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Parashurama cursed Karna,[note 1]
| “ | Since thou art not a Brahmana, truly this Brahma weapon shall not up to the time of thy death dwell in thee, when thou shalt be engaged with a warrior equal to thyself ! | ” |
Scriptures[edit]
The Digambara sect of Jainism rejects the authority of the texts accepted by the other major sect, the Svetambaras.[1]
According to the Digambaras, Āchārya Dharasena guided two Āchāryas, Pushpadanta and Bhutabali, to put the teachings of Mahavira in written form, 683 years after the nirvana of Mahavira.[2] The two Āchāryas wrote Ṣaṭkhaṅḍāgama on palm leaves which is considered to be among the oldest known Digambara texts.[3] Āchārya Bhutabali was the last ascetic who had partial knowledge of the original Jain Agamas. Later on, some learned Āchāryas started to restore, compile and put into written words the teachings of Lord Mahavira, that were the subject matter of Agamas.[4]
Digambaras group the texts into four literary categories called anuyoga (exposition).[5] The prathmanuyoga (first exposition) contains the universal history, the karananuyoga (calculation exposition) contains works on cosmology and the charananuyoga (behaviour exposition) includes texts about proper behaviour for monks and Sravakas.[5]
Notes[edit]
- ^ The meaning is this, "This weapon shall not dwell with thee up to thy last moments. Thou shalt forget it or it shall not appear at thy bidding, when thy death becomes nigh, though at other times except engaging with an equal warrior , thou mayst be master of it."
Notes[edit]
- ^ Upinder Singh 2009, p. 444.
- ^ Dundas 2002, p. 79.
- ^ Dundas 2002, pp. 63–64.
- ^ Vijay K. Jain 2012, p. xii.
- ^ a b Dundas 2002, p. 80.
References[edit]
- Dundas, Paul (2002) [1992], The Jains (Second ed.), Routledge, ISBN 0-415-26605-X
Bibliography[edit]
- Bowles, Adam, 2006. Mahābhārata: Karna. Published by NYU Press. ISBN 0-8147-9981-7.
- Brockington, J. L. (1998). The Sanskrit Epics. BRILL. ISBN 9004102604. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
- Buitenen, Johannes Adrianus Bernardus, 1978. The Mahābhārata. 3 volumes (translation / publication incomplete due to his death). University of Chicago Press.
- Kamala Chandrakant (2009). Karna. Amar Chitra Katha. ISBN 978-81-89999-49-0.
- Desai, Ranjit. Radheya. ISBN 81-7766-746-7
- Dinkar, Ramdhari Singh. The Sun Charioteer: a poetic rendering of Karna's life, his dharma, his friendship and tragedies. Rashmirathi; रश्मिरथी / रामधारी सिंह "दिनकर (in Hindi)
- McGrath, Kevin (2004). The Sanskrit Hero: Karna in Epic Mahābhārata. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-13729-7. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
- Sawant, Shivaji. Mrityunjaya, the death conqueror: the story of Karna. ISBN 81-7189-002-4
- Subramaniam, Kamala, Smt. The Mahabharata. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan Press.
- Winternitz, Maurice (1996). A History of Indian Literature, Volume 1. Motilal Banarsidass Publication. ISBN 8120802640. Retrieved 25 November 2013.