User:Adondai/sandbox

Slavery in Australia

Slavery in Australia has existed in various forms from colonisation in 1788 to the present day. Whilst chattel slavery was never accepted or institutionalised within Australia as it was in both historical and contemporary slave states, a range of exploitative and unfree labour practices took place within Australia with varying levels of government support up until the 1970s. Moreover, despite most Australian settlement occuring after Slave Trade Act 1807 and the Slavery Abolition Act 1833, the legacy of the slave trade and the wealth that it generated was a significant influence on the policies and personalities involved in the founding of the Australian colonies.

The historic Australian labour practices generally identified as meeting both the contemporary and modern understanding of "slave labour" was the convict labour system of the nineteenth century, the kidnapping and cooersion of Aboriginal Australians into various forms of unfree labour (including pastoralism, pearl diving, and quarrying) from colonisation until the 1970s, the use of Pacific Islanders in the plantations of Queensland from the 1860s until Federation (a practice known as blackbirding), and the importing of labourers from India and China. Many of these labour schemes were intended to function as forms of contract or indentured labour, but allowed severe exploitation to occur due to corruption and the absence of minimum standards, monitoring and enforcement mechanisms.

Following the movement to achieve equal wages for Aboriginal pastoral workers in the 1970s, slavery in Australia is generally undertstood to have taken the form of criminal activities such as human trafficking and been the subject of general law enforcement activities. More recently, the bi-partisan Modern Slavery Bill 2018 sought to reduce slavery from the overseas supply chains of Australian business.

Forms of slavery

200 people involved in slave trade including family of James Stirling. New South Wales Governor Lachlan Macquarie was accompanied by an Indian man named George Jarvis.

Slave-traders transitioned to covict-transport. Stirling's campaign for colonisation was driven by his father-in-law, James Mangles,

Australian settlement informed by debates around labour practices arising from abolition movement

Each of the Australasian colonies was shaped to some extent by the capital, ideologies and personnel of Britain’s Atlantic slave system.

2017 Election

The campaign commenced against the backdrop of serious economic decline. This included the end of the investment -driven mining boom, the loss of the state’s triple A credit rating, ballooning state debt and the highest unemployment levels in the country.

Large Format Retail Association

The Large Format Retail Association (LFRA)is an Australian industry association which supports and advocates for bulky goods showroom and large format retail sector. The members of the LFRA account for approximately 25% of all retail spending within Australia.

Large Format Retail Association

Formation	1999
Website	lfra.com.au

Timeline

• 1871 - Private Ballaarat Tramline opens from Lockville to Yoganup, south of Perth
• 1879 - WAGR railway 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) gauge line opens between Geraldton and Northampton
• 1881 - Eastern line opens from Fremantle to Perth and Guildford
• 1893 - South Western line opens from Perth to Bunbury
• 1894 - Midland Railway Company opens the Midland line from Midland Junction to Walkaway, connecting with the WAGR line to Geraldton
• 1896 - Eastern Goldfields line reaches Kalgoorlie
• 1917 - Standard gauge Trans-Australian Railway connects eastern Australia with Western Australia, with a break-of-gauge at Kalgoorlie
• 1968 - Kalgoorlie to Perth standard gauge line opens. (Lines east of Merredin converted to standard gauge, including Kalgoorlie-Esperance & Kalgoorlie-Leonora. North and south of Merredin remains narrow gauge only. West of Northam becomes dual gauge.)
• 1970 - Inaugural Indian Pacific service, revamped passenger service from Perth to Sydney via Adelaide.
• 2 September, 1979 - Closure of Perth to Fremantle Passenger services.
• 23 July, 1983 - Reopening of Fremantle railway line.
• 1986 - Electrification of Perth suburban lines from with a 25 kV AC overhead power supply commences
• 1993 - Northern Suburbs Transit System commences operation with a new line opened from Joondalup to Perth
• 2007 - The Mandurah line opens as part of the New MetroRail project, which also included construction of the Thornlie spur and Greenwood station
• 2010 - the Metro Area Express was announced. The project would have introduced light rail to Perth along some of the former team routes. The project was abandoned in 2016.
• 2017 - Metronet formed to manage extensions to the Perth rail system including the Thornlie-Cockburn link.

Summary of Recommendations

Recommendations	Outcome	Historical Notes
Central City Area
Demolition of the Pensioner Barracks to provide an uninterupted vista of the Western Australian parliament house.	Partially Implemented	The Government moved to demolish the barracks in the 1960s. Public outcry and the advocacy of the Royal Western Australian Historical Society through the Barracks Defence Council led to a non-party vote in the Western Australian parliament on 19 October 1966. The Arch was saved by 26 votes to 18.
Further study of central Perth shopping streets to identify whether streets should be either widened, or closed to cars.
Introduce more restaurants and an Aquatic Centre in Kings Park	Failed Implementation	A government effort to implement a Kings Park Aquatic Centre Bill was defeated in parliament in 1957 and 1958 following public activism. The Beatty Park acquatic centre was instead built in North Perth.
A new City Hall to be built on St Georges Terrace, consolidating the City of Perth's various offices around the central business district.	Implemented	In 1963 a 13-storey Council House was built beside Stirling Gardens and Government House on St Georges Terrace.
Outdoor Recreation and Open Space
Roads
Introduction of reservations for 8 new Major Regional Highways, totalling 85 miles in length.
Major regional should be incorporated into a system which will include the existing main highways.
Creation of one main highway authority which should also be responsible, at least in large part, for Important Regional Roads feeding the Major Regional Highway system.
Railways
Two new suburban passenger lines, both serving northern suburbs.
On the South of the Swan River it is proposed that a new main line should run from Midland Junction to Cockburn Sound, and that the main rail transport centre of the State should be in the Belmont-Welshpool area.
Port of Fremantle
It is essential that a comprehensive plan of the Kwinana industrial and port hinterland should be prepared.	Implemented
Air Services
A future Perth airport to be located near Lake Gnangara.	Not Implemented
Supply Services
Extending gas and electricity services to be coordinated by a general programme of development rather than haphazard and scattered development.
Waste Disposal
Large new treatment works to be built near the coast on both the nothern and southern edges of the main built-up area.
New treatment works to be located in Kwinana-Rockingham, and the South Fremantle and West Subiaco works to be remodelled for full treatment.
Coordinated efforts by local authorities to allow land-fill sites to be reclaimed as playing fields.
Standards of Development
More precise land use planning relationships to be established by Local Planning Schemes.
The single family house on about one-fifth acre of land is likely to be the predominant house type for many years.
A proportion of flats and attached houses will be necessary and in demand.
Control of housing density should be through the limitation of building bulk by the "Plot Ratio" method.
New ares to have a average net density of 15 or 16 persons per acre, with the Hills and outlying districts to have net densities of about 10 persons per acre.
Perth Central Area
Surface parking for approximately 12,000 cars to be located on the main road framework and fed by the main gateways to the City.
A suburban railway system to radiate from the Central Area, with the present line remodelled and reconstructed at a lower level to allow crossings by modern road bridges.
Service area access ways for Central Area shopping areas to be rationalised.
Fremantle Central Area
Relocation of the Fremantle Markets to a larger site.	Not Implemented
Implementation
New legislation to provide for compensation arising out of the implementation of a regional plan.

Timeline

• 1829: first town plan of Perth by John Septimus Roe.
• 1833: publication of survey of Perth and a basic building code with rudimentary land use/tenure zones (abolished within 10 years)
• 1838: Second town plan for Perth.
• 1840s: Townsites resurveyed, governor tried to introduce building regulations which is abandoned after resistance from colonial press.
• 1880s: Development requires the prior approval of the town surveyor (was this only Perth?)
• Sep 1898: City of Perth Building By-Laws
• 1900/1904: Local governments gain approval powers over subdivision.
• 1906: Municipalities Act expands scope of local government powers over planning.
• 1911: Motion by City of Perth Councillor JL Ochiltree proposing a joint committee of the municipalities of Perth, Leederville, Subiaco and North Perth for the purpose of preparing a town planning scheme.
• 1916: Visit by CC Reade on a lecturing tour leading to the formation of the Town Planning Association.
• 1917: first National Town Planning conference held in Adelaide attended by 250.
• 1919: Town Planning Act first presented time parliament.
• 1927: Metropolitan Town Planning Commission Act 1927 to create a commission to consider planning of whole of Perth.
• 1928: The Town Planning and Development Act 1928 creates the Town Planning Board to advise the minister, approve subdivision and prepare town planning schemes.
• 1929: Formation and first meeting of Town Planning Board.
• January, 1930: Uniform General Bylaws for New Subdivisions and Re-subdivisions drafted by TPB and approved by Governor.
• 1930: Boas report of the MTPC. MTPC disbanded.
• 1948: Town Hall site committee.
• 1950s: Uniform Building Code (confirm date) to be adopted in whole or in part by local governments.
• 1953: McLarty-Watts Government commissions Gordon Stephenson to prepare a metropolitan region plan.
• 1955: Town Planning and Development Amendment Act, 1955 to permit the Minister, with the approval of the Governor, to make an interim development order holding a planning position until a Region Scheme came into force.
• September, 1956: Gazettal of Order establishing interim development control.
• 1955: Stephenson Hepburn report recommends a metropolitan region scheme, an ongoing regional improvement fund and an independent expert regional planning authority.
• 1959: Metropolitan Region Scheme Town Planning Scheme Act. Formation of the Metropolitan Region Planning Authority tasked with implementing a Metropolitan Region Scheme based on the Stephenson-Hepburn report.
• 1962: Region scheme submitted to minister for approval.
• 1963: Metropolitan Region Scheme adopted by the Parliament of Western Australia.
• 1968: General Residential Codes (confirm date) added to Uniform Building Codes. For adoption into local planning schemes.
• 1966: First review of MRS by MRPA commences.
• 1969: Royal Australian Planning Institute.
• 1970: MRPA prepare Corridor Plan for Perth. Perth Regional Transport Study.
• 1971: Commencement of Town Planning Court in addition to ministerial appeals.
• 1973: Corridor Plan endorses by cabinet.
• 1974: Review of the Residential Codes recommends Density based controls.
• 1977: independent Town Planning Appeals Committee for ministerial appeals.
• 1979: Town Planning Court Replaced by Town Planning Appeals Tribunal.
• 1979: closure of the Fremantle Railway lone.
• 1979: MRPA Statement of Planning Policy 1 - Retail Shopping.
• 1982: Transport 2000: A Perth Study
• 1984: Reopening of the Fremantle railway line.
• December 1985: Functions of the Town Planning Board and the Metropolitan Region Planning Authority pass to the State Planning Commission.
• 1985: First version of Residential Planning Codes.
• 1986: Environmental Protection Act
• 1986: Central Perth Policy.
• 1987: Review of the Corridor Plan.
• 1988: Swan River Trust Act.
• 1988: DCP1.6 Residential development near railway stations.
• September 1989: The State Planning Commission becomes an advisory and decision-making body with all staff transferred to the Department of Planning and Urban Development.
• 1990: Heritage Act (WA) 1990.
• 1990: Metroplan
• 1991: Metropolitan Centres Policy
• 1991: East Perth Redevelopment Authority Act.
• 1995: Perth Metropolitan Transport Strategy.
• 1995: Urban Bushland Strategy.
• March 1995: Formation of the Western Australian Planning Commission.
• 1995: legislation amended to allow for region schemes outside the MRS.
• 1995: Department renamed Ministry of Planning.
• 2000: Bush Forever whole of government policy.
• 1 July 2001: Department for Planning and Infrastructure created by a merger of the Ministry of Planning and the Department of Transport.
• 2002: Planning Institute of Australia.
• 2003: End of Ministerial Town planning appeals.
• 2003: Peel region scheme
• 2004: Draft Network City (never formally adopted).
• 2005: Planning and Development Act 2005.
• 1 July 2009: Seperate Departments of Planning and Transport created.
• 2015: Planning and Development (Local Planning Schemes) Regulations 2015.
• August 2010: Directions 2031
• 2011: Metropolitan Redevelopment Authority Act.
• 2013: Capital City Planning: A Vision for Central Perth.
• 2014: State Planning Strategy 2050 endorser by cabinet.
• 2015: Planning and Development (Local Planning Schemes) Regulations 2015.
• 28 April 2017: Creation of new Department of Planning, Lands and Heritage.
• July 2020: Planning and Development Act Amendment Bill 2020.

The government of Western Australia formed the first Town Planning Department in 1954. The department operated under the same name with varying responsibilities until the establishment of the Department of Planning and Urban Development in September 1989. The department was renamed the Ministry for Planning in March 1995 and merged with the Departments of Transport and Land Administration on 1 July 2001. On 1 July 2009 the department was superseded by the Department of Planning and the Department of Transport. In 2017, a departmental reorganisation led to the consolidation of all state government land use and heritage responsibilities under a single Department of Planning, Lands & Heritage.