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Abbas ibn Ali

Abbas, H. (2021). The Prophet's Heir: The Life of Ali ibn Abi Talib. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300252057.
Adibzadeh, S. (2013). The Journey of Beauty Towards Perfection: Zaynab bint 'Alī Ibn Abī Tālib and the Model of Human Changes Towards Developing Attributes of Walīyat Allāh and al-Insān al-Kāmil (Thesis). Temple University.
Aghaie, K.S. (2004). The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi'i Symbols and Rituals in Modern Iran. University of Washington Press. ISBN 0295984554.
Bahramian, A.; Bulookbashi, A.A. (2015). "Al-'Abbās b. 'Alī". In Madelung, W.; Daftary, F. (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica. Translated by Negahban, F.
Calmard, J. (1982). "'Abbās b. 'Alī b. Abū Ṭāleb". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. I/1. pp. 77–79. ISSN 2330-4804.
Elsie, R. (2019). The Albanian Bektashi: History and Culture of a Dervish Order in the Balkans. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781788315692.
Hamdar, A. (2009). "Jihad of words: Gender and contemporary Karbala Narratives". The Yearbook of English Studies. 39: 84–100.
Hawting, G.R. (2000). The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750 (Second ed.). Routledge. ISBN 0415240727.
Howard, I.K.A. (1986). "Husayn the Martyr: A Commentary on the Accounts of the Martyrdom in Arabic Sources". Al-Serāt: Papers from the Imam Ḥusayn Conference, London, July 1984. Vol. 12. London: The Muhammadi Trust of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. pp. 124–142. ISBN 9780710302076.
Hyder, A. (2006). Reliving Karbala: Martyrdom in South Asian Memory. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195373028.
Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521561815.
Madelung, W. (2004). "Ḥosayn b. 'Ali i. Life and Significance in Shi'ism". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. XII/5. pp. 493–498.
Momen, M. (1985). An Introduction to Shi'i Islam. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300035315.
Munson, H. (1988). Islam and Revolution in the Middle East. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300041276.
Pinault, D. (2000). "Zaynab bin 'Ali and the Place of the Women of the Households of the First Imāms in Shī'ite Devotional Literature". In Hambly, G. (ed.). Women in the Medieval Islamic World: Power, Patronage, and Piety. Macmillan. ISBN 9780333800355.
Pinault, D. (2001). Horse of Karbala: Muslim Devotional Life in India. Palgrave. ISBN 0312216378.
Popovic, A. (1999). The Revolt of African Slaves in Iraq, in the 3rd/9th Century. Translated by King, L. Markus Wiener Publishers. ISBN 1558761624.
Qutbuddin, T. (2019). "Orations of Zaynab and Umm Kulthūm in the aftermath of Ḥusayn's Martyrdom at Karbala: Speaking Truth to Power". In Korangy, A.; Rouhi, L. (eds.). The "Other" Martyrs: Women and the Poetics of Sexuality, Sacrifice, and Death in World Literatures (First ed.). Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 103–132. ISBN 9783447198790.
Sindawi, K. (2002). "The Image of Ḥusayn ibn 'Alī in Maqātil Literature" (PDF). Quaderni di Studi Arabi. 20/21: 79–104.
Tabatabai, S.M.H. (1975). Shi'ite Islam. Translated by Nasr, S.H. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0873953908.
Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012). "(al-)Ḥusayn b. 'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). ISBN 9789004161214.
Wellhausen, J. (1901). Die Religiös-Politischen Oppositionsparteien im Alten Islam (in German). Weidmannsche Buchhandlung. OCLC 453206240.
Wellhausen, J. (1927). The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall. Translated by Weir, M.G. University of Calcutta. OCLC 752790641.

Zaynab bint Ali

Abbas, H. (2021). The Prophet's Heir: The life of Ali ibn Abi Talib. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300252057.
Abu Zahra, N. (1997). The Pure and Powerful: Studies in Contemporary Muslim Society. Ithaca Press. ISBN 0863722695.
Adamec, L.W. (2017). Historical Dictionary of Islam (Third ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442277236.
Adibzadeh, S. (2013). The Journey of Beauty Towards Perfection: Zaynab Bint 'Alī Ibn Abī Tālib and the Model of Human Changes Towards Developing Attributes of Walīyat Allāh and al-Insān al-Kāmil (Thesis). Temple University.
Aghaie, K.S. (2004a). "Ta'ziya (Ta'ziyeh)". In Martin, R.C. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. Vol. 2. Macmillan Reference USA. p. 691. ISBN 0028656059.
Aghaie, K.S. (2004b). The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi'i Symbols and Rituals in Modern Iran. University of Washington Press. ISBN 0295984481.
Aghaie, K.S. (2005). "Introduction". In Aghaie, K.S. (ed.). The Women of Karbala: Ritual Performance and Symbolic Discourses in Modern Shi'i Islam. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292709591.
Amir-Moezzi, M.A. (2014). "Ghadīr Khumm". In Fleet, K.; Krämer, G.; Matringe, D.; Nawas, J.; Rowson, E. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). ISBN 9789004269613.
Aslan, R. (2005). No god but God: The Origins and Evolution of Islam. Random House. ISBN 1588364453.
Bahramian, A.; Bulookbashi, Ali A. (2015). "Al-'Abbās b. 'Alī". In Madelung, W.; Daftary, F. (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica. Translated by Negahban, F.
Blomfield, B. (2010). "From Ritual to Redemption: Worldview of Shi'a Muslim Women in Southern California". In Kassam, Z.R. (ed.). Women and Islam. ABC-CLIO. pp. 303–324. ISBN 9780313082740.
Buehler, A.F. (2014). "Fatima (d. 632)". In Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, A.H. (eds.). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 182–187. ISBN 9781610691789.
Calmard, J. (1982). "'Abbās b. 'Alī b. Abū Ṭāleb". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. I/1. pp. 77–79. ISSN 2330-4804.
Cortese, D.; Calderini, S. (2006). Women and the Fatimids in the World of Islam (First ed.). Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748626298.
Daftary, F. (2013). A History of Shi'i Islam. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9780857723338.
Deeb, L. (2006). An Enchanted Modern: Gender and Public Piety in Shi'i Lebanon. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691124216.
Donner, F.M. (2010). Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674064140.
D'Souza, D. (1998). "The Figure of Zaynab in Shi'i Devotional Life". In Singh, D.E. (ed.). Spiritual Traditions: Essential Visions for Living. United Theological College. pp. 201–225. ISBN 9788172144616.
Esposito, J.L. (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195125584.
Esposito, J.L., ed. (2022). "Zaynab". The Islamic World: Past and Present. Oxford Reference. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780197669471.
Fedele, V. (2018). "Fatima (605/15–632 CE)". In de-Gaia, S. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Women in World Religions. ABC-CLIO. p. 56. ISBN 9781440848506.
Flaskerud, I. (2005). "'Oh, My Heart Is Sad. It Is Moharram, the Month of Zaynab' The Role of Aesthetics and Women's Mourning Ceremonies in Shiraz". In Aghaie, K.S. (ed.). The Women of Karbala: Ritual Performance and Symbolic Discourses in Modern Shi'i Islam. University of Texas Press. pp. 65–92. ISBN 9780292709591.
Gleave, R.M. (2008). "'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib". In Fleet, K.; Krämer, G.; Matringe, D.; Nawas, J.; Stewart, D.J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). ISBN 9789004171374.
Haider, N. (2014). Shi'i Islam: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107031432.
Halm, H. (1999). Shi'a Islam: From Religion to Revolution. Markus Wiener Publishers. ISBN 1558761349.
Hamdar, A. (2009). "Jihad of words: Gender and contemporary Karbala narratives". The Yearbook of English Studies. 39.1: 84–100.
Hazleton, L. (2009). After the Prophet: The Epic Story of the Shia-Sunni Split in Islam. Doubleday. ISBN 9780385532099.
Hawting, G.R. (2000). The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750 (Second ed.). Routledge. ISBN 0415240735.
Hulmes, E.D.A. (2008). "al-Hasan ibn 'Ali ibn Abi Talib (c. AD 625–69)". In Netton, I.R. (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Islamic Civilisation and Religion. Routledge. pp. 218–219. ISBN 9780700715886.
Hyder, S.A. (2006). Reliving Karbala: Martyrdom in South Asian Memory. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195373028.
Jafri, S.H.M. (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam. Longman. ISBN 0582780802.
Kassam, Z.; Blomfield, B. (2015). "Remembering Fatima and Zaynab: Gender in Perspective". In Daftary, F.; Sajoo, A.; Jiwa, S. (eds.). The Shi'i World: Pathways in Tradition and Modernity. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9780857729675.
Kennedy, H. (2016). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century (Third ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9781138787612.
Khetia, V. (2013). Fatima as a Motif of Contention and Suffering in Islamic Sources (Thesis). Concordia University.
Kohlberg, E. (2012a). "Zayn al-'Ābidīn". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). ISBN 9789004161214.
Kohlberg, E. (2012b). "S̲h̲amir (also al-S̲h̲amir, commonly S̲h̲imr) b. D̲h̲i 'l-D̲j̲aws̲h̲an". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). ISBN 9789004161214.
Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521561817.
Madelung, W. (2003). "Ḥasan b. 'Ali b. Abi Ṭāleb". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. XII/1. pp. 26–28. ISSN 2330-4804.
Madelung, W. (2004). "Ḥosayn b. 'Ali i. Life and Significance in Shi'ism". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. XII/5. pp. 493–498. ISSN 2330-4804.
Momen, M. (1985). An Introduction to Shi'i Islam. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300035315.
Munson, H. (1988). Islam and Revolution in the Middle East. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300041276.
Nakash, Y. (1993). "An Attempt to Trace the Origin of the Rituals of 'Āshūrā'". Die Welt des Islams. 33 (2): 161–181. doi:10.1163/157006093X00063.
Nashat, G. (1999). "Women in the Middle East: 9000 B.C.E.–C.E. 1800". In Nashat, G.; Tucker, J.E. (eds.). Women in the Middle East and North Africa: Restoring Women to History. Indiana University Press. pp. 5–72. ISBN 9780253212641.
Nematollahi Mahani, M.A. (2013). The Holy Drama: Persian Passion Play in Modern Iran. Leiden University Press. ISBN 9789400600348.
Osman, R. (2015). Female Personalities in the Qur'an and Sunna: Examining the Major Sources of Imami Shi'i Islam. Routledge. ISBN 9781315770147.
Pinault, D. (1998). "Zaynab bint 'Alī and the Place of the Women of the Households of the First Imāms in Shī'īte Devotional Literature". In Hambly, G. (ed.). Women in the Medieval Islamic World: Power, Patronage, and Piety. Macmillan. pp. 69–98. ISBN 9780333740965.
Pinault, D. (2001). Horse of Karbala: Muslim Devotional Life in India. Palgrave. ISBN 0312216378.
Pinault, D. (2004). "Imami (Twelver)". In Martin, R.C. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. Vol. 2. Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 624–628. ISBN 0028656059.
Pinault, D. (2009). "Zaynab bint 'Alī". In Esposito, J.L. (ed.). Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199861255.
Qutbuddin, T. (2005). "Zaynab bint 'Alī". In Jones, L. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 14 (Second ed.). Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 9937–9939. ISBN 002865983X.
Qutbuddin, T. (2006). "Fatima (al-Zahra') bint Muhammad (ca. 12 before Hijra–11/ca. 610–632)". In Meri, J.W. (ed.). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Routledge. pp. 248–250. ISBN 9780415966917.
Qutbuddin, T. (2019). "Orations of Zaynab and Umm Kulthūm in the Aftermath of Ḥusayn's Martyrdom at Karbala: Speaking Truth to Power". In Korangy, A.; Rouhi, L. (eds.). The 'Other' Martyrs: Women and the Poetics of Sexuality, Sacrifice, and Death in World Literatures. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 103–132. ISBN 9783447112147.
Sayeed, A. (2008). "Zaynab". In Smith, B.G. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia Women in World History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195337860.
Sindawi, K. (2002). "The Image of Ḥusayn ibn 'Alī in Maqātil Literature" (PDF). Quaderni di Studi Arabi. 20/21: 79–104.
Shah-Kazemi, R. (2006). "'Ali ibn Abi Talib". In Meri, J.W. (ed.). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Routledge. pp. 36–37. ISBN 9780415966917.
Szanto, E. (2012). "Sayyida Zaynab in the State of Exception: Shi'i Sainthood as 'Qualified Life' in Contemporary Syria". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 44 (2): 285–299.
Tabatabai, S.M.H. (1975). Shi'ite Islam. Translated by Nasr, S.H. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0873953908.
Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012a). "(al-)Ḥasan b. 'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). ISBN 9789004161214.
Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012b). "(al-)Ḥusayn b. 'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). ISBN 9789004161214.
Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012c). "Fāṭima". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). ISBN 9789004161214.
Walker, A.H. (2014). "Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (c. 573–634)". In Fitzpatrick, C.; Walker, A.H. (eds.). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1–4. ISBN 9781610691789.
Wellhausen, J. (1901). Die religiös-politischen Oppositionsparteien im alten Islam (in German). Weidmannsche Buchhandlung. OCLC 453206240.
Wellhausen, J. (1927). The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall. Translated by Graham Weir, M. University of Calcutta. OCLC 752790641.

Mourning of Muharram

Aghaie, K.S. (2004). The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi'i Symbols and Rituals in Modern Iran. University of Washington Press. ISBN 0295984554.
Aghaie, K.S. (2007). "The Passion of 'Ashura in Shiite Islam". In Cornell, V.J. (ed.). Voices of Islam. Vol. 2. Praeger. pp. 111–124. ISBN 0275987345.
Aghaie, K.S. (2013). "'Āshūrā' (Shī'ism)". In Fleet, K.; Krämer, G.; Matringe, D.; Nawas, J.; Stewart, D.J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). ISBN 9789004252684.
Ayoub, M.M. (1978). Redemptive Suffering in Islam: A Study of the Devotional Aspects of Ashura in Twelver Shi'ism. De Gruyter. ISBN 9789027979438.
Beverley, J.A. (2011). "Ashura". In Gordon Melton, J. (ed.). Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations. ABC-CLIO. pp. 47–49. ISBN 9781598842050.
Blank, J. (2001). Mullahs on the Mainframe: Islam and Modernity Among the Daudi Bohras. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226056760.
D'Souza, D. (1998). "The Figure of Zaynab in Shi'i Devotional Life". In Singh, D.E. (ed.). Spiritual Traditions: Essential Visions for Living. United Theological College. pp. 201–225. ISBN 9788172144616.
Calmard, J. (1987). "'Azādārī". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. III/2. pp. 174–177.
Calmard, J. (2004). "Ḥosayn b. 'Ali ii. In Popular Shi'ism". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. XII/5. pp. 498–502.
Calmard, J.; Allan, J.W. (1985). "'Alam va 'Alāmat". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. I/8. pp. 785–791.
Campo, J.E., ed. (2009). "Husayniyya". Encyclopedia of Islam. Facts on File. pp. 319–321. ISBN 9780816054541.
Chelkowski, P. (1985). "Shia Muslim Processional Performances". The Drama Review: TDR. 29/3: 18–30.
Chelkowski, P. (2008). "Naḵl". Encyclopaedia Iranica (Online ed.).
Chelkowski, P. (2012a). "Ta'ziya". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). ISBN 9789004161214.
Chelkowski, P. (2012b). "Rawḍa-Ḵẖwānī". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Islam (Second ed.). ISBN 9789004161214.
Crow, D.K. (2016). "The Death of al-Ḥusayn b. 'Ali and Early Shī'ī Views of the Imamate". In Kohlberg, E. (ed.). Shi'ism. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781351900287.
Dabashi, H. (2011). Shi'ism: A Religion of Protest. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674049451.
Fahd, T. (2012). "Niyāḥa". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). ISBN 9789004161214.
Fakhr-Rohani, M.R. (2014). "Ashura". In Morrow, J.A. (ed.). Islamic Images and Ideas: Essays on Sacred Symbolism. McFarland & Company. pp. 228–250. ISBN 9780786458486.
Flaskerud, I. (2015). "Flagellation". In Fleet, K.; Krämer, G.; Matringe, D.; Nawas, J.; Stewart, D.J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). ISBN 9789004282117.
Gordon Melton, J. (2010). "Ashura". In Gordon Melton, J.; Baumann, M. (eds.). Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices (Second ed.). ABC-CLIO. pp. 210–212. ISBN 9781598842043.
Haider, N. (2014). Shī'ī Islam: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107031432.
Hassner, R.E. (2016). Religion on the Battlefield. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801451072.
Hussain, A.J. (2005). "The Mourning of History and the History of Mourning: The Evolution of Ritual Commemoration of the Battle of Karbala". Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East. 25 (1): 78–88.
Hyder, S.A. (2006). Reliving Karbala: Martyrdom in South Asian Memory. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195373028.
Jafri, S.H.M. (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam. Longman. ISBN 0582780802.
Katz, M.H. (2007). The Birth of the Prophet Muḥammad: Devotional Piety in Sunni Islam. Routledge. ISBN 9780203962145.
Kennedy, H. (2016). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century (Third ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9781138787612.
Korom, F.J.; Chelkowski, P. (1994). "Community Process and the Performance of Muharram Observances in Trinidad". The Drama Review. 38 (2): 150–75.
Madelung, W. (2004). "Ḥosayn b. 'Ali i. Life and Significance in Shi'ism". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. XII/5. pp. 493–498.
Momen, M. (1985). An Introduction to Shi'i Islam. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300035315.
Munson, H. (1988). Islam and Revolution in the Middle East. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300046049.
Nakash, Y. (1993). "An Attempt to Trace the Origin of the Rituals of 'Āshūrā'". Die Welt des Islams: 161–181.
Newman, A.J. "'Āshūrā'". Encyclopedia Britannica.
Osman, R. (2014). Female Personalities in the Qur'an and Sunna: Examining the Major Sources of Imami Shi'i Islam. Routledge. ISBN 9781315770147.
Pierce, M. (2016). Twelve Infallible Men: The Imams and the Making of Shi'ism. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674737075.
Pinault, D. (1992). The Shiites: Ritual and Popular Piety in a Muslim Community. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312079532.
Pinault, D. (2000). "Zaynab bin 'Ali and the Place of the Women of the Households of the First Imāms in Shī'īte Devotional Literature". In Hambly, G. (ed.). Women in the Medieval Islamic World: Power, Patronage, and Piety. Macmillan. ISBN 9780333800355.
Pinault, D. (2001). "Self-Mortification Rituals in the Shī'ī and Christian Traditions". In Clarke, L. (ed.). Shi'ite Heritage: Essays on Classical and Modern Traditions. Global Publications. pp. 375–388. ISBN 1586840665.
Plessner, M. (2012). "al-Muḥarram". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). ISBN 9789004161214.
Rahimi, B. (2012). "A History of (Safavid) Muharram Rituals". Theater State and the Formation of Early Modern Public Sphere in Iran: Studies on Safavid Muharram Rituals, 1590–1641 CE. Brill. ISBN 9789004209794.
Reid, M.H. (2011). "'Āshūrā' (Sunnism)". In Fleet, K.; Krämer, G.; Matringe, D.; Nawas, J.; Stewart, D.J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). ISBN 9789004203532.
Szanto, E. (2013). "Beyond the Karbala Paradigm: Rethinking Revolution and Redemption in Twelver Shi'a Mourning Rituals". Journal of Shi'a Islamic Studies. 6 (1): 75–91.
Szanto, E. (2018). "Shi'a Islam in Practice". In Woodward, M.; Lukens-Bull, R. (eds.). Handbook of Contemporary Islam and Muslim Lives. Springer.
Wensinck, A.J.; Marçais, Ph. (2012). "'Ās̲h̲ūrā'". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). ISBN 9789004161214.

Sunni view of Ali

Abbas, H. (2021). The Prophet's Heir: The Life of Ali ibn Abi Talib. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300252057.
Afsaruddin, A.; Nasr, S.H. (2023). "Ali". Encyclopedia Britannica.
Amir-Moezzi, M.A (2014). "Ghadīr Khumm". In Fleet, K.; Krämer, G.; Matringe, D.; Nawas, J.; Stewart, D.J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). ISBN 9789004269613.
Anthony, S.W. (2013). "'Ali b. Abi Talib (ca. 599-661)". In Bowering, Gerhard (ed.). The Princeton encyclopedia of Islamic political thought. Princeton University Press. pp. 30–32. ISBN 9780691134840.
Aslan, R. (2005). No god but God: The Origins and Evolution of Islam. Random House. ISBN 1588364453.
Ayoub, M.M. (2014). The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780746746.
Crone, P.; Hinds, M. (2003). God's Caliph: Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521541115.
Crone, P. (2005). Medieval Islamic Political Thought. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0748621946.
Dakake, M.M. (2007). The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam. State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780791470336.
Gleave, R.M. (2008). "'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib". In Fleet, K.; Krämer, G.; Matringe, D.; Nawas, J.; Stewart, D.J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). ISBN 9789004171374.
Hinds, M. (1972). "The Murder of the Caliph 'Uthman". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 3 (4): 450–69. doi:10.1017/S0020743800025216. S2CID 159763369.
Huart, Cl. (2012). "'Alī". In Houtsma, M.Th.; Arnold, T.W.; Basset, R.; Hartmann, R. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (First ed.). ISBN 9789004082656.
Hulmes, E.D.A. (2008). "'Ali ibn Abi Talib". In Netton, I.R. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Islamic Civilisation and Religion. Routledge. pp. 43–45. ISBN 9780700715886.
Jafri, S.H.M. (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam. Longman. ISBN 0582780802.
Keaney, H.N. (2021). 'Uthman ibn 'Affan: Legend or Liability?. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781786076977.
Lalani, A.R. (2000). Early Shī'ī Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muḥammad al-Bāqir. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1850435928.
Lalani, A.R. (2006). "'Ali ibn Abi Talib". In Leaman, O. (ed.). The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 28–32. ISBN 9780415326391.
Louër, L. (2020). Sunnis and Shi'a: A Political History. Translated by Rundell, E. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691186610.
Lucas, S.C. (2004). Constructive Critics, Ḥadīth Literature, and the Articulation of Sunnī Islam: The Legacy of the Generation of Ibn Saʻd, Ibn Maʻīn, and Ibn Ḥanbal. Brill. ISBN 9789004133198.
Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521561815.
Mavani, H. (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 9780203694282.
Momen, M. (1985). An Introduction to Shi'i Islam. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300035315.
Poonawala, I.K. (1982). "'Alī b. Abī Ṭāleb I. Life". Encyclopaedia Iranica (Online ed.).
Rauf, F.A. (2007). "What is Sunni Islam?". In Cornell, V.J. (ed.). Voices of Islam. Vol. 1. Praeger. pp. 185–216. ISBN 0275987337.
Shah-Kazemi, R. (2007). Justice and Remembrance: Introducing the Spirituality of Imam 'Ali. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781845115265.
Shah-Kazemi, R. (2014). "'Ali ibn Abi Talib". In Fitzpatrick, C.; Walker, A.H. (eds.). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 182–187. ISBN 9781610691772.
Shah-Kazemi, R. (2015). "Imam Ali". In Daftary, F.; Sajoo, A.B.; Jiwa, S. (eds.). The Shi'i World: Pathways in Tradition and Modernity. I.B. Tauris. pp. 33–55. ISBN 9781784534776.
Shah-Kazemi, R. (2019). Imam 'Ali: From Concise History to Timeless Mystery. Matheson Trust. ISBN 9781908092182.
Soufi, D.L. (1997). The Image of Fatima in Classical Muslim Thought (PhD thesis). Princeton University. ProQuest 304390529.
Tabatabai, S.M.H. (1975). Shi'ite Islam. Translated by Nasr, S.H. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0873953908.
Veccia Vaglieri, L. (1970). "The Patriarchal and Umayyad Caliphates". In Holt, P.M.; Lambton, A.K.S.; Lewis, B. (eds.). The Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–103. [ISBN unspecified]
Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012a). "'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). ISBN 9789004161214.
Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012b). "G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). ISBN 9789004161214.

Shia view of Ali

Afsaruddin, A. (2013). The First Muslims: History and Memory. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781851685189.
Afsaruddin, A.; Nasr, S.H. (2023). "Ali". Encyclopedia Britannica.
Amir-Moezzi, M.A. (2014). "The Tafsīr of al-Ḥibarī (d. 286/899): Qur'anic Exegesis and Early Shi'i Esotericism". In Daftary, F.; Miskinzoda, G. (eds.). The Study of Shi'i Islam: History, Theology, and Law. I.B. Tauris. pp. 17–46. ISBN 9781780765068.
Amir-Moezzi, M.A.; Jambet, C. (2018). What is Shi'i Islam: An Introduction. Translated by Casler, K.; Ormsby, E. Routledge. ISBN 9781138093737.
Crone, P. (2005). Medieval Islamic Political Thought. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0748621946.
Daftary, F. (2015). "Shi'i Communities in History". In Daftary, F.; Sajoo, A.B.; Jiwa, S. (eds.). The Shi'i World: Pathways in Tradition and Modernity. I.B. Tauris. pp. 169–209. ISBN 9781784534776.
Dakake, M.M. (2007). The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam. State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780791470336.
Glassé, C., ed. (2001). "'Alī ibn Abī Ṭālīb". The New Encyclopedia of Islam. Alta Mira. pp. 39–41. ISBN 0759101892.
Gleave, R. (2004). "Imamate". In Martin, R.C. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. Vol. 1. Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 350–351. ISBN 0028656040.
Gleave, R.M. (2008). "'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib". In Fleet, K.; Krämer, G.; Matringe, D.; Nawas, J.; Stewart, D.J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). ISBN 9789004171374.
Haider, N. (2014). Shi'i Islam: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107031432.
Jones, L.G. (2009). "Ali ibn Abi Talib". In Campo, J.E. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Islam. Facts on File. pp. 33–34. ISBN 9780816054541.
Lalani, A.R. (2000). Early Shī'ī Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muḥammad al-Bāqir. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1850435928.
Louër, L. (2020). Sunnis and Shi'a: A Political History. Translated by Rundell, E. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691186610.
Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521561817.
Mavani, H. (2013). Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. ISBN 9780203694282.
Momen, M. (1985). An Introduction to Shi'i Islam. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300035315.
Poonawala, I.K. (1982). "'Alī b. Abī Ṭāleb I. Life". Encyclopaedia Iranica (Online ed.).
Poonawala, I.K. (2014). "The Evolution of al-Qādi al-Nu'man's Theory of Ismaili Jurisprudence as Reflected in the Chronology of his Works on Jurisprudence". In Daftary, F.; Miskinzoda, G. (eds.). The Study of Shi'i Islam: History, Theology, and Law. I.B. Tauris. pp. 295–351. ISBN 9781780765068.
Shah-Kazemi, R. (2007). Justice and Remembrance: Introducing the Spirituality of Imam 'Ali. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781845115265.
Shah-Kazemi, R. (2015a). "'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib 2. Biography". In Daftary, F. (ed.). Encyclopaedia Islamica. Translated by Melvin-Koushki, M. ISBN 9789004171374.
Shah-Kazemi, R. (2015b). "Imam Ali". In Daftary, F.; Sajoo, A.B.; Jiwa, S. (eds.). The Shi'i World: Pathways in Tradition and Modernity. I.B. Tauris. pp. 33–55. ISBN 9781784534776.
Shomali, M.A. (2003). Shi'i Islam: Origins, Faith and Practices. Islamic College for Advanced Studies Press. ISBN 190406311X.
Steigerwald, D. (2004). "'Ali". In Martin, R.C. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. Vol. 1. Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 35–38. ISBN 0028656040.
Tabatabai, S.M.H. (1975). Shi'ite Islam. Translated by Nasr, S.H. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0873953908.
Veccia Vaglieri, L. (1970). "The Patriarchal and Umayyad Caliphates". In Holt, P.M.; Lambton, A.K.S.; Lewis, B. (eds.). The Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–103. [ISBN unspecified]
Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012a). "'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). ISBN 9789004161214.
Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012b). "G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439. ISBN 9789004161214.