Project of the IGBP. pp. 24–33. ISSN 1383-4304.