User:Croquant/Archives/Swadesh lists/Serbian
Swadesh list of 207 words in English and Serbian.
Presentation[edit]
- For further information, read the article: Swadesh list
The Swadesh word list, developed by the linguist Morris Swadesh, is used as a tool to study the evolution of languages. It contains a set of basic words which can be found in every language. Various versions have been created, in particular:
- a complete 207 words version, in which some of the words are not found in every environment (it contains for instance snake and snow)
- a reduced 100 words version.
List[edit]
| No. | English | Croatian hrvatski |
Serbian (Cyrillic / Latin)[1] |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | ja | ја / ja |
| 2 | you (singular) | ti | ти / ti |
| 3 | he | on | он / on |
| 4 | we | mi | ми / mi |
| 5 | you (plural) | vi | ви / vi |
| 6 | they | oni | они / oni |
| 7 | this | ovaj | овај / ovaj |
| 8 | that | taj | тај / taj |
| 9 | here | ovdje | овде / ovde |
| 10 | there | tamo | тамо / tamo |
| 11 | who | tko (interrogative) | ко / ko |
| 12 | what | što (interrogative) | што / što (relative), шта / šta (interrogative) |
| 13 | where | gdje (no movement, interrogative) | где / gde |
| 14 | when | kad (interrogative) | кад / kad |
| 15 | how | kako (interrogative) | како / kako |
| 16 | not | ne | не / ne |
| 17 | all | sve | све / sve |
| 18 | many | puno | много / mnogo |
| 19 | some | nekoliko | неколико / nekoliko |
| 20 | few | malo | мало / malo |
| 21 | other | drugi | други / drugi |
| 22 | one | jedan | један / jedan |
| 23 | two | dva | два / dva |
| 24 | three | tri | три / tri |
| 25 | four | četiri | чет(и)ри / čet(i)ri |
| 26 | five | pet | пет / pet |
| 27 | big | velik | велик(и) / velik(i) |
| 28 | long | dug | дуг, дугачак / dug, dugačak |
| 29 | wide | širok | широк / širok |
| 30 | thick | debeo | дебеo / debeo |
| 31 | heavy | težak | тежак / težak |
| 32 | small | malen | мали / mali |
| 33 | short | kratak | кратак / kratak |
| 34 | narrow | uzak | узак / uzak |
| 35 | thin | tanak | танак / tanak |
| 36 | woman | žena | жена / žena |
| 37 | man (adult male) | muškarac | мушкарац / muškarac |
| 38 | man (human being) | čovjek | човек / čovek |
| 39 | child | dijete | дете / dete |
| 40 | wife | žena | жена, супруга / žena, supruga |
| 41 | husband | muž | муж, супруг / muž, suprug |
| 42 | mother | majka | мајка / majka |
| 43 | father | otac | отац / otac |
| 44 | animal | životinja | животиња / životinja |
| 45 | fish | riba | риба / riba |
| 46 | bird | ptica | птица / ptica |
| 47 | dog | pas | пас / pas |
| 48 | louse | uš | вашка, ваш / vaška, vaš |
| 49 | snake | zmija | змија / zmija |
| 50 | worm | crv | глиста / glista |
| 51 | tree | drvo | дрво / drvo |
| 52 | forest | šuma | шума / šuma |
| 53 | stick | štap | штап, прут, дршка / štap, prut, drška |
| 54 | fruit | voće, plod | воће, плод / voće, plod |
| 55 | seed | sjeme | семе / seme |
| 56 | leaf | list | лист / list |
| 57 | root | korijen | корен / koren |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | kora | кора / kora |
| 59 | flower | cvijet | цвет / cvet |
| 60 | grass | trava | трава / trava |
| 61 | rope | uže | конопац, канап, уже / konopac, kanap, uže |
| 62 | skin | koža | кожа / koža |
| 63 | meat | meso | месо / meso |
| 64 | blood | krv | крв / krv |
| 65 | bone | kost | кост / kost |
| 66 | fat (noun) | mast, salo | маст, сало / mast, salo |
| 67 | egg | jaje | јаје / jaje |
| 68 | horn | rog | рог / rog |
| 69 | tail | rep | реп / rep |
| 70 | feather | pero | перо / pero |
| 71 | hair | kosa | коса / kosa (collective), длака, влас / dlaka, vlas (single) |
| 72 | head | glava | глава / glava |
| 73 | ear | uho | уво, ухо / uvo, uho |
| 74 | eye | oko | око / oko |
| 75 | nose | nos | нос / nos |
| 76 | mouth | usta | уста / usta |
| 77 | tooth | zub | зуб / zub |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | jezik | језик / jezik |
| 79 | fingernail | nokat | нокат / nokat |
| 80 | foot | stopa, stopalo | стопа, стопало / stopa, stopalo |
| 81 | leg | noga | нога / noga |
| 82 | knee | koljeno | колено / koleno |
| 83 | hand | ruka, šaka | шака, рука / šaka, ruka |
| 84 | wing | krilo | крило / krilo |
| 85 | belly | trbuh | стомак, трбух / stomak, trbuh |
| 86 | guts | crijeva | црева / creva |
| 87 | neck | vrat | врат, шија / vrat, šija |
| 88 | back | leđa | леђа / leđa |
| 89 | breast | prsa | груди, прса / grudi, prsa |
| 90 | heart | srce | срце / srce |
| 91 | liver | jetra | јетра, џигерица / jetra, džigerica |
| 92 | to drink | piti | пити / piti |
| 93 | to eat | jesti | јести / jesti |
| 94 | to bite | ugristi | ујести, угристи / ujesti, ugristi |
| 95 | to suck | sisati | сисати / sisati |
| 96 | to spit | pljuvati | пљувати / pljuvati |
| 97 | to vomit | povraćati, bljuvati | повраћати / povraćati |
| 98 | to blow | puhati | дувати / duvati |
| 99 | to breathe | disati | дисати / disati |
| 100 | to laugh | smijati se | смејати се / smejati se |
| 101 | to see | vidjeti | видети / videti |
| 102 | to hear | čuti | чути / čuti |
| 103 | to know | znati | знати / znati |
| 104 | to think | misliti | мислити / misliti |
| 105 | to smell | mirisati | мирисати / mirisati |
| 106 | to fear | bojati se, strahovati | плашити, бојати се, страховати / plašiti, bojati se, strahovati |
| 107 | to sleep | spavati | спавати / spavati |
| 108 | to live | živjeti | живети / živeti |
| 109 | to die | umrijeti | умрети / umreti |
| 110 | to kill | ubiti | убити / ubiti |
| 111 | to fight | boriti se | тући, борити се / tući, boriti se |
| 112 | to hunt | loviti | ловити / loviti |
| 113 | to hit | udarati | ударати / udarаti |
| 114 | to cut | rezati | сећи, резати / seći, rezati |
| 115 | to split | dijeliti | делити / deliti |
| 116 | to stab | ubosti | убости / ubosti |
| 117 | to scratch | češati | чешати / češati |
| 118 | to dig | kopati | копати / kopati |
| 119 | to swim | plivati | пливати / plivati |
| 120 | to fly | letjeti | летети / leteti |
| 121 | to walk | hodati | ходати / hodati |
| 122 | to come | dolaziti | долазити / dolaziti |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | ležati | лежати / ležati |
| 124 | to sit | sjediti | седети / sedeti |
| 125 | to stand | stajati | стајати / stajati |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | skrenuti | скренути / skrenuti |
| 127 | to fall | padati | пасти / pasti |
| 128 | to give | dati | дати / dati |
| 129 | to hold | držati | држати / držati |
| 130 | to squeeze | stisnuti, stegnuti | стиснути, стегнути / stisnuti, stegnuti |
| 131 | to rub | trljati | трљати / trljati |
| 132 | to wash | prati | прати / prati |
| 133 | to wipe | brisati | брисати / brisati |
| 134 | to pull | vući | вући / vući |
| 135 | to push | gurati | гурати / gurati |
| 136 | to throw | bacati | бацати / bacati |
| 137 | to tie | vezati | везати / vezati |
| 138 | to sew | šiti | шити / šiti |
| 139 | to count | brojati | бројати / brojati |
| 140 | to say | reći | рећи, казати / reći, kazati |
| 141 | to sing | pjevati | певати / pevati |
| 142 | to play | igrati | играти / igrati |
| 143 | to float | plutati | плутати, пловити / plutati, ploviti |
| 144 | to flow | teći | тећи / teći |
| 145 | to freeze | zalediti, smrznuti | заледити, смрзнути / zalediti / smrznuti |
| 146 | to swell | oteknuti | отећи / oteći |
| 147 | sun | sunce | сунце / sunce |
| 148 | moon | mjesec | месец / mesec |
| 149 | star | zvijezda | звезда / zvezda |
| 150 | water | voda | вода / voda |
| 151 | rain | kiša | киша / kiša |
| 152 | river | rijeka | река / reka |
| 153 | lake | jezero | језеро / jezero |
| 154 | sea | more | море / more |
| 155 | salt | sol | со / so |
| 156 | stone | kamen | камен, стена / kamen, stena |
| 157 | sand | pijesak | песак / pesak |
| 158 | dust | prašina | прашина / prašina |
| 159 | earth | zemlja | земља / zemlja |
| 160 | cloud | oblak | облак / oblak |
| 161 | fog | magla | магла / magla |
| 162 | sky | nebo | небо / nebo |
| 163 | wind | vjetar | ветар / vetar |
| 164 | snow | snijeg | снег / sneg |
| 165 | ice | led | лед / led |
| 166 | smoke | dim | дим / dim |
| 167 | fire | vatra | ватра / vatra |
| 168 | ash | pepeo | пепео / pepeo |
| 169 | to burn | gorjeti | горети / goreti |
| 170 | road | put | пут, друм, цеста / put, drum, cesta |
| 171 | mountain | planina | планина / planina |
| 172 | red | crven | црвен / crven |
| 173 | green | zelen | зелен / zelen |
| 174 | yellow | žut | жут / žut |
| 175 | white | bijel | бео / beo |
| 176 | black | crn | црн / crn |
| 177 | night | noć | ноћ / noć |
| 178 | day | dan | дан / dan |
| 179 | year | godina | година / godina |
| 180 | warm | topao | топао / topao |
| 181 | cold | zima, studen, hladnoća | хладно, хладноћа / hladno, hladnoća |
| 182 | full | pun | пун / pun |
| 183 | new | nov | нов(и) / nov(i) |
| 184 | old | star | стар(и) / star(i) |
| 185 | good | dobar | добар / dobar |
| 186 | bad | loš | лош / loš |
| 187 | rotten | truo | труо, гњио / truo, gnjio |
| 188 | dirty | prljav | прљав / prljav |
| 189 | straight | ravan | прав / prav |
| 190 | round | okrugao | обао, округао / okrugao |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | oštar | оштар / oštar |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | tup | туп / tup |
| 193 | smooth | gladak | гладак / gladak |
| 194 | wet | mokar | мокар / mokar |
| 195 | dry | suh | сув / suv |
| 196 | correct | točan | тачан / tačan |
| 197 | near | blizak | близак / blizak |
| 198 | far | dalek | далек / dalek |
| 199 | right | desni | десно / desno |
| 200 | left | lijevi | лево / levo |
| 201 | at | u, kod | код / kod |
| 202 | in | u | у / u |
| 203 | with | s, sa | с, са / s, sa |
| 204 | and | i | и / i |
| 205 | if | ako | ако / ako |
| 206 | because | jer, zato | зато, пошто, јер / zato, pošto, jer |
| 207 | name | ime | име / ime |
^ The Ekavian variant (with /e/ superseding old vowel Jat) is used in most of Serbia. The Ijekavian (with /je/ or /ije/) is used by Serbs in Western Serbia, Bosnia, Montenegro, and Croatia.
^ The Cyrillic alphabet is traditionally used by a majority of people in Montenegro. In Serbia, Latin script is used roughly by 40% of native speakers vs. 20% natives using Cyrrilic in non-official written communication. Another 30% use Latin script more often then Cyrrilic, and 10% use Cyrrilic reather then Latin alphabet. (Conducted: Serbia, 2003.)
- Orthography :
When the words have various forms (verbs conjugation, gender and number agreement, declensions), the orthography is the following :
- verbs : infinitive
- adjectives : predicative form
- other words : masculine, singular, nominative (subject)
For specific cases (no infinitive, feminine name, plural name for instance), the simplest form is used.
See also[edit]
Bibliography[edit]
- Le serbe de poche, Assimil, Chennevières-sur-Marne 2004 - ISBN 2-7005-0281-7 (in French)
- Les langages de l'humanité (Michel Malherbe), Robert Laffont, Paris 1995 - ISBN 2-221-05947-6 (in French)
External links[edit]
- Serbo-Croatian dictionaries (Lexilogos) (in French)
- Wiktionary : Swadesh lists for Slavic languages (main source)
- Wiktionary : Swadesh list
- Викиречник (Serbian Wiktionary) (in Serbian)
- Croatian Wiktionary (in Croatian)