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My sandbox is filled with stuff. You may wonder why don't I just keep it on my device instead of uploading here. Mainly is because I often use different machines and I like to use the templates for the references here. Please don't edit the page, use the talk instead.

Hyperaccumulator[edit]

An hyperaccumulator is an organism capable of absorbing very high concentration of an element in its tissues. They are usually plants of fungi and they have



Current article[edit]

A hyperaccumulator is a plant capable of growing in soils with very high concentrations of metals, absorbing these metals through their roots, and concentrating extremely high levels of metals in their tissues.[1] The metals are concentrated at levels that are toxic to closely related species not adapted to growing on the metalliferous soils. Compared to non-hyperaccumulating species, hyperaccumulator roots extract the metal from the soil at a higher rate, transfer it more quickly to their shoots, and store large amounts in leaves and roots.[1][2] The ability to hyperaccumulate toxic metals compared to related species has been shown to be due to differential gene expression and regulation of the same genes in both plants.[1] Over 500 species of flowering plants have been identified as having the ability to hyperaccumulate metals in their tissues.[3]

Hyperaccumulating plants hold interest for their ability to extract metals from the soils of contaminated sites (phytoremediation) to return the ecosystem to a less toxic state. The plants also hold potential to be used to mine metals from soils with very high concentrations (phytomining) by growing the plants then harvesting them for the metals in their tissues.[1]

The genetic advantage of hyperaccumulation of metals may be that the toxic levels of heavy metals in leaves deter herbivores or increase the toxicity of other anti-herbivory metabolites.[1]

Genetic basis[edit]

Several gene families are involved in the processes of hyperaccumulation including upregulation of absorption and sequestration of heavy metal metals.[4] These hyperaccumulation genes (HA genes) are found in over 450 plant species, including the model organisms Arabidopsis and Brassicaceae. The expression of such genes is used to determine whether a species is capable of hyperaccumulation. Expression of HA genes provides the plant with capacity to uptake and sequester metals such as As, Co, Fe, Cu, Cd, Pb, Hg, Se, Mn, Zn, Mo and Ni in 100–1000x the concentration found in sister species or populations.[5]

The capacity for hyperaccumulation is dependent on two major factors: environmental exposure and expression of members of the ZIP gene family. Although experiments have shown that the hyperaccumulation is partially dependent on environmental exposure (i.e. only plants exposed to a metal are observed with high concentrations of that metal), hyperaccumulation is ultimately dependent on the presence and upregulation of genes involved with that process. It has been shown that hyperaccumulation capacities can be inherited in Thlaspi caerulescens (Brassicaceae) and others. As there is wide variety among hyperaccumulating species that span across different plant families, it is likely that HA genes were ecotypically selected for. In most hyperaccumulating plants, the main mechanism for metal transport are the proteins coded by genes in the ZIP family, however other families such as the HMA, MATE, YSL and MTP families have also been observed to be involved. The ZIP gene family is a novel, plant-specific gene family that encodes Cd, Mn, Fe and Zn transporters. The ZIP family plays a role in supplying Zn to metalloproteins.[6]

In one study on Arabidopsis, it was found that the metallophyte A. halleri expressed a member of the ZIP family that was not expressed in a non-metallophytic sister species. This gene was an iron regulated transporter (IRT-protein) that encoded several primary transporters involved with cellular uptake of cations above the concentration gradient. When this gene was transformed into yeast, hyperaccumulation was observed.[7] This suggests that overexpression of ZIP family genes that encode cation transporters is a characteristic genetic feature of hyperaccumulation. Another gene family that has been observed ubiquitously in hyperaccumulators are the ZTP and ZNT families. A study on T. caerulescens identified the ZTP family as a plant specific family with high sequence similarity to other zinc transporter4. Both the ZTP and ZNT families, like the ZIP family, are zinc transporters.[8] It has been observed in hyperaccumulating species, that these genes, specifically ZNT1 and ZNT2 alleles are chronically overexpressed.[9]

While the exact mechanism by which these genes facilitate hyperaccumulation is, as of yet, uncharacterized, expression patterns correlate heavily with individual hyperaccumulation capacity and metal exposure, suggests these gene families play a regulatory role. As the presence and expression zinc transporter gene families is highly prevalent in hyperaccumulators, it is likely that the capacity to accumulate a wide range of heavy metals is likely due to an inability of the zinc transporters to discriminate against certain metal ion. The response of the plants to hyperaccumulation of any metal also supports this theory as it has been observed that AhHMHA3 is expressed in hyperaccumulating individuals. AhHMHA3 has been identified to be expressed in response and aid of Zn detoxification.[5] In another study, using metallophytic and non-metallophytic Arabidopsis populations, back crosses indicated pleiotropy between Cd and Zn tolerances.[10] This response suggests that plants are unable to detect specific metals, and that hyperaccumulation is likely a result of an overexpressed Zn transportation system.[11]

The overall effect of these expression patterns has been hypothesized to assist in plant defense systems. In one hypothesis, "the elemental defense hypothesis", provided by Poschenrieder, it is suggested that the expression of these genes assist in antiherbivory or pathogen defenses by making tissues toxic to organisms attempting to feed on that plant.[6] Another hypothesis, "the joint hypothesis", provided by Boyd, suggests that expression of these genes assists in systemic defense.[12]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e Rascio, Nicoletta; Navari-Izzo, Flavia (1 February 2011). "Heavy metal hyperaccumulating plants: How and why do they do it? And what makes them so interesting?". Plant Science. 180 (2): 169–181. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2010.08.016. PMID 21421358.
  2. ^ Hossner, L.R.; Loeppert, R.H.; Newton, R.J.; Szaniszlo, P.J. (1998). "Literature review: Phytoaccumulation of chromium, uranium, and plutonium in plant systems". Amarillo National Resource Center for Plutonium, TX (United States) Technical Report.
  3. ^ Sarma, Hemen (2011). "Metal hyperaccumuulation in plants: A Review focusing on phytoremediation technology". Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 4 (2): 118–138. doi:10.3923/jest.2011.118.138.
  4. ^ Rascio, Nicoletta, and Flavia Navari-Izzo. "Heavy metal hyperaccumulating plants: how and why do they do it? And what makes them so interesting?." Plant science 180.2 (2011): 169-181.
  5. ^ a b C. Pagliano, et al. Evidence for PSII-donor-side damage and photoinhibition induced by cadmium treatment on rice (Oryza sativa L.)J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol., 84 (2006), pp. 70–78
  6. ^ a b Poschenrieder C., Tolrá R., Barceló J. (2006). Can metals defend plants against biotic stress? Trends Plant Sci. 11 288–295 
  7. ^ Becher, Martina, et al. "Cross‐species microarray transcript profiling reveals high constitutive expression of metal homeostasis genes in shoots of the zinc hyperaccumulator Arabidopsis halleri." The Plant Journal 37.2 (2004): 251-268.
  8. ^ Persans, Michael W., Ken Nieman, and David E. Salt. "Functional activity and role of cation-efflux family members in Ni hyperaccumulation in Thlaspi goesingense." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98.17 (2001): 9995-10000
  9. ^ Assunção, A. G. L., et al. "Elevated expression of metal transporter genes in three accessions of the metal hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens." Plant, Cell & Environment 24.2 (2001): 217-226.
  10. ^ Bert, V., Meerts, P., Saumitou-Laprade, P. et al. Plant and Soil (2003) 249: 9. doi:10.1023/A:1022580325301
  11. ^ Pollard, A. J. and BAKER, A. J.M. (1996), Quantitative genetics of zinc hyperaccumulation in Thlaspi caerulescens. New Phytologist, 132: 113–118. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1996.tb04515.x
  12. ^ Boyd R. S. (2012). Plant defense using toxic inorganic ions: conceptual models of the defensive enhancement and joint effects hypotheses. Plant Sci. 195 88–95 1016/j.plantsci.2012.06.012[PubMed] [Cross Ref]


  1. [well thought review]
  2. Check this out more indeep: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21608273, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21297669, [factors and bioremediation of xenobiotics using white rot fungi.], [of heavy metal pollution by edible fungi: a review], [of dioxin-contaminated soil by fungi screened from Nature.], [of bioremediation by white-rot fungi.], [[1]]
  3. A review of Pleurotus, focusing on heavy metals
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5504202/
  1. Mushroom as a product and their role in mycoremediation. (free full text, study): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24949264
  2. Our results demonstrate that the ascomycetous strains potentially adapted to PCBs may be propitious to the remediation of PCB contaminated sites.: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24880600
  3. We investigated the potential of white-rot and litter-decomposing fungi for the treatment of soil and wood from a sawmill area contaminated with aged chlorinated phenols, dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/F). In wood, white-rot fungi grew and degraded chlorophenols better than LDF. No efficient indigenous degraders were present in wood. Interestingly, production of toxic chlorinated organic metabolites (anisoles and veratroles) by LDF in wood was negligible.[1]
  4. the two-stage cultivation strategy demonstrated in this study shows that a batch process would efficiently remediate the phthalic acid esters blended in plastics on a large scale, and thus it offers potentials for the management of plastics wastes. This unique study describes how Aspergillus japonicus, Penicillium brocae and Purpureocillium lilacinum[2]

With phytoremediation[edit]

  1. It has been concluded that three-component phytoremediation systems based on synergistic interactions between plant roots, AMF and hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms demonstrated high effectiveness in dissipation of organic pollutants in soil. : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27487095
  2. Lead, AMF and robinia pseudoacacia - There are many ways to overcome the limitations of phytoremediation with hyperaccumulators. One of them is the use of other plant species with lower capacity of HM accumulation but fast-growth rate and high biomass. The high biomass of plants can compensate for the relatively low capacity for HM accumulation. Another strategy to increase the efficiency of phytoremediation is to inoculate phytoremediation plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)3.: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4740888/
  3. AMF, lead and vetiver grass - With mycorrhizal inoculation and increasing Pb levels, Pb uptake of shoot and root increased compared to those of NM control. Root colonization increased with mycorrhizal inoculation but decreased as Pb levels increased : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26709443
  4. not much, just saying its good - Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are considered the most important type of mycorrhizae for phytoremediation. AMF have broad occurrence in contaminated soils, and evidences suggest they improve plant tolerance to excess of certain trace elements : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26250548
  5. mycorrhizal plants had a greater accumulation of these metals, so that those under 80 mg/kg Cd soil(-1) accumulated 833.3 and 1585.8 mg Cd in their shoots and roots, respectively. In conclusion, mycorrhizal fungi can improve not only growth and yield of pot marigold in heavy metal stressed condition, but also phytoremediation performance by increasing heavy metals accumulation in the plant organs. : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26237494
  6. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that the efficiency of phytoremediation was enhanced by AM symbioses, and soil pH, Pb, Zn, and Cd levels were the main factors influencing the HM accumulation characteristics of plants. : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25929455
  7. Effect of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPR) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation on oats in saline-alkali soil contaminated by petroleum to enhance phytoremediation. : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25091168
  8. All the above results show that their ecological effects are significantly improved. AM would promote rhizosphere soil that will help the sustainability of ecological systems in mining area. It is really of great significance to keep the ecological system stability. : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24455959
  9. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth, nutrient status, and total antioxidant activity of Melilotus albus during phytoremediation of a diesel-contaminated substrate. : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21420227
  10. Highly significant positive correlations were shown between of arbuscular formation in root segments (A)) and plant water content, root lipids, peroxidase, catalase polyphenol oxidase and total microbial count in soil rhizosphere as well as PAH dissipation in spiked soil. As consequence of the treatment with Am, the plants provide a greater sink for the contaminants since they are better able to survive and grow.: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24049473

categories to add[edit]

  • fire-resistant
  • salt resistance
  • shade-tolerant

Dynamic accumulator[edit]

Add ref for the definition and for the example, add a quote for all the refs, add a comfrey picture


Solarpunk[edit]

I'd like to see the page on wikipedia, so I'll gather references until it gets to a decent amount (and I'll maybe find some strong ones)


Urtica dioica[edit]

Medicinal uses[edit]

U. dioica has been studied to treat a wide array of pathologies, with positive results in many cases. The aerial parts of the plants have shown an anti-inflammatory[3][4][5], antibiotic[6][7], and analgesic[8], even though further studies are needed to confirm some of the mechanisms and properties. The roots extract has been studied for its effects on the benign prostatic hyperplasia[9][10][11][12][13] and Prostate cancer[14], with good results. In general it has effects on the testosteron levels[15], probably by reducing the binding activity of the sex hormone-binding globulin[16].

U. dioica has also shown good results against hyperglicemia[17] and in diabetes mellitus type 2[18][19][20][21]

Some of the U. dioica medicinal properties were also known in traditional medicine. In the traditional Austrian medicine it is used internally (as tea or fresh leaves) to treat disorders of the kidneys and urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, locomotor system, skin, cardiovascular system, hemorrhage, influenza, rheumatism, and gout.[22]. Some of the traditional uses, such as the hemostatic and wound-healing potential of the leaves have been proved[23][24]

As Old English stiðe, nettle is one of the nine plants invoked in the pagan Anglo-Saxon Nine Herbs Charm, recorded in the 10th century. Nettle was believed to be a galactagogue, a substance that promotes lactation.[25]

Urtication, or flogging with nettles, is the process of deliberately applying stinging nettles to the skin in order to provoke inflammation. An agent thus used is known as a rubefacient (something that causes redness). This is done as a folk remedy for treatment of rheumatism.[26]

  1. ^ Valentín, Lara; Oesch-Kuisma, Hanna; Steffen, Kari T.; Kähkönen, Mika A.; Hatakka, Annele; Tuomela, Marja (15 September 2013). "Mycoremediation of wood and soil from an old sawmill area contaminated for decades". Journal of Hazardous Materials. 260: 668–675. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.06.014. ISSN 1873-3336. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  2. ^ Pradeep, S.; Faseela, P.; Josh, M. K. Sarath; Balachandran, S.; Devi, R. Sudha; Benjamin, Sailas (2013). "Fungal biodegradation of phthalate plasticizer in situ". Biodegradation. 24 (2): 257–267. doi:10.1007/s10532-012-9584-3. ISSN 1572-9729. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  3. ^ Riehemann, K.; Behnke, B.; Schulze-Osthoff, K. (8 January 1999). "Plant extracts from stinging nettle (Urtica dioica), an antirheumatic remedy, inhibit the proinflammatory transcription factor NF-kappaB". FEBS letters. 442 (1): 89–94. ISSN 0014-5793. Retrieved 14 April 2018. Our results suggests that part of the antiinflammatory effect of Urtica extract may be ascribed to its inhibitory effect on NF-kappaB activation.
  4. ^ Hajhashemi, Valiollah; Klooshani, Vahid (2013). "Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Urtica dioica leaf extract in animal models". Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine. 3 (2): 193–200. ISSN 2228-7930. The results confirm the folkloric use of the plant extract in painful and inflammatory conditions. Further studies are needed to characterize the active constituents and the mechanism of action of the plant extract.
  5. ^ Francišković, Marina; Gonzalez-Pérez, Raquel; Orčić, Dejan; Sánchez de Medina, Fermín; Martínez-Augustin, Olga; Svirčev, Emilija; Simin, Nataša; Mimica-Dukić, Neda (2017). "Chemical Composition and Immuno-Modulatory Effects of Urtica dioica L. (Stinging Nettle) Extracts". Phytotherapy research: PTR. 31 (8): 1183–1191. doi:10.1002/ptr.5836. ISSN 1099-1573. Retrieved 14 April 2018. These observations suggest that stinging nettle is an interesting candidate for the development of phytopharmaceuticals or dietary supplements for cotreatment of various inflammatory diseases, particularly inflammatory bowel diseases.
  6. ^ Dar, Sabzar Ahmad; Ganai, Farooq Ahmad; Yousuf, Abdul Rehman; Balkhi, Masood-ul-Hassan; Bhat, Towseef Mohsin; Sharma, Poonam. "Pharmacological and toxicological evaluation ofUrtica dioica". Pharmaceutical Biology. 51 (2): 170–180. doi:10.3109/13880209.2012.715172. Retrieved 14 April 2018. Our results showed that the U. dioica leaves are an interesting source of bioactive compounds, justifying their use in folk medicine, to treat various diseases.
  7. ^ Motamedi, Hossein; Seyyednejad, Seyyed Mansour; Bakhtiari, Ameneh; Vafaei, Mozhan (2014). "Introducing Urtica dioica, A Native Plant of Khuzestan, As an Antibacterial Medicinal Plant". Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products. 9 (4): e15904. ISSN 1735-7780. Retrieved 14 April 2018. Extracts of U. dioica showed significant antibacterial effect against some clinically important pathogenic bacteria. Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that U. dioica is useful as antibacterial and bactericidal agent in treating infectious diseases.
  8. ^ Dhouibi, Raouia; Moalla, Dorsaf; Ksouda, Kamilia; Ben Salem, Maryem; Hammami, Serria; Sahnoun, Zouheir; Zeghal, Khaled Mounir; Affes, Hanen (20 November 2017). "Screening of analgesic activity of Tunisian Urtica dioica and analysis of its major bioactive compounds by GCMS". Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry: 1–9. doi:10.1080/13813455.2017.1402352. ISSN 1744-4160. Retrieved 14 April 2018. UD could be another therapeutic alternative for relieving pain and for minimising the use of drugs that have long-term secondary effects.
  9. ^ Melo, Ezer A.; Bertero, Eduardo B.; Rios, Luiz A. S.; Mattos, Demerval (2002). "Evaluating the efficiency of a combination of Pygeum africanum and stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) extracts in treating benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial". International Braz J Urol: Official Journal of the Brazilian Society of Urology. 28 (5): 418–425. ISSN 1677-5538. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  10. ^ Safarinejad, Mohammad Reza (2005). "Urtica dioica for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study". Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy. 5 (4): 1–11. ISSN 1522-8940. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  11. ^ Nahata, A.; Dixit, V. K. (2012). "Ameliorative effects of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) on testosterone-induced prostatic hyperplasia in rats". Andrologia. 44 Suppl 1: 396–409. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0272.2011.01197.x. ISSN 1439-0272. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  12. ^ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7700987. Retrieved 14 April 2018. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  13. ^ Jakubczyk, Karolina; Janda, Katarzyna; Szkyrpan, Sylwia; Gutowska, Izabela; Wolska, Jolanta (2015). "[Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.)--botanical characteristics, biochemical composition and health benefits]". Pomeranian Journal of Life Sciences. 61 (2): 191–198. ISSN 2450-4637. Retrieved 14 April 2018. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated its antioxidant, antiplatelet, hypoglycaemic and hypocholesterolemic properties. Research conducted in recent years indicates the possibility of using nettle in chemoprevention, diabetes, benign prostatic hyperplasia and urologic diseases.
  14. ^ Durak, Ilker; Biri, Hasan; Devrim, Erdinç; Sözen, Sinan; Avci, Aslihan (2004). "Aqueous extract of Urtica dioica makes significant inhibition on adenosine deaminase activity in prostate tissue from patients with prostate cancer". Cancer Biology & Therapy. 3 (9): 855–857. ISSN 1538-4047. Retrieved 14 April 2018. ADA inhibition by Urtica dioica extract might be one of the mechanisms in the observed beneficial effect of Urtica dioica in prostate cancer.
  15. ^ Jalili, Cyrus; Salahshoor, Mohammad Reza; Naseri, Ali (2014). "Protective effect of Urtica dioica L against nicotine-induced damage on sperm parameters, testosterone and testis tissue in mice". Iranian Journal of Reproductive Medicine. 12 (6): 401–408. ISSN 1680-6433.
  16. ^ Gansser, D.; Spiteller, G. (1994). "Plant constituents interfering with human sex hormone-binding globulin. Evaluation of a test method and its application to Urtica dioica root extracts". Zeitschrift Fur Naturforschung. C, Journal of Biosciences. 50 (1–2): 98–104. ISSN 0939-5075. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  17. ^ Jakubczyk, Karolina; Janda, Katarzyna; Szkyrpan, Sylwia; Gutowska, Izabela; Wolska, Jolanta (2015). "[Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.)--botanical characteristics, biochemical composition and health benefits]". Pomeranian Journal of Life Sciences. 61 (2): 191–198. ISSN 2450-4637. Retrieved 14 April 2018. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated its antioxidant, antiplatelet, hypoglycaemic and hypocholesterolemic properties. Research conducted in recent years indicates the possibility of using nettle in chemoprevention, diabetes, benign prostatic hyperplasia and urologic diseases.
  18. ^ Jakubczyk, Karolina; Janda, Katarzyna; Szkyrpan, Sylwia; Gutowska, Izabela; Wolska, Jolanta (2015). "[Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.)--botanical characteristics, biochemical composition and health benefits]". Pomeranian Journal of Life Sciences. 61 (2): 191–198. ISSN 2450-4637. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  19. ^ Bnouham, Mohamed; Merhfour, Fatima-Zahra; Ziyyat, Abderrahim; Mekhfi, Hassane; Aziz, Mohammed; Legssyer, Abdelkhaleq (2003). "Antihyperglycemic activity of the aqueous extract of Urtica dioica". Fitoterapia. 74 (7–8): 677–681. ISSN 0367-326X. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  20. ^ Namazi, N.; Esfanjani, A. T.; Heshmati, J.; Bahrami, A. (1 August 2011). "The effect of hydro alcoholic Nettle (Urtica dioica) extracts on insulin sensitivity and some inflammatory indicators in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized double-blind control trial". Pakistan journal of biological sciences: PJBS. 14 (15): 775–779. ISSN 1028-8880. Retrieved 14 April 2018. The findings showed that the hydro alcoholic extract of nettle has decreasing effects on IL-6 and hs-CRP in patients with type 2 diabetes after eight weeks intervention.
  21. ^ Amiri Behzadi, Alidad; Kalalian-Moghaddam, Hamid; Ahmadi, Amir Hossein (2016). "Effects of Urtica dioica supplementation on blood lipids, hepatic enzymes and nitric oxide levels in type 2 diabetic patients: A double blind, randomized clinical trial". Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine. 6 (6): 686–695. ISSN 2228-7930. Our results encourage the use of hydro-alcoholic extract of U. dioica as an antioxidant agent for additional therapy of diabetes as hydro-alcoholic extract of U. dioica may decrease risk factors of cardiovascular incidence and other complications in patients with diabetes mellitus.
  22. ^ Vogl, S; Picker, P; Mihaly-Bison, J; Fakhrudin, N; Atanasov, AG; Heiss, EH; Wawrosch, C; Reznicek, G; Dirsch, VM; Saukel, J; Kopp, B (2013). "Ethnopharmacological in vitro studies on Austria's folk medicine - An unexplored lore in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of 71 Austrian traditional herbal drugs". J Ethnopharmacol. 149: 750–71. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.007. PMC 3791396. PMID 23770053.
  23. ^ Zouari Bouassida, Karama; Bardaa, Sana; Khimiri, Meriem; Rebaii, Tarek; Tounsi, Slim; Jlaiel, Lobna; Trigui, Mohamed (2017). "Exploring the Urtica dioica Leaves Hemostatic and Wound-Healing Potential". BioMed Research International. 2017: 1047523. doi:10.1155/2017/1047523. ISSN 2314-6141. Retrieved 14 April 2018.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  24. ^ Razika, Laoufi; Thanina, Affif Chaouche; Nadjiba, Chebouti-Meziou; Narimen, Benhabyles; Mahdi, Dahmani Mohamed; Karim, Arab (2017). "Antioxidant and wound healing potential of saponins extracted from the leaves of Algerian Urtica dioica L". Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 30 (3(Suppl.)): 1023–1029. ISSN 1011-601X. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  25. ^ Westfall R.E. (2003). "Galactagogue herbs: a qualitative study and review". Canadian Journal of Midwifery Research and Practice. 2 (2): 22–27.
  26. ^ "Stinging Nettles". BBC. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
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