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Legacy and impact
[edit]Since the publication of the English edition in 1970, Pedagogy of the Oppressed has had a large impact in education and pedagogy worldwide,[1][2][3] especially as a defining work of critical pedagogy. According to Israeli writer and education reform theorist Sol Stern, it has "achieved near-iconic status in America's teacher-training programs".[4] Connections have also been made between Freire's non-dualism theory in pedagogy and Eastern philosophical traditions such as the Advaita Vedanta.[5]
In 1977, the Adult Learning Project, based on Freire's work, was established in Edinburgh, Scotland in the Gorgie-Dalry neighbourghood[6]. This project had the participation of approximately 200 people in the first years, and had among its aims to provide affordable and relevant local learning opportunities and to build a network of local tutors[6]. In Scotland, Freire's ideas of popular education influenced activist movements[7] not only in Edinburgh but also in Glasgow[8].
Freire's major exponents in North America are Henry Giroux, Peter McLaren, Donaldo Macedo, Antonia Darder, Joe L. Kincheloe, Carlos Alberto Torres, Ira Shor, and Shirley R. Steinberg.[citation needed] One of McLaren's edited texts, Paulo Freire: A Critical Encounter, expounds upon Freire's impact in the field of critical pedagogy. McLaren has also provided a comparative study concerning Paulo Freire and Argentinian revolutionary icon Che Guevara. Freire's work influenced the radical math movement in the United States, which emphasizes social justice issues and critical pedagogy as components of mathematical curricula.[9]
In South Africa, Freire's ideas and methods were central to the 1970s Black Consciousness Movement, often associated with Steve Biko,[10][11] as well as the trade union movement in the 1970s and 1980s, and the United Democratic Front in the 1980s.[12] There is a Paulo Freire Project at the University of KwaZulu-Natal in Pietermaritzburg.[13]
In 1991, the Paulo Freire Institute was established in São Paulo to extend and elaborate upon his theories of popular education. The institute has started projects in many countries and is headquartered at the UCLA Graduate School of Education and Information Studies, where it actively maintains the Freire archives. Its director is UCLA professor Carlos Torres, the author of several Freirean work, including the 1978 A praxis educativa de Paulo Freire.[citation needed]
In 1999 PAULO, a national training organisation named in honour of Freire, was established in the United Kingdom. This agency was approved by the New Labour Government to represent some 300,000 community-based education practitioners working across the UK. PAULO was given formal responsibility for setting the occupational training standards for people working in this field.[citation needed]
The Paulo and Nita Freire Project for International Critical Pedagogy was founded at McGill University. Here Joe L. Kincheloe and Shirley R. Steinberg worked to create a dialogical forum for critical scholars around the world to promote research and re-create a Freirean pedagogy in a multinational domain. After the death of Kincheloe the project was transformed into a virtual global resource.[citation needed]
In 2012, a group of educators in Western Massachusetts, United States received permission to name a public school after Freire. The Holyoke, Massachusetts Paulo Freire Social Justice Charter School opened in September 2013.[14]
Shortly before his death, Freire was working on a book of ecopedagogy, a platform of work carried on by many of the Freire Institutes and Freirean Associations around the world today. It has been influential in helping to develop planetary education projects such as the Earth Charter as well as countless international grassroots campaigns in the spirit of Freirean popular education generally.[citation needed]
Freirean literacy methods have been adopted throughout the developing world.[where?] In the Philippines, Catholic "basal Christian communities" adopted Freire's methods in community education.[citation needed] Papua New Guinea, Freirean literacy methods were used as part of the World Bank funded Southern Highlands Rural Development Program's Literacy Campaign. Freirean approaches also lie at the heart of the "Dragon Dreaming" approach to community programs that have spread to 20 countries by 2014.[citation needed]
- ^ McKenna, Brian (December 2013). "Paulo Freire's blunt challenge to anthropology: Create a Pedagogy of the Oppressed for Your Times". Critique of Anthropology. 33 (4): 447–475. doi:10.1177/0308275X13499383. ISSN 0308-275X.
- ^ Salas, Maria del Mar Ramis (2018-10-23). "Contributions of Freire's Theory to Dialogic Education". Social and Education History. 7 (3): 277–299. doi:10.17583/hse.2018.3749. ISSN 2014-3567.
- ^ "Vol 9 No 3 (2018): Special Anniversary Issue: Pedagogy of the Oppressed | Concept". concept.lib.ed.ac.uk. Retrieved 2019-02-15.
- ^ Stern, Sol; Lessons (2015-12-23). "Pedagogy of the Oppressor". City Journal. Retrieved 2019-02-15.
{{cite web}}: Missing|author2=(help) - ^ Bharath Sriraman, ""On the Origins of Social Justice: Darwin, Freire, Marx and Vivekananda" Archived 2012-03-30 at the Wayback Machine, The Mathematics Enthusiast, Monograph 1, 2007
- ^ a b Kirkwood, Gerri. (2011). Living adult education : Freire in Scotland. Kirkwood, Colin. (2nd ed ed.). Rotterdam: SensePublishers. ISBN 9789460915529. OCLC 765959166.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help) - ^ Kane, Liam (2010-7). "Community development: learning from popular education in Latin America". Community Development Journal. 45 (3): 276–286. doi:10.1093/cdj/bsq021. ISSN 1468-2656.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "Paulo Freire". HeraldScotland. Retrieved 2019-06-20.
- ^ "Radical Math". www.radicalmath.org.
- ^ "Anne Hope – a woman of substance in anti-apartheid movement - Cape Times".
- ^ Liberation and Development: Black Consciousness Community Programs in South Africa, Leslie Anne Hadfield,2016
- ^ Art of listening is at heart of true democracy, Richard Pithouse, Mail & Guardian, 4 August 2017
- ^ "Paulo Freire Project". cae.ukzn.ac.za.
- ^ "State approves four new charter schools". The Boston Globe.