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Chaldeans
Kaldaye
Total population
c. 1 million
Regions with significant populations
Iraq Iraq250,000[1]
Syria Syria10,000
Lebanon Lebanon15,000[2]
Iran Iran8,000[3]
Turkey Turkey15,000[4]
Jordan jordan10,000
Egypt Egypt2,000[5] [6]
United States United States150,000[7]
Sweden Sweden40,000
Canada Canada20,000[8]
Australia Australia35,000[9]
Germany Germany20,000[10]
France France18,000[11]
New Zealand New Zealand4,000[12]
United Kingdom United Kingdom5,000[13]
Denmark Denmark5,000
Greece Greece4,000[14]
Netherlands Netherlands5,000
Belgium Belgium3,000
Georgia (country) Georgia2,000[15]
United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates1,000
Languages
Syriac language (Neo-Aramaic language) [16]
Religion
Christianity (Chaldean Catholic Church)
Related ethnic groups
Assyrian people, Jews, Arabs, Kurds, Armenians, Arameans

Chaldeans (Syriac: Kaldaya), also known as Kaldanaye, are an ethnic group whose origins lie in ancient Mesopotamia. They speak, read, and write distinct dialects of Eastern Aramaic Syriac language exclusive to Mesopotamia and its immediate surroundings. they become one of recognized ethnics according to article 125 in Iraqi constitution.[17]

Today that ancient territory is part of several nations: the north of Iraq, part of southeast Turkey and northeast Syria. They are indigenous to, and have traditionally lived all over what is now Iraq, northeast Syria, northwest Iran, and southeastern Turkey.[18] Most Chaldeans speak an Eastern Syriac Aramaic language whose subdivisions include Chaldean Neo-Aramaic.

The Chaldeans are a Christian people, most of them following Chaldean Catholic Church, their origin nation in Iraq and Mesopotamia ,but now most of the migrated to Western countries like Usa, Canada, Australia, Sweden , Germany and another countries. also their many of them live in Lebanon, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Iran, Turkey and Georgia, The reasons for migration due to poor economic conditions during the Sanctions against Iraq, and then Poor security conditions after 2003 invasion of Iraq, Because of the displacement and threats forced them to leave, in cities such as Baghdad, Mosul and Kirkuk.

History

[edit]

Historically, the Chaldeans emerged as group of Aramaic tribes in southern Mesopotamia in the beginnings of first millennium BCE and fought at the time of the Assyrian state,[19] and took the city of Babylon as their capital, Chaldeans able then to overthrow the Assyrian Empire after their alliance with the Medes in 612 BC.[20]

Bible also spoke about Chaldeans, and said they were able to overthrow the kingdom of Judah in 587 BC at reign of king Nebuchadnezzar II,[21] Chaldeans have been able to create a large empire stretching from the borders of Egypt from the west to Persia from the east, and from Anatolia in north and to the south in Arabian Peninsula, And they have made the city of Babylon, one of the most beautiful cities in that time,[22] Chaldeans famous in history also with advancing science, especially in astronomy, appeared several scholars from them, including such Berossus and Kidinnu and Naburimannu.[23] after the death of Nebuchadnezzar II, Babylon weakened and fell in the year 539 BC under the control of the Persians.[24]

After the fall of their state, their aramaic language became one of the official languages in the Persian empire,[25] While the chaldeans uprising many times against the Persians, but they were unable to get rid of the Achaemenid Persian rule.[26][27]

Chaldeans were one of first people who converted to Christianity in Mesopotamia, and many reported that they were persecuted because of that.[28][29] Chaldeans, who converted to Christianity have become part of the Church of the East which separated from Syriac antioch orthodox Church, which was based in the city of Ctesiphon,[30] And they are described themselves as Syriacs Easterners.[31] Chaldeans who have converted to Christianity, embraced the Nestorian doctrine, which was the doctrine of Church of the East, after the introduction of Islam to the Middle East, Many of them were forced to convert to Islam, especially those who were remaining on Paganism, Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism.[32] At the beginning of the second millennium AD, Europeans Catholic begun sent missionary missions for them to convert to Catholicism, many of this Catholic missionaries and monks talking about Chaldeans and their homeland and their religious belief like Riccoldo da Monte di Croce and John of Montecorvino.[33]

At the time of Tamerlane, the Chaldean Christians subjected to the greatest persecutions which led to the disintegration of the plains of Mesopotamia to the mountains,[34] and because of that have maintained their native language from extinction, a group of them fled to Cyprus and were there under the leadership of Bishop named Timathus, There united with the Catholic Church in the 1445 under the name of the Chaldeans, to become the Chaldean name first official identification of the Christians easterners in the time,[35] After more than 1 century on this Union a dispute between the priests of the Nestorian Church of the East about choosing a successor to them, and because of that a group of them was able to communicate with the Roman Catholics, officially to be the founding of the Chaldean Catholic Church, which Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa was first Patriarch of this church. After that the Chaldean identity is becoming distinctive identity for them.[36] Chaldean identity has also become a distinctive of those who stayed on the Nestorianism and spoke by many historians and also spoke many of Nestorian pastors.[37][38]

Assyrian identity has become a distinctive of those who stayed on the Nestorian which most of them settled in the mountains of Hakkari,[39] where resides the chair of their patriarch Ishai Shimon, British and Russians supporting the Assyrians In the late nineteenth century and early twentieth, Because of this Assyrians in Urmia and Hakkari established several cultural centers to them which advocated of Assyrian nationalism,[40] these activities it led to the anger of the Ottoman empire and also neighboring tribes from Kurds and Azeris, and after the withdrawal of Russian Empire from First World War were exposed to large massacres by the Ottoman Empire and the Kurdish tribes,[41] has also affected the massacres on Chaldean Catholics, Syriacs and Armenians, which led to the exodus to the rest of Iraq, Syria and Lebanon for escape.[42]

Most Chaldeans became part of the Iraqi state, which was founded in 1921, it has also a large part of the Assyrian become part of Iraq while the rest of them become part of Iran and Syria, unlike the Assyrians, The Chaldeans didnt have any distinctive political activity until the fall of Saddam Hussein's regime in 2003, In 1933, many Assyrians were killed with a group of Chaldeans, to a large massacre in Siemel after accusations to them that want to establish an independent state in northern Iraq, it committed by the Prime Minister of Iraq at that time Bakr Sidqi with a group from Kurdish tribes.[43]

Because of the large number of job opportunities in major Iraqi cities such as Baghdad, Mosul, Kirkuk and Basra most of the Chaldeans and Assyrians moved from the countryside to the cities, Chaldeans and Assyrians didnt of the any official recognition of their identity in former iraqi governments where they described as Christian Arabs, most of the Chaldeans preferred support Iraqi Communist Party, the rest of them joined Arab and Kurdish nationalist parties, one of them was a former Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister Tariq Aziz.[44]

After entering Iraq in the wars against Iran in First Gulf War and against Kuwait in Second Gulf War, large numbers of Chaldeans immigrated from Iraq began has increased dramatically after the economic blockade in 1991, after 2003 many chaldeans with the rest of Iraq's Christians exposed to strong persecution campaign by Islamic militants, from doctors and scientists, including targeting, which It led to their migration as long campaign against sellers of alcoholic beverages. With the increase in bombings after the US invasion, long the bombings of several churches in Baghdad and Mosul and Kirkuk, and in other areas of women forced to wear the hijab, the Kurdistan region a safe haven for Iraqi Christians and Chaldeans, while migrated the majority of them to the different states from the United States, Europe, Canada and Australia.

Chaldean nationalism

[edit]

Unlike other nationalities in Iraq, Chaldeans doesnt have national activity after the founding of the Iraqi state, There was some Chaldeans, who was have a nationalist ideas like Bishop Addai Scher, author of Caldo Athor book, who spoke about the Chaldean nationalism.[45]

first Chaldean political movement founded in 1972 and was named the Chaldean Patriot Movement, was founded after Baathist regime in Iraq, the killing many of Chaldeans in the Soria village of in the Dohuk province, but then this movement resolved after the Baath regime chasing their members.[46]

Baathist regime in Iraq, did not recognize Chaldean or Assyrian or Syriac nationalism and was well thought in official statistics in Iraq as Christian Arabs, in 1972 Christians of Iraq have recognition of the Iraqi government of the cultural rights of the speakers of Syriac language, but the Baathist regime refused to recognize Chaldeans and Assyrians as ethnic group in Iraq.[47]

After the fall of the Baath regime in Iraqi Kurdistan in 1991, Chaldeans began to establish a nationalist parties, in 1999 founded the Chaldean Democratic Party and in 2002 was established Chaldean National Congress Party,[48][49] after the fall of the Baathist regime in Iraq, the new Iraqi constitution of 2005 chaldeans identity and their be recognized as nation. in the cultural level chaldeans established the THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CHALDEAN WRITERS (IUCW) and held several conferences on Renaissance of Chaldean nationalism.[50][51] In the year 2015 has been established Chaldean leugue, has been open several headquarters in Iraq and in the Diaspora countries have been recognized by the United Nations and the European Union as a representative of the Chaldeans. also In southern Iraq, emerged a group from Shiite Muslims in Nasiriyah, they announced that their ethnic is Chaldean.

Now their are many Christian movements in Iraq to adopt a common designation for speakers of Syriac in Iraq, such as Chaldo Assyrian and Chaldean Syriac Assyrians that were adopted in constitution of the Kurdistan region in 2009, and other labels, such as Soraya and Beth Nehrnaya, however, that the unit did not get until now.

At the level for national feeling was to conduct a census among a group of Chaldeans in 2016 in Jordan for about 300 Chaldean there, 91% of them say chaldean is ethnic, 7% from them said is doctrine, about name 66% from them preferred Chaldean name, 32% from them preferred Caldoashor name, and 1% from them preferred Assyrian name.[52][53]

Language

[edit]

Most of the Chaldean speak Syriac language (neo aramaic) as first language to them, and speaking Arabic and Kurdish language as second language.

Chaldeans in the Nineveh Plain and surrounding area have special accent is different from other Aramaic dialects. In the Chaldean Church their language called Chaldean.[54]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ ishtartv.com
  2. ^ chaldeansoflebanon.org
  3. ^ http://www.beirutme.com/?p=735
  4. ^ http://www.aina.org/articles/dtcitaic.htm
  5. ^ http://www.masress.com/soutelomma/6994
  6. ^ http://www.aztagarabic.com/archives/8223
  7. ^ http://www.chaldeansonline.org/chald.html
  8. ^ Canada , statics , 2011
  9. ^ chaldeannews.com
  10. ^ [http://www.chaldeaneurope.org/2011/06/11/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7/ chaldeaneurope.org]
  11. ^ zenit.org
  12. ^ Canada , statics , 2011
  13. ^ http://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/10464/UK
  14. ^ http://www.atour.com/news/international/20030623a.html
  15. ^ zowaa.org
  16. ^ iraqi_constitution , article 4
  17. ^ http://www.iraqinationality.gov.iq/attach/iraqi_constitution.pdf
  18. ^ MacDonald, Kevin (2004-07-29). "Socialization for Ingroup Identity in the United States". Paper presented at a symposium on socialization for ingroup identity at the meetings of the International Society for Human Ethology, Ghent, Belgium. Based on interviews with community informants, this paper explores socialization for ingroup identity and endogamy among Chaldeans in the United States. The Chaldeans descent from the population of ancient Mesopotamia (founded in the 24th century BC), and have lived as a linguistic, political, religious, and ethnic minority in Iraq, Iran, Syria and Turkey since the fall of the Chaldean Empire in 645 BC. Practices that maintain ethnic and cultural continuity in the Near East, the United States and elsewhere include language and residential patterns, ethnically based Christian churches characterized by unique holidays and rites, and culturally specific practices related to life-cycle events and food preparation. The interviews probe parental attitudes and practices related to ethnic identity and encouragement of endogamy. Results are being analyzed.
  19. ^ http://biblehub.com/topical/c/chaldeans.htm
  20. ^ Talley Ornan, The Triumph of the Symbol: Pictorial Representation of Deities in Mesopotamia and the Biblical Image Ban (Göttingen: Academic Press Fribourg, 2005), 4 n. 6
  21. ^ http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b25.htm#1
  22. ^ "Nebuchadnezzar." Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2004. Encyclopedia.com.
  23. ^ http://www.livius.org/articles/person/kidinnu-the-chaldaeans-and-babylonian-astronomy/
  24. ^ Georges Roux, Ancient Iraq, 3rd ed., Penguin Books, London, 1991, p.381-382
  25. ^ https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aramaic-language
  26. ^ https://books.google.iq/books?id=sQtOAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT526&lpg=PT526&dq=chaldean+uprising&source=bl&ots=ZrUPAfFzr3&sig=CckCrJJXA0aJ-OZ4z5WePF24Utk&hl=ar&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj6-oirjsrOAhWIHxoKHcBUA2wQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=chaldean%20uprising&f=false
  27. ^ https://books.google.iq/books?id=w-s-PH7qlp8C&pg=PA112&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
  28. ^ http://www.syriacstudies.com/2013/02/04/the-chaldean-assyrian-syriac-people-of-iraq-an-ethnic-identity-problem-shak-hanish/
  29. ^ http://saint-adday.com/?p=6147
  30. ^ https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nestorians
  31. ^ http://www.ishtartv.com/book,14,books.html
  32. ^ http://www.chaldeansonline.org/chald.html
  33. ^ http://saint-adday.com/?p=3907
  34. ^ http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=1553&C=1368
  35. ^ http://www.kaldaya.net/Articles/Article204_RiyadHamama.html
  36. ^ https://books.google.iq/books?id=yt0X840SjpEC&redir_esc=y&hl=ar
  37. ^ https://archive.org/details/narrativeofresid01richuoft
  38. ^ https://www.google.iq/search?q=%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7+%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%86&biw=1360&bih=667&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi11amlxunOAhVEPRQKHUnZDJ8QsAQIMw&dpr=1#imgrc=QPQfK2kmtN2DJM%3A
  39. ^ http://www.brill.com/modern-assyrians-middle-east
  40. ^ http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n87-893778/
  41. ^ http://www.seyfocenter.com/?sid=2&aID=36
  42. ^ https://books.google.iq/books?id=sGyMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA166&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
  43. ^ https://books.google.iq/books?id=79wj2hj4wKUC&redir_esc=y
  44. ^ http://www.chaldeannews.com/free-tariq-aziz/
  45. ^ http://www.ishtartv.com/book,14,books.html
  46. ^ http://www.alsumaria.tv/mobile/news/51371/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9-%D9%83%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B0%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A3%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%A8/ar
  47. ^ http://www.iraqnla-iq.com/opac/fullrecr.php?nid=26280&hl=ara
  48. ^ http://solutions.cengage.com/gale/apps/
  49. ^ http://www.chaldeansonline.org/chaldean/
  50. ^ https://sites.google.com/site/chaldeanwriters/
  51. ^ http://www.kaldaya.net/2011/Articles/07_July2011/31_July25_BishopMarSarhadJamou.html
  52. ^ http://www.ankawa.com/forum/index.php/topic,821080.0.html
  53. ^ الكلدان المعاصرون والبحث عن الهوية القومية، دراسة سوسيو إنثروبوليجية، تاليف الدكتور عبدالله مرقس رابي، ص10
  54. ^ http://saint-adday.com/?p=541
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