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ELEMENTS OF SITUATED LEARNING

The major elements in the situated learning are content,context,community and participation. Content-facts and processes of a task. Context-situations,values, environment cues. Community-the group where the learner will create and negotiate. Participation-where a learner works together with others in order to solve the problem.

Situated learning deals with how one's knowledge over the course of an activity and how they create and interpret .

Content: In situated learning no importance is given for the retention of the content but its is more stressed on the reflective and higher order of thinking where the results got are used in solving the problems faced in daily life. It is more of application based.

Context: Its the usage of the product or the result at the right time , place and situation in the social ,psychological and at material environment .it creates a platform to examine the experiences.

Community: It helps the learner to create ,interpret ,reflect and form the meanings.It gives opportunity to share the experiences among the learners and also to interact.

Participation: Its is where interchange of ideas,problem solving and engaging of the learners take place.This takes place in a social setting which includes reflecting,interpreting and negotiating among the participants of the community.

CLAIMS OF SITUATED LEARNING

Situated learning means to have a thought and action which is used at right time and place.In this approach the content is learnt through doing activities.It is dilemma driven, it challenges the intellectual and psycho motor skills of a learner. Situated learning contributes on bringing about relationship between the classroom situations and real life situations outside classroom. In adult classroom,the conditions are so created that its is complex and unclear, from which they again experiences and they learn. There are four claims by Brown's,Collins and Dugid:

• Action is grounded in the concrete situations in which it occurs.
• Knowledge does not transfer between tasks.
• Training by abstraction is of little use.
• Learning is a social phenomena.

IMPLICATIONS OF THESE CLAIMS ON INSTRUCTIONS

• To provide authenticated tasks in the learning environment:It is said that authenticated task involves two stages that is, an objective and data in the setting also to the level of which students are performing the tasks which are authenticated.
• Simulated apprenticeship: Students can become apprentices in a given disciple by gaining knowledge and skills.
• Anchored instructions:It emphasizes the conditions laid by the situated learning. It gives a situated context to solve the problem
• learning communities: Change of the classroom culture from more of knowledge supplying to a learning community where students focus on knowledge building and solve problems that they are interested in.
• Assessment in appropriate place: It shows individual's performance at different situations and also focuses on the process and product .

EVALUATION OF SITUATED LEARNING

Situated learning activities are collaborative and complex therefore traditional methods of assessment is not sufficient. Few of the trends followed in evaluating the situated learning could be:

• Focus on the process rather than the products:

Process includes the content so this can be assessed by few methods such as concept map and videotape coding.

• Non linear measures:

It means that the answers by the learner should be able to accept and defend multiple perspectives.should measure the attitude,efficacy,perceptual skills and higher order thinking.

• Using technology:

Collaboration with technology will allow to track the students activities like time spent on planning,collecting information with respect to solve a problem etc.

REFERENCES

andragogy:

Andragogy Principles

Here are few guiding principles followed in andragogy for learning : Learning is social: Learning is socially constructed and here it includes unlearning. Learning includes participation: In learning there is connection made between persons which leads to participation in a community. Problem centered : More emphasis given to solving of the problem. Repetition: Repetition is followed as it increases the retention in older people.

Classroom engagement: Active participation will lead to effective classroom management and hence better learning.

Differences between Pedagogy and Andragogy

	PEDAGOGY	ANDRAGOGY
LEARNER:	—The learner is dependent on the instructor,the teacher schedules all the activites on how,when and where it should take place . — Teacher is responsible for what is taught and how it is taught . —Teacher evaluates the learning	—Learner is self-directed,and moves towards independence — Learning is responsible for the learning. —Self-Evaluation is seen.
LEARNER'S EXPERIENCE	—There is little experience which could be gained from this kind of learning. —Method is didactic	—There is large quantity of experience gained. —Method used is problem-solving,discussion,Service-learning
READINESS TO LEARN	—Standardized curriculum set which will be based on the societal needs	—Curriculum is more application based and it revolves around life.
ORIENTATION TO LEARNING	—Here it is a process of acquiring subject matter	—Here learning is for performing tasks,solve problem.
MOTIVATION	—Motivation is by external pressure,and there is lot of competition for grades.	—It is driven by internal motivation.Includes self-actualisation,self-confidence etc

Implications of andragogy

• Andragogy helps in designing and delivering the instructions to self-directed
• It gives scope to self-directed learners.
• The methods used by andragogy can be used in different educational environment.
• These methods can be used for children also.

REFERENCES

KOLB'S EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING:

Kolb's learning styles

Diverging: Individuals of this kind of learning style look at things in a different perspective.They prefer watching than doing,also they have strong imagination capacity,emotional,strong in arts,prefer to work in groups,open minded to take feedback and they have broad interests in different cultures and people.The learning characteristic is of concrete experience and reflective observation.

Assimilating: People of this kind of learning style prefer good clear information,they can logically format the given information and exploring analytic models.They are more interested in concepts and abstracts than in people. Characteristics include abstract conceptualization and reflective observation .

Converging: Converging type of learners solve problem ,put their learning into practical issues. Also they prefer technical tasks, experiment with new ideas. Is unemotional. The learning characteristics are abstract conceptualization and active experimentation.

Accommodating: Individual with this kind of learning styles prefer to do things practically,they are attracted to new challenges and solves problems intuitively. The learning characteristics concrete experience and active experimentation.