Craft beer

Beer barrels outside the Castle Rock microbrewery in Nottingham, England.

A microbrewery is a brewery which produces a limited amount of beer; most or all of which qualifies as a craft beer—so increasingly, microbrewers are becoming referred to as Craft Brewers or Craft Breweries.

In the UK, the term has become synonymous with small scale breweries operating under the UK Progresive Beer Duty threshold of 5,000 hls. The most common products are traditional bitter ales, generally known as "Real Ale" or "Cask Ale". Breweries are often described by their production capacity or brew length, mostly ranging from 2 to 20 bbls (a brewer's barrel or bbl is 36 imperial gallons). In the U.S, the "Brewers Association" uses a fixed maximum limit of 15,000 US beer barrels (1,800,000 L; 460,000 US gal; 390,000 imp gal) a year to define microbrewery. An American "craft brewery" is a small, independent and traditional brewery. In January 2011, The Brewers Association redefined their definition of a craft brewery, to include breweries who produce up to 6 million US beer barrels (186,000,000 US gallons) a year.

A regional brewery has annual production between 15,000 and 2,000,000 U.S. beer barrels per year. In order to be classified as a "regional craft brewery" by the brewers association, a brewery must possess "either an all-malt flagship or [have] at least 50% of its volume in either all-malt beers or in beers which use adjuncts to enhance rather than lighten flavor."

A "brewpub" brews and sells beer on the premises. A brewpub may also be known as a microbrewery if production has a significant distribution beyond the premises - the American Brewers Association use a fixed 75% of production to determine if a company is a microbrewery.

Origins and philosophy

The father of British micro brewing, Bill Urquhart at Litchborough Brewery

The term originated in the United Kingdom in the late 1970s to describe the new generation of small breweries which focused on producing traditional cask ale. The first successful example of this approach was Litchborough Brewery founded by Bill Urquhart in 1975 in the Northamptonshire village of the same name. Bill had been the final head brewer at the large Phipps Northampton brewery when it was closed by owners Watney Mann 1974 to make way for Carlsberg Group's new UK lager brewery on the site. Alongside commercial beer brewing, training courses and apprenticeships were offered. Many of the movement's early pioneers passed through Litchborough's courses prior to setting up their own breweries.

Although originally "microbrewery" was used in relation to the size of breweries, it gradually came to reflect an alternative attitude and approach to brewing flexibility, adaptability, experimentation and customer service. The term and trend spread to the United States in the 1980s where it eventually was used as a designation of breweries that produce fewer than 15,000 barrels of beer annually.

Micro or craft breweries have adopted a different marketing strategy than large, mass-market breweries, offering products that compete on the basis of quality and diversity, instead of low price and advertising. Their influence has been much greater than their market share (which amounts to only 2% in the UK), indicated by the fact that large commercial breweries have introduced new brands intended to compete in the same market as microbrewery. When this strategy failed, they invested in microbreweries; or in many cases bought them outright.

Microbreweries in the United States

Microbreweries, regional breweries, and brew pubs per capita.

In the early twentieth century, Prohibition drove many breweries in the US into bankruptcy because they could not all rely on selling near beer, nor "sacramental wine" as wineries of that era did. After several decades of consolidation of breweries, most American commercial beer was produced by a few very large corporations, resulting in a very uniform, mild-tasting lager, of which Budweiser and Miller are well-known examples. Consequently, some beer drinkers craving variety turned to homebrewing and eventually a few started doing so on a slightly larger scale. For inspiration, they turned to Britain, Germany, and Belgium, where a centuries-old tradition of artisan beer and cask ale production had never died out.

The popularity of these products was such that the trend quickly spread, and hundreds of small breweries sprang up, often attached to a bar (known as a "brewpub") where the product could be sold directly. As microbrews proliferated, some became more than microbrews, necessitating the definition of the broader category of craft beer - high quality beer. The largest American craft brewery is the Boston Beer Company, makers of Samuel Adams. Portland, Oregon is very well known for its microbrew proliferation. In 2008, Portland had 30 microbreweries located within the city limits, more than any city in the world and greater than one-third of the state total. Many of Portland's 46 microbrew outlets have won nationwide and international acclaim.

American microbreweries typically distribute through a wholesaler in a traditional three-tier system, others act as their own distributor (wholesaler) and sell to retailers and/or directly to the consumer through a tap room, attached restaurant, or off-premise sales. Because alcohol control is left up to the states, there are many state-to-state differences in the laws.

The Association of Brewers reports that as of July 31, 2009 there were a total 1,482 craft breweries (962 Brewpubs, 456 Microbreweries, and 64 Regional Craft Breweries) in the United States. Major microbrewery states include Oregon, Vermont, Montana, and Maine.

Microbreweries in other countries

Microbreweries are gradually appearing in other countries (such as New Zealand and Australia) where a similar market concentration exists. For example, microbreweries are flourishing in Canada, mostly on the West Coast, in Québec and Ontario, which has a large domestic market dominated by a few large companies. Many of Ontario's microbreweries have joined together to form the Ontario Craft Brewers association. Britain also has a large number of small commercial breweries making cask ale, the smallest of which are known as microbreweries and can be found in spaces as restricted as a single domestic garage. There is less of a divide between these and the giant companies, however, as breweries of all sizes exist to fill the gap. In Japan, microbrews are known as Ji Bīru (地ビール), or "local beer." In 1994, Japan's strict tax laws were relaxed allowing smaller breweries producing 60,000 litres (13,000 imp gal; 16,000 US gal) per year. Before this change, breweries could not get a license without producing at least 2,000,000 litres (440,000 imp gal; 530,000 US gal) per year. As a result, a number of smaller breweries have been established throughout the country.

Welsh Dragon motif of Felinfoel Village Micro-Brewery canned beer pioneers

Definition

Definitions of Microbrewery vary:

• "A beer maker with limited capacity whose products are typically distributed within a restricted geographic region."
• "By definition, a microbrewery was originally considered to be a brewery with a capacity of less than 3000 barrels (3500 hectoliters), but by the end of the 1980s this threshold increased to 15,000 barrels (18,000 hectoliters) as the demand for microbrewed beer doubled and then tripled."
• "Breweries and brewpubs producing less than 15,000 barrels per year."
• "A small brewery; consumption of the product is mainly elsewhere." More: "A small brewery, generally producing fewer than 10,000 barrels of beer and ale a year and frequently selling its products on the premises"
• "The great chicken or the egg question in the Brewing industry has always been: What defines a microbrewery? The Institute of Brewing Studies does a good job of bringing some sense to great mystery -- and it puts those at less than 15,000 barrels in the micro category and makes the designation of craft brewery very important. I feel any brewery producing less than 50,000 barrels per year could fall into this category."
• "There is also the whole issue of the definition of microbreweries. In the United States, a microbrewery is a brewery producing less than 1 million hectolitres per year. In Canada, a microbrewery is defined as a brewery producing 300,000 hectolitres of beer. Therefore, in the United States a brewery producing less than 1 million hectolitres is by definition a microbrewery and, as such, is entitled to a more preferential tax rate, 9 cents, whereas in Canada, the threshold and the definition are, to a certain extent, a disadvantage for microbreweries."
• "A microbrewery is a small brewery with a limited production capacity which, of necessity, produces labour intensive hand-crafted beers."

Brewpub

A brewpub in Brussels

A brewpub is a pub or restaurant that brews beer on the premises. Some brewpubs, such as those in Germany, have been brewing traditionally on the premises for hundreds of years. Others, such as the Les 3 Brasseurs chain in France, and the various chains in North America, are modern restaurants.

Brewpubs

Before the development of large commercial breweries, beer would have been brewed on the premises from which it was sold. Alewives would put out a sign — a hop pole or ale-wand — to show when their beer was ready. The medieval authorities were more interested in ensuring adequate quality and strength of the beer than discouraging drinking. Gradually men became involved in brewing and organised themselves into guilds such as the Brewers Guild in London of 1342 and the Edinburgh Society of Brewers in 1598; as brewing became more organised and reliable many inns and taverns ceased brewing for themselves and bought beer from these early commercial breweries.

However, there were some brewpubs which continued to brew their own beer, such as the Blue Anchor in Helston, Cornwall, England, which was established in 1400 and is regarded as the oldest brewpub in Britain. In Britain during the 20th century, most of the traditional pubs which brewed their own beer in the brewhouse round the back of the pub, were bought out by larger breweries and ceased brewing on the premises. By the mid-1970s, only four remained: All Nations, The Old Swan, the Three Tuns and the Blue Anchor.

Brewpubs subsequently re-surged, particularly with the peak of the Firkin pub chain, most of whose pubs brewed on the premises, running to over one hundred at peak. However, that chain was sold and eventually its pubs ceased brewing their own beer. The resulting decline in brewpubs was something of a boon to other forms of microbrewing, as it led to an availability of trained craft brewers and brewing equipment.

British brewpubs are not required to double up as restaurants, as is the case under some legislatures. Some specialise in ale, whilst others brew continental lagers and wheatbeers.

In Germany, the brewpub or Brauhaus remained the most common source of beer. However, the trend throughout the rest of the world during the early to mid-20th century was for larger brewing companies.

The trend toward larger brewing companies started to change during the 1970s when the popularity of the Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA)'s campaign for traditional brewing methods, and the success of Michael Jackson's World Guide to Beer, encouraged brewers in the UK such as Peter Austin to form their own small breweries or brewpubs. In 1979, a chain of UK brewpubs, known as the "Firkin" pubs, started.

Interest spread to America, and in 1982, Grant's Brewery Pub in Yakima, Washington was opened, reviving the American "brewery taverns" of well-known early Americans as William Penn, Samuel Adams and Patrick Henry. Growth was initially slow – the fifth American brewpub opened in 1986, but the growth since then has been considerable: the Association of Brewers reports that in 2006 there were 1,389 regional craft breweries, microbreweries and brewpubs in the United States.

In the UK, there are plenty of small independent brewpubs such as The Ministry of Ale, Burnley, The Masons Arms in Headington, Oxford, The Brunswick Inn, Derby, The Watermill pub, Ings, Cumbria and The Old Cannon Brewery, Bury St Edmunds to name a few.

In France, a chain of American style brewpubs operate under the name Les 3 Brasseurs.

In Canada, changes in outdated liquor control laws finally allowed "Spinnakers" to open in Victoria, British Columbia in 1984. Legislative changes followed in other provinces and brewpubs quickly sprouted up across the country in the 1980s and 1990s.

Craft beer

Craft beer is an American term also common in Canada and New Zealand to refer to beer brewed without adjuncts such as rice or corn, for distinction and flavor rather than mass appeal.

Some define craft beer as beer made without rice or corn, but outside of North America and Asia, rice and corn are rarely used in the making of traditional beer. In Germany, tradition (and for a long time, Bavarian law, saw the Reinheitsgebot of 1516) dictated that only barley-malt, hops, and water were used in the making of beer. A similar law, the Isle of Man's Pure Beer Act of 1874 is still in force and means that Manx brewers can use nothing more than water, malt, sugar and hops in their brews. There are those, however, that disagree with the notion that any such rules be applied to all beer "styles" and maintain that so-called "craft" beer can indeed contain other grains or adjunct sugars (as some "craft" and specialty products indeed do). To this end, it should be noted that a good many traditional British beers (including "real ale") have, for more than a century, made use of these adjunct grains as well as kettle sugars of various types (molasses, treacle, and "brewers" sugar, sometimes called invert sugar) to enhance rather than lighten the flavor. Indeed, it can be argued that such additions can be an important and vital part of some traditional beers. The distinction is further complicated because, in the United States, many traditional European styles (e.g. unfiltered hefeweizen or Imperial Pale Ale) are produced almost exclusively by craft breweries.

The term "craft beer" may be taken simply to mean the opposite of "mass produced beer". Most mass produced styles of beer in the United States (e.g. Budweiser, Miller and Coors) share many common characteristics: they are brewed with significant quantities of rice and/or corn in addition to barley (some large beers manufacturers also use high fructose corn syrup); they are filtered; they contain chemical preservatives (with the exception of Coors) to compensate for reduced shelf life due to filtering; they are quite low on hops (15 International Bitterness Units or less); and they usually don't contain any flavor-related adjuncts. Conversely, many craft beers are unfiltered, bottle conditioned or cask conditioned, they normally don't use rice, and they may contain high quantities of hops and/or other spices.

Craft beer refers to the products of brewpubs and smaller breweries, though some larger breweries, hoping to profit from the recent popularity of craft beer, believe that they should be able to market their all-malt beers as craft beers.

The term "real ale", originally coined in the United Kingdom by CAMRA, is commonly used to refer to cask ale, unfiltered and unpasteurised beers that are not force-carbonated. In the US, such cask ales are slowly becoming more common, though craft beers on draft are mainly served from pressurised kegs. Bottle conditioned beers are considered 'real ale in a bottle'.

The interest in beer styles in the US has increased steadily since James Robertson's encyclopedic and trend-prescient "Great American Beer Book" was published in 1974, and later, when Michael Jackson's 1977 book The World Guide to Beer was published in America. Additionally, the enactment of laws clarifying the legality of homebrewing in 1979 encouraged an increase in hobbyists who contributed greatly to the trend. Pioneer breweries such as the reinvigorated Anchor Brewing and newcomers Samuel Adams and Sierra Nevada, along with many others which have not survived, brought the concept of craft beer to a wider audience and provided the foundation upon which today's market is based. There were in fact, a number of products from larger American brewers which would certainly qualify today as "craft" beers.

The American craft brewing industry was profiled in the feature length documentary American Beer which was released in 2004. Breweries featured in the film include Dogfish Head, Victory Brewing Company, McNeill's Brewery, Climax Brewing, Sierra Nevada Brewing, Anchor Brewing, New Glarus Brewing, New Belgium Brewing, Bell's Brewery and others. More recently, the industry was the topic of the documentary Beer Wars which highlighted the struggles that many small brewers face in the competitive U.S. beer market. Brew Masters, a new TV show called following Sam Calagione, owner of Dogfish Head, began airing on the Discovery Channel in November 2010.

Nanobrewery

A nanobrewery is type of very small brewery operation, often culturally defined by a less than 4 US beer barrels [ 124 US gallons (470 litres; 103 imperial gallons)] brew system. They are acknowledged by the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB), and are fully licensed and regulated breweries. Nanobreweries are often on task to grow into microbreweries or brewpubs. There are quite a few breweries and brewpubs that could have been described at one point in their history as nanobreweries; had the term been invented. One example is Dogfish Head, from Milton, Delaware. Sam Calagione started the company as a brewpub on a 10 gallon Sabco brew system in 1995. As of 2010, they produce 75,000 US beer barrels [ 2,300,000 US gallons (8,700,000 litres; 1,900,000 imperial gallons) ] annually.

A list of nanobreweries is kept current by a Hess Brewing Co., a nanobrewery from San Diego, California. As of July 2011, they list 107 nanobreweries in the United States alone with 61 currently operating, and 46 in planning.

See also

• Regional brewery
• Brewery
• Jizake
• Microdistilling
• Third Wave Coffee
• Pub

External links

• Brewpubs at Curlie