User:Allexaty/Elke Mackenzie

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Elke Mackenzie (11 September 1911 – 18 January 1990), born Ivan Mackenzie Lamb, was a British polar explorer, academic publisher and botanist who specialized in the field of lichenology. As a transgender woman, she pioneered modern day marine lichenology; being the namesake of two genera and discovering many different species.

Early life[edit]

Mackenzie was born in Clapham, London, on 11 September 1911. Mackenzie's family moved to Scotland while she was a child, and she was enrolled in the Edinburgh Academy. After her graduation in 1929, she attended Edinburgh University. She earned her B.Sc. with Honors in Botany in 1933. She received a scholarship from the German Academic Exchange Service, and continued doing research in botany at the University of Munich and the University of Würzburg.

Career[edit]

Mackenzie was appointed as an assistant keeper at the British Museum (Natural History) in 1935 under the direction of lichenologist Annie Lorrain Smith. Mackenzie became especially interested in the lichen flora of the Antarctic, as it was comparatively unknown, and she began studying early British, French, and Belgian Antarctic collections in Turkey and Paris. She earned her Doctor of Science from Edinburgh University in 1942.

Base A, where Elke Mackenzie stayed during Operation Tabarin

Mackenzie is famous for her part in Operation Tabarin, a secret mission instigated by Churchill during the Second World War. On the surface, it was an Antarctic expedition organized to demonstrate British sovereignty in the Antarctic Peninsula. Mackenzie joined the crew in 1943 at Base A in Port Lockroy. She collected lichen samples and conducted experiments on the accumulation of snow and subsequent thawing. Mackenzie discovered a number of lichen species, including Verrucaria serpuloides, a marine lichen which stays permanently submerged. Mackenzie remained in Antarctica until 1946.

After the war, Mackenzie became Professor of Cryptogramic Botany at National University of Tucumán and traveled extensively in Argentina and Brazil to collect Stereocaulon and marine algae samples. In 1950, Mackenzie was put into contact with Erling Porsild, who hired her as a cryptogamic botanist at the National Museum of Canada in Ottawa. After the move to Canada, Mackenzie sold her private herbarium of 3,200 specimens to the Canadian Museum of Nature. She continued to collect, gathering specimens from all throughout Canada.

In 1953, Mackenzie was offered the directorship of the Farlow Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany by Harvard University, and she left Canada. In 1961 Elke travelled to the McMurdo Sound in Antarctica for the National Science Foundation in order to observe the biological facilities and studies present. Mackenzie returned to Antarctica in October 1964, where she began SCUBA investigations with her colleagues from France and Argentina, under a grant from the National Science Foundation and with the logistic support of the Argentine Navy. Mackenzie referred to this study as "Operation Gooseflesh". During her stay, Mackenzie collected Verrucaria serpuloides, which she had discovered in 1944. For the three following years, she continued to collect throughout Europe and Mexico.

Personal life[edit]

In 1971, Mackenzie was diagnosed with gender dysphoria, underwent a sex reassignment surgery, and renamed herself to Elke Mackenzie. She was forced into a early retirement after transition, as many institutions were disapproving of her choice, as stated by her friend Laurence Senelick. Mackenzie retired from the Farlow Herbarium in 1972 at the age of 60.

During the next six years, Mackenzie lost interest in her botany work, preferring to translate German botanical text books into English. She constructed an A-frame bungalow in Costa Rica, and moved there in 1976. In 1980, Mackenzie returned to Cambridge to live with her daughter, citing political unrest. She took up woodworking, but was diagnosed with Lou Gehrig's disease in 1983. She died in 1990. Her lifelong work on a monograph of Stereocaulon was never completed.

Mackenzie never was fully viewed as her true self, as she was not able to use her name in her publications. In her last publication, Makenzie sited the help of "Miss Elke Mackenzie", which is the only known usage of her name within her work. After her death Elke's name continues to be forgotten and misused, as she is called by her dead name in her obituary and other articles.

Legacy[edit]

Illustrations of Antarctic Stereocaulon

Mackenzie is the namesake of two genera, Lambia (genus of green algae in the family Bryopsidaceae) and Lambiella (genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Xylographaceae), and several species. The list of species includes:

• Buellia lambii
• Neuropogon lambii
• Parmelia lambii
• Placopsis lambii
• Verrucaria mackenzie-lambii

Her lifelong work on a monograph of Stereocaulon was never completed. Though her original drawings of this genus were lost due to fire and mildew, these papers were frequently cited in regards to Stereocaulon for years to come.

Cape Lamb on Vega Island is named for Mackenzie, as she studied the lichen on the island during her career.

Awards[edit]

Mackenzie was the recipient of both the British and United States Polar Medals for her involvement in Operation Tabarin.

Selected publications[edit]

Mackenzie published 43 papers over a 43-year period.

• Lamb, I. M. (1936). Lichenological notes from the British Museum herbarium. I. Journal of Botany 74: 174-178
• Lamb, I. M. (1948). New, rare or interesting lichens from the southern hemisphere. I. Lilloa 14: 203-251
• Lamb, I. M. (1953). New, rare or interesting lichens from the southern hemisphere. II. Lilloa 26: 401-438
• Lamb, I. M. (1955). New lichens from northern Patagonia, with notes on some related species. Farlowia 4: 423-471
• Lamb, I. M. (1970). Antarctic terrestrial plants and their ecology, pp. 733–751. In M. W. Holdgate (ed.), Antarctic Ecology. London and New York.
• Lamb, I. M. (2018). The Secret South: A Tale of Operation Tabarin, 1943–46 (S. Haddelsey, R. Lewis-Smith, Ed.). Greenhill Books.

The standard author abbreviation I.M.Lamb is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.

References

1. Llano, G. (1991). I. Mackenzie Lamb, D.Sc. (Elke Mackenzie) (1911-1990). The Bryologist, 94(3), 315-320. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3243974
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