User:Emyrick/Horowitz index
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The Horowitz index or Horovitz index (also known as the Horowitz quotient, Carrico index, the P/F ratio) is a ratio used to assess lung function in patients, particularly those on ventilators.[1] It is also utilized to assess pulmonary disease course and guide therapy and in the evaluation of donor lungs in lung transplantation.[1] Overall, it is useful for evaluating the extent of damage to the lungs. The simple abbreviation as oxygenation can lead to confusion with other conceptualizations of oxygenation index.
The Horowitz index is defined as the ratio of partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (PaO2), in millimeters of mercury, and the fraction of oxygen in the inhaled air (FiO2) — the PaO2/FiO2 ratio. This is calculated by dividing the PaO2 by the FiO2.
Example: patient who is receiving an FiO2 of .5 (ie, 50%) with a measured PaO2 of 60 mmHg has a PaO2/FiO2 ratio of 120.
In healthy lungs, the Horowitz index depends on age and usually falls between 350 and 450. A value below 300 is the threshold for mild lung injury, and 200 is indicative of a moderately severe lung injury. A value below 100 is a criterion for a severe injury.[1]
History[edit]
The Horowitz index was first proposed in a 1974 paper by Joel H. Horovitz and two co-authors, Charles Carrico and G. Tom Shires.[2] The reason for the spelling with w is unclear.
In this study, the authors utilized the PaO2/FiO2 ratio to compare patients treated with varying inspired oxygen concentrations.[2] One of the major reasons for the use of this ratio is that it is simple to calculate in critically ill patients. These patients often have arterial blood gas samples taken, which allows providers to measure the PaO2.
Uses[edit]
The Horowitz ratio has used in scoring systems to grade severity in diseases such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), sepsis, and community-acquired pneumonia. [3][4][5][6][7][8]
ARDS[edit]
The Horowitz index plays a major role in the diagnosis of ARDS.[3] Three severities of ARDS are categorized based on the degree of hypoxemia using the Horowitz index, according to the Berlin definition. The Horowitz index also correlates to mortality in ARDS.
| ARDS Severity | PaO2/FiO2 | Mortality |
| Mild | 200-300 | 27% |
| Moderate | 100-200 | 32% |
| Severe | <100 | 45% |
*Table adapted from Ranieri et al.[3]
Sepsis[edit]
The Horowitz index is used in multiple severity scoring systems in sepsis. These include the SOFA, APACHE IV, SAPS-II and SAPS-III scoring systems.[4][5][6][7]
Community-acquired pneumonia[edit]
In patients with community-acquired pneumonia, the Horowitz index is used in the SMART-COP score. This score predicts the need for additional respiratory support in community-acquired pneumonia.[8] This scoring can help medical providers determine a patient's need for admission to an intensive care unit or further intensive respiratory support or vasopressor medications. Further support or admission to the ICU should be considered in patients <50 years old with a Horowitz index <333 mmHg or >50 years old with Horowitz index <250 mmHg.[8]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c Feiner, John R.; Weiskopf, Richard B. (2017-01). "Evaluating Pulmonary Function: An Assessment of Pao 2/Fio 2". Critical Care Medicine. 45 (1): e40–e48. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000002017. ISSN 0090-3493.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b Horovitz, Joel H. (1974-03-01). "Pulmonary Response to Major Injury". Archives of Surgery. 108 (3): 349. doi:10.1001/archsurg.1974.01350270079014. ISSN 0004-0010.
- ^ a b c "Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: The Berlin Definition". JAMA. 307 (23). 2012-06-20. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.5669. ISSN 0098-7484.
- ^ a b Lambden, Simon; Laterre, Pierre Francois; Levy, Mitchell M.; Francois, Bruno (2019-12). "The SOFA score—development, utility and challenges of accurate assessment in clinical trials". Critical Care. 23 (1). doi:10.1186/s13054-019-2663-7. ISSN 1364-8535.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b Zimmerman, Jack E.; Kramer, Andrew A.; McNair, Douglas S.; Malila, Fern M. (2006-05). "Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) IV: Hospital mortality assessment for today's critically ill patients*:". Critical Care Medicine. 34 (5): 1297–1310. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000215112.84523.F0. ISSN 0090-3493.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b Le Gall, J. R. (1993-12-22). "A new Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) based on a European/North American multicenter study". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 270 (24): 2957–2963. doi:10.1001/jama.270.24.2957.
- ^ a b Vazquez, Guillermo; Benito, Salvador; Rivera, Ricardo (2003). "[No title found]". Critical Care. 7 (5): 345. doi:10.1186/cc2163.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c Charles, Patrick G. P.; Wolfe, Rory; Whitby, Michael; Fine, Michael J.; Fuller, Andrew J.; Stirling, Robert; Wright, Alistair A.; Ramirez, Julio A.; Christiansen, Keryn J.; Waterer, Grant W.; Pierce, Robert J.; Armstrong, John G.; Korman, Tony M.; Holmes, Peter; Obrosky, D. Scott (2008-08). "SMART‐COP: A Tool for Predicting the Need for Intensive Respiratory or Vasopressor Support in Community‐Acquired Pneumonia". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 47 (3): 375–384. doi:10.1086/589754. ISSN 1058-4838.
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