Protectorate of the Holy See: Difference between revisions
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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}{{Short description|Historical event in Mandate Palestine}} |
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}{{Short description|Historical event in Mandate Palestine}} |
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At the [[San Remo conference]] (19-26 April 1920), the [[Mandate for Palestine]] was allocated by the [[League of Nations]] to [[Great Britain]]. France wanted a continuation of its religious protectorate in Palestine but Italy and Great Britain opposed it. France lost the religious protectorate, but, thanks to the [[Holy See]], continued to enjoy liturgical honors in Mandatory Palestine until 1924, when the honors were abolished.<ref>Custodia Terrae Sanctae: "[http://www.custodia.org/default.asp?id=427 The Question of the Holy Places]"</ref> The precise boundaries of all territories, including that of the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate for Palestine]], were left unspecified, to "be determined by the Principal Allied Powers".<ref>[http://www.cfr.org/israel/san-remo-resolution/p15248 San Remo Resolution]</ref> During that time, the British were in control of Palestine and the French took control of Syria, for which France had been given a [[French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon|mandate]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091126224544/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/C7AAE196F41AA055052565F50054E656 The Palestine Order in LoN Council - Mandatory order (10 August 1922)]</ref><ref>Sergio I. Minerbi, ''The Vatican and Zionism: Conflict in the Holy Land, 1895-1925'' ({{ISBN|0-19-505892-5}})</ref><ref>Catherine Nicault, "[http://bcrfj.revues.org/document3502.html The End of the French Religious Protectorate in Jerusalem (1918-1924)]" (''Bulletin du Centre de |
At the [[San Remo conference]] (19-26 April 1920), the [[Mandate for Palestine]] was allocated by the [[League of Nations]] to [[Great Britain]]. France wanted a continuation of its religious protectorate in Palestine but Italy and Great Britain opposed it. France lost the religious protectorate, but, thanks to the [[Holy See]], continued to enjoy liturgical honors in Mandatory Palestine until 1924, when the honors were abolished.<ref>Custodia Terrae Sanctae: "[http://www.custodia.org/default.asp?id=427 The Question of the Holy Places]"</ref> The precise boundaries of all territories, including that of the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate for Palestine]], were left unspecified, to "be determined by the Principal Allied Powers".<ref>[http://www.cfr.org/israel/san-remo-resolution/p15248 San Remo Resolution]</ref> During that time, the British were in control of Palestine and the French took control of Syria, for which France had been given a [[French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon|mandate]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091126224544/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/C7AAE196F41AA055052565F50054E656 The Palestine Order in LoN Council - Mandatory order (10 August 1922)]</ref><ref>Sergio I. Minerbi, ''The Vatican and Zionism: Conflict in the Holy Land, 1895-1925'' ({{ISBN|0-19-505892-5}})</ref><ref name=Nicault>Catherine Nicault, "[http://bcrfj.revues.org/document3502.html The End of the French Religious Protectorate in Jerusalem (1918-1924)]" (''Bulletin du Centre de recherché français à Jérusalem'', No. 4, March 1999, p. 77-92)</ref> |
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==History == |
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In 1535, the Ottoman [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] granted [[Francois I of France]], which at the time was dubbed the “Elder Daughter of the Church”, the right to protect his subjects residing in the Ottoman Empire. This protection was expanded in 1740 both individually and collectively to cover all the members of the clergy adhering to the Latin rite settled in the Levant, regardless of nationality or institution. These legal privileges were extended by custom to Orthodox Christians, and came to be known as the French Protectorate of Jerusalem. Some of these imbalanced treaties, known as capitulations, extracted in the 16th and then in the 18th centuries by France from the weakened Empire which granted French citizens individual and religious freedom were the legal basis of the protectorate system. |
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On 9 September 1914, the Ottoman government at the outbreak of war in Europe, abolished the capitulations system. |
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Since 1915 France had been attempting to restore the protectorate and to gain possession of Palestine; but for all practical purpose the French role in Palestine come to an end in 1918, with the British takeover of Palestine. In early 1924, the last vestiges of the protectorate exercised by France for four centuries over the “Latin” Christians of the former Ottoman Empire were formally abolished. The era of the privileged French presence in Palestine and more specifically in Jerusalem had come to an end, and marked France’s ultimate diplomatic defeat.<ref name=Nicault/> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 05:02, 11 December 2020
At the San Remo conference (19-26 April 1920), the Mandate for Palestine was allocated by the League of Nations to Great Britain. France wanted a continuation of its religious protectorate in Palestine but Italy and Great Britain opposed it. France lost the religious protectorate, but, thanks to the Holy See, continued to enjoy liturgical honors in Mandatory Palestine until 1924, when the honors were abolished.[1] The precise boundaries of all territories, including that of the British Mandate for Palestine, were left unspecified, to "be determined by the Principal Allied Powers".[2] During that time, the British were in control of Palestine and the French took control of Syria, for which France had been given a mandate.[3][4][5]
History
In 1535, the Ottoman Suleiman the Magnificent granted Francois I of France, which at the time was dubbed the “Elder Daughter of the Church”, the right to protect his subjects residing in the Ottoman Empire. This protection was expanded in 1740 both individually and collectively to cover all the members of the clergy adhering to the Latin rite settled in the Levant, regardless of nationality or institution. These legal privileges were extended by custom to Orthodox Christians, and came to be known as the French Protectorate of Jerusalem. Some of these imbalanced treaties, known as capitulations, extracted in the 16th and then in the 18th centuries by France from the weakened Empire which granted French citizens individual and religious freedom were the legal basis of the protectorate system.
On 9 September 1914, the Ottoman government at the outbreak of war in Europe, abolished the capitulations system.
Since 1915 France had been attempting to restore the protectorate and to gain possession of Palestine; but for all practical purpose the French role in Palestine come to an end in 1918, with the British takeover of Palestine. In early 1924, the last vestiges of the protectorate exercised by France for four centuries over the “Latin” Christians of the former Ottoman Empire were formally abolished. The era of the privileged French presence in Palestine and more specifically in Jerusalem had come to an end, and marked France’s ultimate diplomatic defeat.[5]
See also
References
- ^ Custodia Terrae Sanctae: "The Question of the Holy Places"
- ^ San Remo Resolution
- ^ The Palestine Order in LoN Council - Mandatory order (10 August 1922)
- ^ Sergio I. Minerbi, The Vatican and Zionism: Conflict in the Holy Land, 1895-1925 (ISBN 0-19-505892-5)
- ^ a b Catherine Nicault, "The End of the French Religious Protectorate in Jerusalem (1918-1924)" (Bulletin du Centre de recherché français à Jérusalem, No. 4, March 1999, p. 77-92)
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