User:FaithF/ICB

sandbox for Internal consistency of the Bible

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Ezra and Nehemiah

perceived inconsistency in the census described by Ezra and Nehemiah and proposed reconciliations

Both Ezra 2 and Nehemiah 7 list the "people of the province who came up out of the captivity of the exiles whom Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon had carried away to Babylon, and returned to Jerusalem and Judah, each to his city". Both give the "whole assembly together was 42,360" (Ezra 2:64, Nehemiah 7:66).

Criticism of the census lists points to (1) disagreement in the numbers of people given in the lists of Ezra 2 and Nehemiah 7, and (2) disagreement in the total number from the lists with the total number as given in Ezra 2:64 and Nehemiah 7:66.

(1) can be easily explained by the consideration that the narratives were written during two different time periods—Ezra's (537/6 BC) was before Nehemiah's (445/4 BC).

postulates this time difference allows the statistics to be reconciled by the death of people and the growth of families during the intervening years.

speculates that "higher totals might reflect clans who added people along their journey, and lower totals might reflect deaths or certain types of attrition on the journey and thus reasonably explain the differences".

further points to other biblical accounts, which he says employ a similar method of numbering, "for instance Exodus 12:37 where only the men were counted who journeyed from Rameses to Succoth (Exod 12:37), and Matthew 14:21; Mark 6:44; Luke 9:14 where only the men were numbered who ate the bread and fish miraculously multiplied by Jesus. In all three Synoptic Gospels, the word for "men" is "aner" which distinguishes man from woman like the Hebrew "ish" which may also be rendered as "husband".

(2) concerns disagreement in the total number from the lists with the total number as given.

points out differences exist not only numbers, but that certain numbers are associated with names in alternate forms—Ezra 2:18 and Nehemiah 7:24 which have 112 for the number of the children of Jorah/Hariph, and Ezra 2:44 and Nehemiah 7:47 which have among the Nethinims the children of Siaha/Sia—while in other cases the same information is given in different forms—Ezra 2:24 and Nehemiah 7:28 where the same group of people are referred to as children ("ben", i.e., son, boy, young one) and men ("ish") (compare also Ezr 2:20-21 with Neh 7:25-26).

the differences between the two lists and the period of time elapsed, "it seems that there could be another census taken after the people arrived so as to update the register".

in Nehemiah 7:5, "Nehemiah testified how God had put a burden on him to conduct a census and the first step he took was to look for the former register which he found and he noted the details of it in the remaining part of that chapter. This would mean that both the lists in Ezra 2 and Nehemiah 7 were accurate records with no errors whatsoever; the list found in Nehemiah being a list that was written after the one in Ezra 2, taking into account the changes that would have taken place within the time that had elapsed between the two writings".

Scholars

Gleason L. Archer

"In Ezra 2:3-35 and Nehemiah 7:8-38, there are about thirty-three family units that appear in both lists, starting with the sons of Parosh (2, 172 in both cases). Of these thirty-three, there are fourteen that differ ... The other nineteen are identical in the two lists. How, then, are we to account for the fourteen discrepancies? There are two important factors to bear in mind as we deal with these various discrepancies in the Received Text. The first is that consideration adduced by [JFB] (Commentary, 1:289): It is probably that all mentioned as belonging to this family repaired to the general place of rendezvous, or had enrolled their names at first as intending to go; but in the interval of preparation, some died, others were prevented by sickness or insurmountable obstacles, so that ultimately no more than 652 [sc. of the family of Arah] came to Jerusalem. Later, the same writer observes: The discrepancy is sufficiently accounted for from the different circumstances in which the two registers were taken: that of Ezra having been made up at Babylon, while that of Nehemiah was drawn out in Judea, after the walls of Jerusalem had been rebuilt. The lapsse of so many years might well be expected to make a difference appear in the catalogue, through death or other causes (ibid., 1:297). To be sure, regardless of the date when Nehemiah recorded this list (ca. 445 B.C.), his expressed purpose was to give the exact number of those who actually arrived at Jerusalem under the leadership of Zerubbabel and Jeshua back in 537 or 536 (Neh. 7:7). So also Ezra (in the 450s, apparently) recorded their numbers (2:1-2). But it may well be that Ezra used the earlier list of those who originally announced their intention to join the caravan of returning colonists back to Babylonia, whereas Nehemiah's list reproduces the tally of those who actually arrived in Judea at the end of the long trek from Mesopotamia. ... At any rate, the differences in totals that do appear in these two tallies should occasion no surprise whatever. The same sort of augmentation and attrition has featured ever large migration in human history." (Archer)

Adam Clarke

Verse 7. Who came with Zerubbabel: The register which he found was that of the persons only who came long before Zerubbabel, Ezra, and Joshua the son of Josedek, which register could not answer in every respect to the state of the people then. Several persons and families were no doubt dead, and others had arrived since. Nehemiah probably altered it only in such parts, leaving the body of it as it was before; and this will account for the difference between it and the register that is found in Ezra, Ezra 2:1-58. (Clarke, Adam. "Commentary on Nehemiah 7". "The Adam Clarke Commentary". <http://www.studylight.org/com/acc/view.cgi?book=ne&chapter=007>. 1832.)

"Though the sum total at the end of each of these enumerations is equal, namely 42,360, yet the particulars reckoned up make in Ezra only 29,818, and in Nehemiah 31,089. We find that Nehemiah mentions 1765 persons which are not in Ezra, and Ezra has 494 not mentioned by Nehemiah. Mr. Alting thinks that this circumstance, which appears to render all hope of reconciling them impossible, is precisely the very point by which they can be reconciled; for if we add Ezra's surplus to the sum in Nehemiah, and the surplus of Nehemiah to the number in Ezra, the numbers will be equal.

Thus:-The number in Ezra..... 29,818 Surplus in Nehemiah........ 1,765 ______ Sum total...... 31,583

The number in Nehemiah...... 31,089 The surplus in Ezra........ 494 ______ Sum total...... 31,583

If we subtract this sum 31,583 from 42,360, we shall have a deficiency of 10,777 from the numbers as summed up in the text; and these are not named here, either because their registers were not found, or they were not of Judah and Benjamin, the tribes particularly concerned, but of the other Israelitish tribes; see Ezra 2:36." (Clarke)

"Though the sum total at the end of each of these enumerations is equal, namely 42, 360, yet the particulars reckoned up make in Ezra only 29, 818, and in Nehemiah 31, 089. We find that Nehemiah mentions 1765 persons which are not in Ezra, and Ezra has 494 not mentioned by Nehemiah. Mr. Alting thinks that this circumstance, which appears to render all hope of reconciling them impossible, is precisely the very point by which they can be reconciled; for if we add Ezra's surplus to the sum in Nehemiah, and the surplus of Nehemiah to the number in Ezra, the numbers will be equal. Thus:-The number in Ezra 29, 818 Surplus in Nehemiah. 1, 765 Sum total 31, 583 The number in Nehemiah 31, 089 The surplus in Ezra 494 Sum total 31, 583 If we subtract this sum 31, 583 from 42, 360, we shall have a deficiency of 10, 777 from the numbers as summed up in the text; and these are not named here, either because their registers were not found, or they were not of Judah and Benjamin, the tribes particularly concerned, but of the other Israelitish tribes; see ver. 63." (Clarke)

John Gill

Nehemiah 7:6 These are the children of the province that went up out of the captivity. Who were of the province of Judea, as it was now reduced, and came up out of the captivity of Babylon through the edict of Cyrus; see (Ezra 2:1) , where the same preface is given to the list of names as here; and from hence to the end of (Nehemiah 7:69) the same account is given of persons and families as there, with some little difference of numbers and names; in some instances there are more in this list, in others fewer, which may be thus accounted for; that list was made in Babylon, when, upon the edict of Cyrus, the Jews, who intended to go up with Zerubbabel, gave in their names, and they were registered; but this was made when they came to Jerusalem; now some of those that gave in their names changed their minds, and tarried in Babylon, and some might die by the way, which makes the numbers fewer in some instances; and others who did not give in their names at first, but, being better disposed towards their own country, followed after and joined those which were returning, and increased the number of others; to which may be added what Abendana observes, that in Ezra an account is given of those that came out of the captivity by the companies, in which they came not genealogized, and had a mixture of persons of other families in them, and some that had no genealogy; but afterwards, when they were genealogized according to their families, a register of their genealogies was made, and is what Nehemiah now found, and here gives; and, as for difference of names, that may be owing to the carelessness of copiers, or to the different pronunciation of names, or some men might have two names; the matter is of no great moment. (Gill, John. "Commentary on Nehemiah 7:6". "The New John Gill Exposition of the Entire Bible". <http://www.studylight.org/com/geb/view.cgi?book=ne&chapter=007&verse=006>. 1999.)

"Who were of the province of Judea, as it was now reduced, and came up out of the captivity of Babylon through the edict of Cyrus; see (Ezra 2:1) , where the same preface is given to the list of names as here; and from hence to the end of (Nehemiah 7:69) the same account is given of persons and families as there, with some little difference of numbers and names; in some instances there are more in this list, in others fewer, which may be thus accounted for; that list was made in Babylon, when, upon the edict of Cyrus, the Jews, who intended to go up with Zerubbabel, gave in their names, and they were registered; but this was made when they came to Jerusalem; now some of those that gave in their names changed their minds, and tarried in Babylon, and some might die by the way, which makes the numbers fewer in some instances; and others who did not give in their names at first, but, being better disposed towards their own country, followed after and joined those which were returning, and increased the number of others; to which may be added what Abendana observes, that in Ezra an account is given of those that came out of the captivity by the companies, in which they came not genealogized, and had a mixture of persons of other families in them, and some that had no genealogy; but afterwards, when they were genealogized according to their families, a register of their genealogies was made, and is what Nehemiah now found, and here gives; and, as for difference of names, that may be owing to the carelessness of copiers, or to the different pronunciation of names, or some men might have two names; the matter is of no great moment." (Gill)

Robert Jamieson

(JFB)

5. my God put into mine heart to gather together the nobles, &c.--The arrangement about to be described, though dictated by mere common prudence, is, in accordance with the pious feelings of Nehemiah, ascribed not to his own prudence or reflection, but to the grace of God prompting and directing him. He resolved to prepare a register of the returned exiles, containing an exact record of the family and ancestral abode of every individual. While thus directing his attention, he discovered a register of the first detachment who had come under the care of Zerubbabel. It is transcribed in the following verses, and differs in some few particulars from that given in Ezr 2:1-61. But the discrepancy is sufficiently accounted for from the different circumstances in which the two registers were taken; that of Ezra having been made up at Babylon, while that of Nehemiah was drawn out in Judea, after the walls of Jerusalem had been rebuilt. The lapse of so many years might well be expected to make a difference appear in the catalogue, through death or other causes; in particular, one person being, according to Jewish custom, called by different names. Thus Hariph (Ne 7:24) is the same as Jorah (Ezr 2:18), Sia (Ne 7:47) the same as Siaha (Ezr 2:44), &c. Besides other purposes to which this genealogy of the nobles, rulers, and people was subservient, one leading object contemplated by it was to ascertain with accuracy the parties to whom the duty legally belonged of ministering at the altar and conducting the various services of the temple. For guiding to exact information in this important point of enquiry, the possession of the old register of Zerubbabel was invaluable. (Jamieson, Robert, D.D. "Commentary on Nehemiah 7". "Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible". <http://www.studylight.org/com/jfb/view.cgi?book=ne&chapter=007>. 1871.)

"This gross amount is twelve thousand more than the particular numbers given in the catalogue, when added together, come to. Reckoning up the smaller numbers, we shall find that they amount to 29,818 in this chapter, and to 31,089 in the parallel chapter of Nehemiah [see Ne 7:66-69]. Ezra also mentions four hundred ninety-four persons omitted by Nehemiah, and Nehemiah mentions 1765 not noticed by Ezra. If, therefore, Ezra's surplus be added to the sum in Nehemiah, and Nehemiah's surplus to the number in Ezra, they will both become 31,583. Subtracting this from 42,360, there will be a deficiency of 10,777. These are omitted because they did not belong to Judah and Benjamin, or to the priests, but to the other tribes. The servants and singers, male and female, are reckoned separately (Ezr 2:65), so that putting all these items together, the number of all who went with Zerubbabel amounted to fifty thousand, with eight thousand beasts of burden." (JFB)

"The whole congregation together was forty and two thousand three hundred and threescore--This gross amount is twelve thousand more than the particular numbers given in the catalogue, when added together, come to. Reckoning up the smaller numbers, we shall find that they amount to 29,818 in this chapter, and to 31,089 in the parallel chapter of Nehemiah [see Ne 7:66-69]. Ezra also mentions four hundred ninety-four persons omitted by Nehemiah, and Nehemiah mentions 1765 not noticed by Ezra. If, therefore, Ezra's surplus be added to the sum in Nehemiah, and Nehemiah's surplus to the number in Ezra, they will both become 31,583. Subtracting this from 42,360, there will be a deficiency of 10,777. These are omitted because they did not belong to Judah and Benjamin, or to the priests, but to the other tribes. The servants and singers, male and female, are reckoned separately (Ezr 2:65), so that putting all these items together, the number of all who went with Zerubbabel amounted to fifty thousand, with eight thousand beasts of burden" JBF

Matthew Henry

II. What method he took in prosecution of it. 1. He called the rulers together, and the people, that he might have an account of the present state of their families--their number and strength, and where they were settled. It is probable that when he summoned them to come together he ordered them to bring such an account along with them out of their several districts. And I doubt they were not so many but that it might be soon done. 2. He reviewed the old register of the genealogy of those who came up at the first, and compared the present accounts with that; and here we have the repetition of that out of Ezra 2. The title is the same here (Nehemiah 7:6,7) as there (Nehemiah 7:1,2): These are the children of the province, &c. Two things are here repeated and recorded a second time from thence--the names and numbers of their several families, and their oblations to the service of the temple. The repetition of these accounts may intimate to us the delight which the great God is pleased to take in the persons, families, and services of his spiritual Israel, and the particular notice he takes of them. He knows those that are his, knows them all, knows them by name, has his eye on the register of those children of the captivity, and does all according to the ancient counsel of his will concerning them. (1.) Here is an account of the heads of the several families that first came up, Nehemiah 7:6-69. As to this, [1.] Though it seem of little use to us now, yet then it was of great use, to compare what they had been with what they now were. We may suppose they were much increased by this time; but it would do well for them to remember their small beginnings, that they might acknowledge God in multiplying their families and building them up. By this means likewise their genealogies would be preserved, and the distinction of their families kept up, till the Messiah should come, and then an end be put to all their genealogies, which were preserved for his sake, but afterwards were endless. But, [2.] There are many differences in the numbers between this catalogue and that in Ezra. Most of them indeed are exactly the same, and some others within a very few under or over (one or two perhaps); and therefore I cannot think, as some do, that that was the number of these families at their first coming and this as they were now, which was at least forty years after (some make it much more); for we cannot suppose so many families to be not at all, or but little, altered in their numbers in all that time; therefore what differences there are we may suppose to arise either from the mistakes of transcribers, which easily happen in numbers, or from the diversity of the copies from which they were taken. Or perhaps one was the account of them when they set out from Babylon with Zerubbabel, the other when they came to Jerusalem. The sum totals are all just the same there and here, except of the singing-men and singing-women, which there are 200, here 245. These were not of such importance as that they should keep any strict account of them. (Henry, Matthew. "Complete Commentary on Nehemiah 7". "Matthew Henry Complete Commentary on the Whole Bible". <http://www.studylight.org/com/mhc-com/view.cgi?book=ne&chapter=007>. 1706.)

"He reviewed the old register of the genealogy of those who came up at the first, and compared the present accounts with that; and here we have the repetition of that out of Ezra 2. The title is the same here (Nehemiah 7:6,7) as there (Nehemiah 7:1,2): These are the children of the province, &c. Two things are here repeated and recorded a second time from thence--the names and numbers of their several families, and their oblations to the service of the temple." (Henry)

"The sum total of the company that returned out of Babylon. The particular sums before mentioned amount not quite to 30,000 (29,818), so that there were above 12,000 that come out into any of those accounts, who, it is probable, were of the rest of the tribes of Israel, besides Judah and Benjamin, that could not tell of what particular family or city they were, but that they were Israelites, and of what tribe." (Henry)

John Wesley

NEHEMIAH. This book continues the history of the children of the captivity, the Jews lately returned out of Babylon. We have a full account of Nehemiah's labours for them, in these his commentaries: wherein he records not only the works of his hands, but the very workings of his heart, inserting many devout reflections and ejaculations, which are peculiar to his writing. Twelve years he was the tirshatha, or governor of Judea, under the same Artaxerxes that gave Ezra his commission. This book relates his concern for Jerusalem and commission to go thither, chap. 1, 2. His building the wall of Jerusalem, notwithstanding much opposition, chap. 3, 4. His redressing the grievances of the people, chap. 5. His finishing the wall, chap. 6. The account he took of the people, chap. 7. His calling the people to read the law, fast and pray, and renew their covenant, chap. 8-10. He peoples Jerusalem and settles the tribe of Levi, chap. 11, 12. He reforms divers abuses, chap. 13. This was the last historical book that was written, as Malachi, the last prophetical book of the old testament. (Wesley, John (1703-1791), "Wesley's Notes on the Bible". http://www.ccel.org/ccel/wesley/notes.html)

(re: Nehemiah 7:70, cf., Nehemiah 7:65;8:9) "Tirshatha - Nehemiah. So it is no wonder that the number of the monies, and other things here contributed, differ from that Ezra 2:68–69, because this is another collection." (Wesley) [i.e.,the governor, some of the heads of fathers' households, the rest of the people (Nehemiah) v some of the heads of fathers' households, according to their ability (Ezra)]

More

Will have to introduce the issue by first outlining the nature of the books and the differences in the people themselves; emphasis on Nehemiah's later arrival and the gap

Schaff-Herzog

"...understood both by the arrangement of the material and by its nature. The one book, Ezra-Nehemiah, is the second half of a large work, of which I and II Chronicles are the first half. The division of Ezra-Nehemiah are Ezra i.-vi., vii.-x., Nehemiah i.-xiii. These three parts are constructed on the same plan, each narrating the story of a return of the Jews under special authority and with grants from the Persian kings under Zerubbabel and Joshua, Ezra and Nehemiah, and telling the weighty consequences for the temple community in the Holy Land." (Schaff-Herzog)

body

Scofield

"The order of the restoration was as follows:

(1) The return of the first detachment under Zerubbabel and Jeshua (B.C. 536), Ezra 1.-6., and the books of Haggai and Zechariah;

(2) the expedition of Ezra (B.C. 458), seventy-eight years later (Ezra 7.-10);

(3) the commission of Nehemiah (B.C. 444), fourteen years after the expedition of Ezra. Nehemiah 2:1-5." (Scofield)

Easton's

"The king, Artaxerxes Longimanus, seems to have been on terms of friendly familiarity with his attendant ... At length the king observed [Nehemiah's] sadness of countenance [and gave] his permission to go up to Jerusalem and there to act as tirshatha, or governor of Judea. He went up in the spring of B.C. 446 (eleven years after Ezra), with a strong escort supplied by the king, and with letters to all the pashas of the provinces through which he had to pass, as also to Asaph, keeper of the royal forests, directing him to assist Nehemiah. On his arrival he set himself to survey the city, and to form a plan for its restoration; a plan which he carried out with great skill and energy, so that the whole was completed in about six months. He remained in Judea for thirteen years as governor, carrying out many reforms, notwithstanding much opposition that he encountered (Neh. 13:11)." ( "Nehemiah", Easton's)

"The “scribe” who led the second body of exiles that returned from Babylon to Jerusalem B.C. 459, and author of the book of Scripture which bears his name. He was the son, or perhaps grandson, of Seraiah (2 Kings 25:18-21), and a lineal descendant of Phinehas, the son of Aaron (Ezra 7:1-5). All we know of his personal history is contained in the last four chapters of his book, and in Neh. 8 and 12:26. In the seventh year of the reign of Artaxerxes Longimanus (see DARIUS), he obtained leave to go up to Jerusalem and to take with him a company of Israelites (Ezra 8). Artaxerxes manifested great interest in Ezra’s undertaking, granting him “all his request,” and loading him with gifts for the house of God. Ezra assembled the band of exiles, probably about 5,000 in all, who were prepared to go up with him to Jerusalem, on the banks of the Ahava, where they rested for three days, and were put into order for their march across the desert, which was completed in four months. His proceedings at Jerusalem on his arrival there are recorded in his book. He was “a ready scribe in the law of Moses,” who “had prepared his heart to seek the law of the Lord and to do it, and to teach in Israel statutes and judgments.” “He is,” says Professor Binnie, “the first well-defined example of an order of men who have never since ceased in the church; men of sacred erudition, who devote their lives to the study of the Holy Scriptures, in order that they may be in a condition to interpret them for the instruction and edification of the church. It is significant that the earliest mention of the pulpit occurs in the history of Ezra’s ministry (Neh. 8:4). He was much more of a teacher than a priest. We learn from the account of his labours in the book of Nehemiah that he was careful to have the whole people instructed in the law of Moses; and there is no reason to reject the constant tradition of the Jews which connects his name with the collecting and editing of the Old Testament canon. The final completion of the canon may have been, and probably was, the work of a later generation; but Ezra seems to have put it much into the shape in which it is still found in the Hebrew Bible. When it is added that the complete organization of the synagogue dates from this period, it will be seen that the age was emphatically one of Biblical study” (The Psalms: their History, etc.). For about fourteen years, i.e., till B.C. 445, we have no record of what went on in Jerusalem after Ezra had set in order the ecclesiastical and civil affairs of the nation. In that year another distinguished personage, Nehemiah, appears on the scene. After the ruined wall of the city had been built by Nehemiah, there was a great gathering of the people at Jerusalem preparatory to the dedication of the wall. On the appointed day the whole population assembled, and the law was read aloud to them by Ezra and his assistants (Neh. 8:3). The remarkable scene is described in detail. There was a great religious awakening. For successive days they held solemn assemblies, confessing their sins and offering up solemn sacrifices. They kept also the feast of Tabernacles with great solemnity and joyous enthusiasm, and then renewed their national covenant to be the Lord’s. Abuses were rectified, and arrangements for the temple service completed, and now nothing remained but the dedication of the walls of the city (Neh. 12)." ("Ezra", Easton's)

Smith's

"Son of Hachaliah, and apparently of the tribe of Judah. All that we know certainly concerning him is contained in the book which bears his name. We first find him at Shushan, the winter residence of the kings of Persia, in high office as the cupbearer of King Artaxerxes Longimanus. In the twentieth year of the king’s reign, i.e. B.C. 445, certain Jews arrived from Judea, and gave Nehemiah a deplorable account of the state of Jerusalem. He immediately conceived the idea of going to Jerusalem to endeavor to better their state, and obtained the king’s consent to his mission. Having received his appointment as governor of Judea, he started upon his journey, being under promise to return to Persia within a given time. Nehemiah’s great work was rebuilding, for the first time since their destruction by Nebuzar-adan, the walls of Jerusalem, and restoring that city to its former state and dignity as a fortified town. To this great object therefore Nehemiah directed his whole energies without an hour’s unnecessary delay. In a wonderfully short time the walls seemed to emerge from the heaps of burnt rubbish, end to encircle the city as in the days of old. It soon became apparent how wisely Nehemiah had acted in hastening on the work. On his very first arrival, as governor, Sanballat and Tobiah had given unequivocal proof of their mortification at his appointment; but when the restoration was seen to be rapidly progressing, their indignation knew no bounds. They made a great conspiracy to fall upon the builders with an armed force and put a stop to the undertaking. The project was defeated by the vigilance and prudence of Nehemiah. Various stratagems were then resorted to get Nehemiah away from Jerusalem and if possible to take his life; but that which most nearly succeeded was the attempt to bring him into suspicion with the king of Persia, as if he intended to set himself up as an independent king as soon as the walls were completed. The artful letter of Sanballat so-far wrought upon Artaxerxes that he issued a decree stopping the work till further orders. If is probable that at the same time he recalled Nehemiah, or perhaps his leave of absence had previously expired. But after a delay, perhaps of several years he was permitted to return to Jerusalem land to crown his work by repairing the temple and dedicating the walls. During his government Nehemiah firmly repressed the exactions of the nobles and the usury of the rich, and rescued the poor Jews from spoliation and slavery. He refused to receive his lawful allowance as governor from the people, in consideration of their poverty, during the whole twelve years that he was in office but kept at his own charge a table for 150 Jews, at which any who returned from captivity were welcome. He made most careful provision for the maintenance of the ministering priests and Levites and for the due and constant celebration of divine worship. He insisted upon the sanctity of the precincts of the temple being preserved inviolable, and peremptorily ejected the powerful Tobiah from one of the chambers which Eliashib had assigned to him. With no less firmness and impartiality he expelled from all sacred functions those of the high priest’s family who had contracted heathen marriages, and rebuked and punished those of the common people who had likewise intermarried with foreigners; and lastly, he provided for keeping holy the Sabbath day, which was shamefully profaned by many both Jews and foreign merchants, and by his resolute conduct succeeded in repressing the lawless traffic on the day of rest. Beyond the thirty-second year of Artaxerxes, to which Nehemiah’s own narrative leads us, we have no account of him whatever.' ("Nehemiah", Smith's)

"...called Esdras in the Apocrypha, the famous scribe and priest. He was a learned and pious priest residing at Babylon in the time of Artaxerxes Longimanus. The origin of his influence with the king does not appear, but in the seventh year of his reign he obtained leave to go to Jerusalem, and to take with him a company of Israelites. (B.C. 457.) The journey from Babylon to Jerusalem took just four months; and the company brought with them a large freewill offering of gold and silver, and silver vessels. It appears that Ezra’s great design was to effect a religious reformation among the Palestine Jews. His first step was to enforce separation upon all who had married foreign wives. (Ezra 10:1) ... This was effected in little more than six months after his arrival at Jerusalem. With the detailed account of this important transaction Ezra’s autobiography ends abruptly, and we hear nothing more of him till, thirteen years afterwards, in the twentieth of Artaxerxes, we find him again at Jerusalem with Nehemiah. It seems probable that after effecting the above reformations he returned to the king of Persia. The functions he executed under Nehemiah’s government were purely of a priestly and ecclesiastical character. The date of his death is uncertain. There was a Jewish tradition that he was buried in Persia. The principal works ascribed to him by the Jews are—

• The instruction of the great synagogue;
• The settling the canon of Scripture, and restoring, correcting and editing the whole sacred volume;
• The introduction of the Chaldee character instead of the old Hebrew or Samaritan;
• The authorship of the books of Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, and, some add, Esther; and, many of the Jews say, also of the books of Ezekiel, Daniel, and the twelve prophets;
• The establishment of synagogues." ("Ezra", Smith's)

References

• Archer, Gleason L. (1982). "Ezra", Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties. Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA: Zondervan. pp. pp. 229-231. ISBN 0-310-43570-6. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Clarke, Adam (1832). "Commentary on Ezra 2". The Adam Clarke Commentary. Retrieved 2008-05-12. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Easton, Matthew George (1897). "Ezra". Easton's Bible Dictionary. Retrieved 2008-05-27. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Easton, Matthew George (1897). "Nehemiah". Easton's Bible Dictionary. Retrieved 2008-05-27. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Gill, John (1999). "Commentary on Nehemiah 7". The New John Gill Exposition of the Entire Bible. Retrieved 2008-05-12. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Henry, Matthew (1706). "Complete Commentary on Ezra 2". Matthew Henry Complete Commentary on the Whole Bible. Retrieved 2008-05-12. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Henry, Matthew (1706). "Complete Commentary on Nehemiah 7". Matthew Henry Complete Commentary on the Whole Bible. Retrieved 2008-05-12. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Jamieson, Robert (1871). "Commentary on Ezra 2". Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible. Retrieved 2008-05-12. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Schaff, Philip (1952). "Ezra and Nehemiah". New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. IV: Draeseke - Goa, p. 259. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House. Retrieved 2008-05-27. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Scofield, C. I. (1917). "Scofield Reference Notes on Ezra 2". Scofield Reference Notes. Retrieved 2008-05-12. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Scofield, C. I. (1917). "Scofield Reference Notes on Nehemiah 7". Scofield Reference Notes. Retrieved 2008-05-12. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Smith, William (1884). "Ezra". Smith's Bible Dictionary. Retrieved 2008-05-27. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Smith, William (1884). "Nehemiah". Smith's Bible Dictionary. Retrieved 2008-05-27. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Torrey, R. A. "Commentary on Ezra 2". The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge. Retrieved 2008-05-12. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Torrey, R. A. "Commentary on Nehemiah 7". The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge. Retrieved 2008-05-12. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Wesley, John (1765). "Commentary on Nehemiah 7". John Wesley's Explanatory Notes on the Whole Bible. Retrieved 2008-05-12. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Orr, James, M.A., D.D. (General Editor) (1915). "Entry for 'EZRA-NEHEMIAH'". The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2008-05-29. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)