Balochi language: Difference between revisions

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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
| name = Balochi
| name = Balochi
Line 34: Line 35:
| glottorefname = Balochic
| glottorefname = Balochic
| map = Moderniranianlanguagesmap.jpg
| map = Moderniranianlanguagesmap.jpg

| mapcaption = Geographic distribution of Balochi (yellow) and other Iranian languages
| mapcaption = Geographic distribution of Balochi (yellow) and other Iranian languages
| notice = IPA
| notice = IPA
Line 39: Line 41:
{{Contains Baluchi text}}
{{Contains Baluchi text}}


'''Balochi''' ({{lang-bal|بلۏچی|translit=Balòci|label=none}}) is a [[Western Iranian languages|Northwestern Iranian language]] spoken primarily in the [[Balochistan]] region divided between [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Pakistan]], [[Sistan and Baluchestan Province|Iran]] and [[Balochistan, Afghanistan|Afghanistan]].
'''Balochi''' ({{lang-bal|بلۏچی|translit=Balòci|label=none}}) is a [[Western Iranian languages|Northwestern Iranian language]] spoken primarily in the [[Balochistan]] region divided between [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Pakistan]], [[Sistan and Baluchestan Province|Iran]], and [[Balochistan, Afghanistan|Afghanistan]].


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
===Vowels===
=== Vowels ===
The Balochi vowel system has at least eight vowels: five [[Vowel length|long]] and three [[Vowel length|short]].<ref>See Farrell (1990) for Southern Balochi as spoken in Karachi, Pakistan, and Axenov (2006) for Western Balochi as spoken in [[Turkmenistan]].</ref> These are {{IPA|/aː/}}, {{IPA|/eː/}}, {{IPA|/iː/}}, {{IPA|/oː/}}, {{IPA|/uː/}}, {{IPA|/a/}}, {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}}. The short vowels have more [[Relative articulation#Centralized|centralized]] phonetic quality than the long vowels. The variety spoken in Karachi also has nasalized vowels, most importantly {{IPA|/ẽː/}} and {{IPA|/ãː/}}.<ref>Farrell (1990).</ref>
The Balochi vowel system has at least eight vowels: five [[Vowel length|long]] and three [[Vowel length|short]].<ref>{{harvnb|Farrell|1990}}. {{harvnb|Serge|2006}}.</ref>{{Page needed|date=January 2020}} These are {{IPA|/aː/}}, {{IPA|/eː/}}, {{IPA|/iː/}}, {{IPA|/oː/}}, {{IPA|/uː/}}, {{IPA|/a/}}, {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}}. The short vowels have more [[Relative articulation#Centralized|centralized]] phonetic quality than the long vowels. The variety spoken in Karachi also has nasalized vowels, most importantly {{IPA|/ẽː/}} and {{IPA|/ãː/}}.<ref>{{harvnb|Farrell|1990}}.</ref>{{Page needed|date=January 2020}}


===Consonants===
=== Consonants ===
The following table shows consonants which are common to both Northern and Southern Balochi.<ref>See Axenov (2006) and Farrell (1990), respectively.</ref> The consonants /s/, /z/, /n/, /ɾ/ and /l/ are articulated as [[Alveolar consonant|alveolar]] in Western Balochi. The plosives /t/ and /d/ are dental in both dialects.
The following table shows consonants which are common to both Northern and Southern Balochi.<ref>{{harvnb|Serge|2006}}. {{harvnb|Farrell|1990}}.</ref>{{Page needed|date=January 2020}} The consonants /s/, /z/, /n/, /ɾ/ and /l/ are articulated as [[Alveolar consonant|alveolar]] in Western Balochi. The plosives /t/ and /d/ are dental in both dialects.


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
Line 55: Line 57:
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! [[Palatoalveolar consonant|Palato-<br>alveolar]]
! [[Palato-alveolar consonant|Palato-<br />alveolar]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
Line 79: Line 81:
| {{IPA|w}} || || {{IPA|l}} || |||| {{IPA|j}}|| ||
| {{IPA|w}} || || {{IPA|l}} || |||| {{IPA|j}}|| ||
|}
|}
;Notes

'''Notes'''
{{reflist|group=cn}}
{{reflist|group=cn}}


In addition, {{IPA|/f/}} occurs in a few words in Southern Balochi. {{IPA|/x/}} (voiceless velar fricative) in some [[loanword]]s in Southern Balochi corresponding to {{IPA|/χ/}} (voiceless uvular fricative) in Western Balochi; and {{IPA|/ɣ/}} (voiced velar fricative) in some loanwords in Southern Balochi corresponding to {{IPA|/ʁ/}} (voiced uvular fricative) in Western Balochi.
In addition, {{IPA|/f/}} occurs in a few words in Southern Balochi. {{IPA|/x/}} (voiceless velar fricative) in some [[loanword]]s in Southern Balochi corresponding to {{IPA|/χ/}} (voiceless uvular fricative) in Western Balochi; and {{IPA|/ɣ/}} (voiced velar fricative) in some loanwords in Southern Balochi corresponding to {{IPA|/ʁ/}} (voiced uvular fricative) in Western Balochi.

In Eastern Balochi, it is noted that the stop and glide consonants may also occur as aspirated allophones in word initial position as {{IPA|[pʰ tʰ ʈʰ t͡ʃʰ kʰ]}} and {{IPA|[wʱ]}}. Allophones of stops in postvocalic position include for voiceless stops, {{IPA|[f θ x]}} and for voiced stops {{IPA|[β ð ɣ]}}. {{IPA|/n l/}} are also dentalized as {{IPA|[n̪ l̪]}}.<ref>{{harvnb|JahaniKorn|2009|pp=634-692}}.</ref>

== Grammar ==
The normal word order is [[subject–object–verb]]. Like many other Indo-Iranian languages, Balochi also features [[split ergativity]]. The subject is marked as nominative except for the past tense constructions where the subject of a [[transitive verb]] is marked as [[oblique case|oblique]] and the verb agrees with the [[grammatical object|object]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nvtc.gov/lotw/months/february/balochi.html |title=Balochi |work=National Virtual Translation Center |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118155049/http://www.nvtc.gov/lotw/months/february/balochi.html |archive-date=18 November 2007 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Numerals ===
Much of the Balochi number system is borrowed from [[Persian language|Persian]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Korn |first1=Agnes |title=Indoiranskoe jazykoznanie i tipologija jazykovyx situacij. Sbornik statej k 75-letiju professora A. L. Grjunberga (1930–1995) |year=2006 |publisher=Nauka |pages=201–212 |chapter-url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01500154 |chapter=Counting Sheep and Camels in Balochi |access-date=16 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref> According to [[Mansel Longworth Dames]], Bolochi writes the first twelve numbers as follows:<ref>{{harvnb|Dames|1922|pp=13-15}}.</ref>

{{col-float|width=15em}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Cardinal numerals
!Balochi
!English
|-
|Yak
| rowspan="2" |One{{efn|The latter ya is with nouns while yak is used by itself.}}
|-
|Ya
|-
|Do
|Two
|-
|Sai
|Three
|-
|Chyār
|Four
|-
|Phanch
|Five
|-
|Shash
|Six
|-
|Hapt
| rowspan="2" |Seven
|-
|Havd
|-
|Hasht
| rowspan="2" |Eight
|-
|Hazhd
|-
|Nuh
|Nine
|-
|Dah
|Ten
|-
|Yāzhdah
| rowspan="2" |Eleven
|-
|Yazdāh
|-
|Dwāzhdnh
| rowspan="2" |Twelve
|-
|Dwāzdah
|}
{{col-float-break}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Ordinal numerals
!Balochi
!English
|-
|Peshī
|First
|-
|Duhmī, gudī
|Second
|-
|Saimī, sohmī
|Third
|-
|Chyarumī
|Fourth
|-
|Phaṅchumī
|Fifth
|-
|Shashumī
|Sixth
|-
|Haptumī
|Seventh
|-
|Hashtumī
|Eighth
|-
|Nuhmī
|Ninth
|-
|Dahmī
|Tenth
|-
|Yāzdamī
|Eleventh
|-
|Dwāzdamī
|Twelfth
|-
|}
{{col-float-end}}


;Notes
In Eastern Balochi, it is noted that the stop and glide consonants may also occur as aspirated allophones in word initial position as {{IPA|[pʰ tʰ ʈʰ t͡ʃʰ kʰ]}} and {{IPA|[wʱ]}}. Allophones of stops in postvocalic position include for voiceless stops, {{IPA|[f θ x]}} and for voiced stops {{IPA|[β ð ɣ]}}. {{IPA|/n l/}} are also dentalized as {{IPA|[n̪ l̪]}}.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Balochi|last=Jahani|first=Carina|last2=Korn|first2=Agnes|publisher=London & New York: Routledge.|year=2009|isbn=|location=Gernot Windfuhr (ed.), The Iranian Languages|pages=634-692}}</ref>
{{notelist}}


==Grammar==
== Dialects ==
There are two main dialects: the dialect of the Mandwani (northern) tribes and the dialect of the Domki (southern) tribes.<ref name="Dames1">{{harvnb|Dames|1922|p=1}}.</ref> The dialectal differences are not very significant.<ref name="Dames1" /> One difference is that grammatical terminations in the northern dialect are less distinct compared with those in the southern tribes.<ref name="Dames1" /> An isolated dialect is [[Koroshi dialect|Koroshi]], which is spoken in the Qashqai tribal confederation in the [[Fars Province|Fars]] province. Koroshi distinguishes itself in grammar and lexicon among Balochi varieties.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Borjian |first1=Habib |title=The Balochi dialect of the Korosh |journal=Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae |url=https://www.academia.edu/8651533/Koroshi_Balochi |date=December 2014 |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=453–465 |doi=10.1556/AOrient.67.2014.4.4}}</ref>
The normal word order is [[subject–object–verb]]. Like many other Indo-Iranian languages, Balochi also features [[split ergativity]]. The subject is marked as nominative except for the past tense constructions where the subject of a [[transitive verb]] is marked as [[oblique case|oblique]] and the verb agrees with the [[grammatical object|object]].<ref>"Balochi" at National Virtual Translation Center.{{cite web|url=http://http/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=June 20, 2015 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118155049/http://http/ |archivedate=November 18, 2007 }}</ref>


== Writing system ==
==Dialects==
Balochi was not a written language before the 19th century,<ref name="Dames3">{{harvnb|Dames|1922|p=3}}.</ref> and the Persian script was used to write Balochi wherever necessary.<ref name="Dames3" /> However, Balochi was still spoken at the Baloch courts.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}
There are two main dialects: the dialect of the Mandwani (northern) tribes and the dialect of the Domki (southern) tribes.<ref name = Dames1>{{cite book|last = Dames |first=Mansel Longworth|authorlink=Mansel Longworth Dames|url= https://archive.org/stream/textbookofbaloch00damerich#page/n3/mode/2up |title=A text book of the Balochi language |location= Lahore|publisher= Government Print of Punjab|year= 1922|page=1}}</ref> The dialectal differences are not very significant.<ref name = Dames1/> One difference is that grammatical terminations in the northern dialect are less distinct compared with those in the southern tribes.<ref name=Dames1/> An isolated dialect is [[Koroshi dialect|Koroshi]], which is spoken in the Qashqai tribal confederation in the [[Fars Province|Fars]] province. Koroshi distinguishes itself in grammar and lexicon among Balochi varieties.<ref>Borjian, H. “The Blochi Dialect of the Korosh,” Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hung. Volume 67 (4), 453–465 (2014) DOI: 10.1556/AOrient.67.2014.4.4. [https://www.academia.edu/8651533/Koroshi_Balochi].</ref>


British colonial officers first wrote Balochi with the Latin script.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hussain |first1=Sajid |title=Faith and politics of Balochi script |url=https://balochistantimes.com/faith-and-politics-of-balochi-script/ |access-date=16 January 2020 |work=Balochistan Times |date=18 March 2016 |language=en}}</ref> Following the creation of Pakistan, Baloch scholars adopted [[Persian alphabet]]. The first collection of poetry in Balochi, [[Gulbang]] by [[Mir Gul Khan Nasir]] was published in 1951 and incorporated the [[Arabic Script]]. It was much later that Sayad Zahoor Shah Hashemi wrote a comprehensive guidance on the usage of Arabic script and standardized it as the Balochi Orthography in Pakistan and Iran. This earned him the title of the 'Father of Balochi'. His guidelines are widely used in Eastern and Western Balochistan. In Afghanistan, Balochi is still written in a modified Arabic script based on [[Persian language|Persian]].{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}
==Writing system==
Balochi was not a written language before the 19th century<ref name =Dames3>{{cite book|last = Dames |first=Mansel Longworth|authorlink=Mansel Longworth Dames|url= https://archive.org/stream/textbookofbaloch00damerich#page/n3/mode/2up |title=A text book of the Balochi language |location= Lahore|publisher= Government Print of Punjab|year= 1922|page=3}}</ref> and the Persian script was used to write Balochi wherever necessary.<ref name =Dames3/> However, Balochi was still spoken at the Baloch courts.


In 2002, a conference was held to help standardise the script that would be used for Balochi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Script for Balochi language discussed |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/63991 |access-date=16 January 2020 |work=Dawn |date=28 October 2002 |location=Quetta |language=en}}</ref>
British linguists and political historians wrote Balochi with the Latin script. Following the creation of Pakistan, Baloch scholars adopted [[Persian alphabet]]. The first collection of poetry in Balochi, [[Gulbang]] by [[Mir Gul Khan Nasir]] was published in 1951 and incorporated the [[Arabic Script]]. It was much later that Sayad Zahoor Shah Hashemi wrote a comprehensive guidance on the usage of Arabic script and standardized it as the Balochi Orthography in Pakistan and Iran. This earned him the title of the 'Father of Balochi'. His guidelines are widely used in Eastern and Western Balochistan. In Afghanistan, Balochi is still written in a modified Arabic script based on [[Persian language|Persian]].


=== Orthography ===
===The Sayad Zahoor Shah Hashemi Orthography===
{{Further|Syed Zahoor Shah Hashmi}}
The following alphabet was used by Sayad Zahoor Shah Hashemi in his lexicon of Balochi "Sayad Ganj" (سید گنج) (lit. Sayad's Treasure).{{source needed|date=June 2019}}
The following alphabet was used by [[Syed Zahoor Shah Hashmi]] in his lexicon of Balochi ''Sayad Ganj'' ({{lang|bal|سید گنج}}) (lit. ''Sayad's Treasure'').<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shah Hashemi |first1=Sayad Zahoor |title=The First Complete Balochi Dictionary |url=http://sayadganj.albaloch.com/ |website=Sayad Ganj |access-date=16 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sayad Zahoor Shah Hashmi: A one-man institution |url=https://balochistantimes.com/sayad-zahoor-shah-hashmi-one-man-institution/ |access-date=16 January 2020 |work=Balochistan Times |date=14 November 2016 |language=en}}</ref>
<span style="font-size:150%;">'''
آ، ا، ب، پ، ت، ٹ، ج، چ، د، ڈ، ر، ز، ژ، س، ش، ک، گ، ل، م، ن، و، ھ ہ، ء، ی ے
'''</span>


<span lang="bal" dir="rtl" title="Balochi language text" style="font-size:150%; weight:bold;">آ، ا، ب، پ، ت، ٹ، ج، چ، د، ڈ، ر، ز، ژ، س، ش، ک، گ، ل، م، ن، و، ھ ہ، ء، ی ے</span>
===Balochi Orthography===
<span style="font-size:150%;">'''
ا آ ب بھ پ پھ ت تھ ٹ ٹھ ث ج جھ ݘ چ چھ ح خ د دھ ڈ ڈھ ڋ ذ ڌ ڌھ ر ڑ ڑھ ز ژ س ش ص ض ط طھ ظ ع غ ف ق قھ ک کھ گ گھ ل لھ م مھ ن نھ ں ڹ و وھ ہ ھ ء ی ے ﻳﮭ ~٠
'''</span>


=== Kachi dialect ===
There are 47 letters in the Balochi language the orthography of the Balochi script was introduced by Taimur Mengal in his Balochi pamphlet "Balochi Nama Qasim" published in 1987. The same alphabet was published in his article "Balochki Mundh Likh" in the monthly Balochi Nama, Dera Ghazi Khan, August–September 1991, Vol. 1, issue 1, Pp.&nbsp;24.<ref>Mir Qasim Qaisrani Baloch (August/September 1991) Balochki Mundh Likh, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan, Monthly Balochi Nama, Vol. 1, Issue: 1, Pp. 24-25</ref>
The Balochi alphabet, standardized by Balochi Academy Sarbaz, consists of 29 letters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Balochi Standarded Alphabet |url=http://vtg.rzb.ir/page/Alphabet |website=vtg.rzb.ir |access-date=16 January 2020}}</ref>


=== Kachi dialect (Southern Balochi) ===
The Balochi alphabet, standardized by [[Balochi Academy Sarbaz]],<ref>[http://vtg.rzb.ir/page/Alphabet Balochi Standarded Alphabet]</ref> consists of 29 letters.
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
|-
!scope="col"| Latin
!scope="col"| Latin
(Ballàtin)
!scope="col"| Arabic
!scope="col"| Arabic
!scope="col"| Example words
(Balo-Rabi)
!scope="col"| Kachi dialect (Latin) word list
|-
|-
| A / a || ءَ
| A / a || ءَ
|style="text-align:left"| aps (horse), ars (tears), anb (mango)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| À / à (aa) || آ
| À / à (aa) || آ
|style="text-align:left"| àp (water), às (fire), àtk (came), àdènk (mirror), àzmàn (sky)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| B / b || بـ / ـبـ / ـب
| B / b || بـ / ـبـ / ـب
|style="text-align:left"| borz (up), bon (down), bàsk (arm), bèr (revenge)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| C / c (ch) || چـ / ـچـ / ـچ
| C / c (ch) || چـ / ـچـ / ـچ
|style="text-align:left"| càgerd (social), capp (left), cond (part), camm (eyes), coťťi (holliday), càr (four)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| D / d || د
| D / d || د
|style="text-align:left"| del (heart), do (two), dolàp (afraid), dàr (wood), dranz (a little)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| Ď / ď (dh) || ڈ
| Ď / ď (dh) || ڈ
|style="text-align:left"| ďòk (heavy), ďèl (donkey), ďæns (dance)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| E / e (é) || ءِ
| E / e (é) || ءِ
|style="text-align:left"| ezm(art), ezmkàr(artist/actor), ensàn (human), ent (limit), ešk (love)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| È / è (ie) || ݔـ / ـݔـ / ـے
| È / è (ie) || ݔـ / ـݔـ / ـے
|style="text-align:left"| è (this), Èràn (Iran), èkim (unhope)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| G / g || گـ / ـگـ / ـگ
| G / g || گـ / ـگـ / ـگ
|style="text-align:left"| gàl (word), gap (chat), gal (happy), gall (group), gèš (more), gerag (to give)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| H / h || هـ / ـهـ / ـہ
| H / h || هـ / ـهـ / ـہ
|style="text-align:left"| haur (rain), hàl (news), huk (fig), hapt (seven), hašt (eight), han (too), haik (egge)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| I / i (í) || ایـ / ـیـ / ـی
| I / i (í) || ایـ / ـیـ / ـی
|style="text-align:left"| bir (thunderbolt), sir (wedding), šir (milk)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| J / j || جـ / ـجـ / ـج
| J / j || جـ / ـجـ / ـج
|style="text-align:left"| janèn (female), jang (war), jèl (jail), jaťť (fucking), jost (ask)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| K / k || کـ / ـکـ / ـک
| K / k || کـ / ـکـ / ـک
|style="text-align:left"| kàrc (knife), kauš (shoes), kapp (part), kobl (lock)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| L / l || لـ / ـلـ / ـل
| L / l || لـ / ـلـ / ـل
|style="text-align:left"| lònť (lips), làg (donkey), laiť (lamp), loť (punish), lòť (want)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| M / m || مـ / ـمـ / ـم
| M / m || مـ / ـمـ / ـم
|style="text-align:left"|
|style="text-align:left"| màt (mother), menàt (mom), màr (snake), mid (hair), mardèn (male), maťť (to change something), mošk (mose), mard (man), mòled (maid)
|-
|-
| N / n || نـ / ـنـ / ـن
| N / n || نـ / ـنـ / ـن
|style="text-align:left"| nàm (name), nòk (new), napag (navel), noh (nine), nàl (one of promise), nàh (taste fruit)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| O / o (ó) || ءُ
| O / o (ó) || ءُ
|style="text-align:left"| borrag (cut), conď (part), šod (hungry), morr (smell)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| Ò / ò (ou) || ۏ
| Ò / ò (ou) || ۏ
|style="text-align:left"| òlàk (pet), òpàr (patience), òd (there), òštag (to stay)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| P / p || پـ / ـپـ / ـپ
| P / p || پـ / ـپـ / ـپ
|style="text-align:left"| pàd (foot), pošt (behind), pàk (kness), porr (full), pàcen (sheep), panc (five)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| R / r || ر
| R / r || ر
|style="text-align:left"| rang (colour), ràst (right), romb (group), ròc (sun / day), ròtàk (newspaper), ròď (road)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| S / s || سـ / ـسـ / ـس
| S / s || سـ / ـسـ / ـس
|style="text-align:left"|
|style="text-align:left"| sabz (blue), sohr (red), sir (wedding), sàl (year), sae (three), sabàh (morning), sar (head), sòčag (to burn)
|-
|-
| Š / š (sh) || شـ / ـشـ / ـش
| Š / š (sh) || شـ / ـشـ / ـش
|style="text-align:left"| šàm (dinner), šunz (green), šap (night), šauk (nice), šàr (city), šot (gone)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| T / t || تـ / ـتـ / ـت
| T / t || تـ / ـتـ / ـت
|style="text-align:left"| teck (right), tah / tòk (inside), tàk (window / page), tors (fear), tacag (to run)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| Ť / ť (th) || ٹـ / ـٹـ / ـٹ <br> ࢣ
| Ť / ť (th) || ٹـ / ـٹـ / ـٹ <br /> ࢣ
|style="text-align:left"| ťair (tire), ťèl (oil), ťòr (injure), ťacc (connect)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| U / u (ú) || ـو / او
| U / u (ú) || ـو / او
|style="text-align:left"| umèt (hope), tur, pul (money)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| W / w || و
| W / w || و
|style="text-align:left"|
|style="text-align:left"| wànag (to study / school), waď (kind), wahd (time), wàb (sleep), wair (wire), wàk (mood), wàd (salt), waš (good), warag (to eat)
|-
|-
| Y / y || یـ / ـیـ
| Y / y || یـ / ـیـ
|style="text-align:left"| yàt (remember), yak (one), yal (never mind)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| Z / z || ز
| Z / z || ز
|style="text-align:left"|
|style="text-align:left"| zerd(sea), zànag (to know), zàntkàr (scientist), zànk (scient), zòr (power), zit (soon), zard (yellow)
|-
|-
| Ž / ž (zh) || ژ
| Ž / ž (zh) || ژ
|style="text-align:left"| žand, žàng (bell), žàmb
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
|colspan="3"| '''Latin ligatures or digraphs'''
|colspan="3"| '''Ligatures / digraphs'''
|-
|-
| Æ / æ (ae) || ـئ
| Æ / æ (ae) || ـئ
|style="text-align:left"| sæ (three), kuæ (where are you?), šaukae (you are nice)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| Ai / ai (ay) || ئی
| Ai / ai (ay) || ئی
|style="text-align:left"| mai (our), haik(egge), salimaig (Salim's)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| Au / au (aw) || ؤ
| Au / au (aw) || ؤ
|style="text-align:left"| sarkaur (city), maut (deat), šauk (nice)
|style="text-align:left"|
|}
|}


===Balochi Latin alphabet===
=== Latin alphabet ===
The following Latin-based alphabet was adopted by the International Workshop on "Balochi Roman Orthography" (University of Uppsala, Sweden, May 28–30, 2000).<ref>{{Cite web|title = Baluchi Roman ORTHOGRAPHY -|url = http://www.phrasebase.com/archive/baluchi/45-baluchi-roman-orthography.html|website = www.phrasebase.com|accessdate = 2015-10-23}}</ref>
The following Latin-based alphabet was adopted by the International Workshop on "Balochi Roman Orthography" (University of Uppsala, Sweden, 28–30 May 2000).<ref>{{cite web |title=Baluchi Roman ORTHOGRAPHY |url=http://www.phrasebase.com/archive/baluchi/45-baluchi-roman-orthography.html |work=Phrasebase.com |access-date=23 October 2015}}</ref>


Alphabetical order:
;Alphabetical order:


a á b c d ď e f g ĝ h i í j k l m n o p q r ř s š t ť u ú v w x y z ž ay aw (33 letters and 2 digraphs)
{{nowrap|a á b c d ď e f g ĝ h i í j k l m n o p q r ř s š t ť u ú v w x y z ž ay aw}} (33 letters and 2 digraphs)


{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Letter
!Example words
|-
|-
| A / a
| A / a
|style="text-align:left"| amb (mango), angúr (grape), bagg (camel-caravan), sardar (Head man-nobleman), namb (mist)
| style="text-align:left" | bawar (snow/ice), cattre (umbrella), bachek (son)
|-
|-
| Á / á
| Á / á
|style="text-align:left"| dár (wood), abba (father), árth (flour), bahá (price), pádh (foot), áeghah (coming), áhán (them)
| style="text-align:left" | dárman (medicine), wádh (salt)
|-
|-
| B / b (''be'')
| B / b (''be'')
|style="text-align:left"| bawar (snow, ice), bám (dawn), bágpán (gardener), baktáwar (lucky)
| style="text-align:left" |
|-
|-
| C / c (''che'')
| C / c (''che'')
|style="text-align:left"| cattre (umbrella), bachek (son), kánc (knife), Karácí, Kulánc, Cákar, Bálác
| style="text-align:left" |
|-
|-
| D / d (''de'')
| D / d (''de'')
|style="text-align:left"| dard (pain), drad (rainshower), dárman (medicine), wádh (salt)
| style="text-align:left" |
|-
|-
| Ď / ď
| Ď / ď
Line 248: Line 349:
|-
|-
| E / e
| E / e
|style="text-align:left"|
|style="text-align:left"| eš (this), cer (below), eraht (end of date harvest), pešraw (leader, forerunner), kamer (ploughshare)
|-
|-
| F / f (''fe'')
| F / f (''fe'')
|style="text-align:left"| ''To be used only in loan words where its use is inevitable, like:'' Fráns (France), fármaysí (pharmacy).
|style="text-align:left"| ''Only used for loanwords:'' Fráns (France), fármaysí (pharmacy).
|-
|-
| G / g (''ge'')
| G / g (''ge'')
|style="text-align:left"|
|style="text-align:left"| gapp (talk), ganokh (mad), bágh (garden), bagg (herd of camels), pádagh (foot), Bagdád (Baghdad)
|-
|-
| Ĝ / ĝ
| Ĝ / ĝ
|style="text-align:left"| ''Like [[Ghain|ĝhaen]] in Perso-Arabic script. Only in loan words and in eastern dialects:'' ghair (others), ghali (carpet), ghaza (noise)
|style="text-align:left"| ''Like [[Ghain|ĝhaen]] in Perso-Arabic script.''<br />''Used for loanwords and in eastern dialects:'' ghair (others), ghali (carpet), ghaza (noise)
|-
|-
| H / h (''he'')
| H / h (''he'')
|style="text-align:left"| hár (flood), máh (moon), koh (mountain), mahár (rein), hon (blood)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| I / i (''i'')
| I / i (''i'')
|style="text-align:left"| istál (star), ingo (here), gir (take), kirr (near)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| Í / í (''í'')
| Í / í (''í'')
|style="text-align:left"| ímmán (faith), šír (milk), pakír (beggar), samín (breeze), gálí (carpet)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| J / j (''je'')
| J / j (''je'')
|style="text-align:left"| jang (war), janagh (to beat), jing (lark), ganj (treasure), sajjí (roasted meat)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| K / k (''ke'')
| K / k (''ke'')
|style="text-align:left"| Kirmán (Kirman), kárc (knife), nákho (uncle), gwask (calf), kasán (small)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| L / l (''le'')
| L / l (''le'')
|style="text-align:left"| láp (stomach), gal (joy), ghall (party, organization), gull (cheek), gul (rose)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| M / m (''me'')
| M / m (''me'')
|style="text-align:left"| mát / más (mother), bám (dawn), camm (eye), mastir (leader / bigger)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| N / n (''ne'')
| N / n (''ne'')
|style="text-align:left"| nán / nagan / naghan (bread), nokk (new / new moon), dann (outside), kwahn (old), nákho (uncle)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| O / o (''o'')
| O / o (''o'')
|style="text-align:left"| oštagh (to stop), ožnág (swim), roc (sun), dor (pain), socagh (to burn)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| P / p (''pe'')
| P / p (''pe'')
|style="text-align:left"| pádh (foot), šap (night), šapád (bare-footed), gapp (talk), haptád (70)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| Q / q (''qú'')
| Q / q (''qú'')
|style="text-align:left"| ''Used in loan words, like:'' Qábús.
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| R / r (''re'')
| R / r (''re'')
|style="text-align:left"|
|style="text-align:left"| rustum (a name), rekh (sand), baragh (to take away), giragh (to get), garragh (to bray), gurrag (to roar), šarr (good), sarag (head), sarrag (a kind of donkey's braying)
|-
|-
| Ř / ř (''ře'')
| Ř / ř (''ře'')
|style="text-align:left"| řák (post), řukkál (famine), gařř (urial), guřř (last), guřřag (to chop)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| S / s (''se'')
| S / s (''se'')
|style="text-align:left"| sarag (head), khass (someone), kasán (little), bass (enough), ás (fire)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| Š / š (''še'')
| Š / š (''še'')
|style="text-align:left"| šap (night), šád (happy), meš (sheep), šuwánag (shepherd), wašš (happy, tasty)
|style="text-align:left"|eš (this)
|-
|-
| T / t (''te'')
| T / t (''te'')
|style="text-align:left"| taghard (mat), tahná (alone) thás (bowl), kilítt (kay), masítt (mosque), battí (lantern)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| Ť / ť (''ťe'')
| Ť / ť (''ťe'')
|style="text-align:left"| ťung (hole), ťíllo (bell), baťť (cooked rice), baťťág (eggplant)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| U / u
| U / u
|style="text-align:left"| uštir (camel), šumá (you), ustád (teacher), gužn (hunger), buz (goat)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| Ú / ú (''ú'')
| Ú / ú (''ú'')
|style="text-align:left"| ''Sounds like the "oo" in English word "root".'' úrt (thin), zúrag (to take), bizú (take), dúr (distant)
|style="text-align:left"| ''Sounds like the "oo" in English word "root".''
|-
|-
| V / v (''ve'')
| V / v (''ve'')
|style="text-align:left"| ''Used in loanwords only (like in the English words: service, very).''
|style="text-align:left"| ''Exclusively used for loanwords (like in the English words: service, very).''
|-
|-
| W / w (''we'')
| W / w (''we'')
|style="text-align:left"| warag (food, to eat), wardin (provision), dawár (abode), wádh (salt), kawwás (learned), hawa (wind)
|style="text-align:left"| hawa (wind)
|-
|-
| X / x (''khe'')
| X / x (''khe'')
Line 326: Line 427:
|-
|-
| Y / y (''ye'')
| Y / y (''ye'')
|style="text-align:left"| yád (remembrance), yár (friend), yárah (eleven), biryání (meat in rice), raydyo (radio), yakk (one)
|style="text-align:left"| biryání (meat in rice)
|-
|-
| Z / z (''ze'')
| Z / z (''ze'')
|style="text-align:left"| zarr (monay), zí (yesterday), muzz (wages), moz (banana), nazzíkk (nearby), bazgar (tenant), zor (power)
|style="text-align:left"| zor (power)
|-
|-
| Ž / ž (''že'')
| Ž / ž (''že'')
|style="text-align:left"| žand (tired), zindaghi (life), žáng (bells), pažm (wool), gažžag (to swell), gužnag (hungry), mauz (waves)
|style="text-align:left"| mauž (waves)
|-
|-
|colspan="2"| '''Latin digraphs'''
|colspan="2"| '''Latin digraphs'''
|-
|-
| Ay / ay
| Ay / ay
|style="text-align:left"| (h)ayrán (surprise), ayrát (distribution), say (3), may (our), kay (who), šumay (your)
|style="text-align:left"|
|-
|-
| Aw / aw
| Aw / aw
|style="text-align:left"|
|style="text-align:left"| kawr (river), hawr (rain), kissaw (story), dawl (sort), dawr (jump), awlád (off-spring), kawl (promise), gawk (neck)
|}
|}


==References==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Portal|Asia|Languages}}
{{Reflist}}


== Bibliography ==
==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dames |first1=Mansel Longworth |url=https://archive.org/details/textbookofbaloch00damerich |title=A Text Book of the Balochi Language: Consisting of Miscellaneous Stories, Legends, Poems, and a Balochi-English Vocabulary |location=Lahore |publisher=Punjab Government Press |year=1922 |access-date=16 January 2020 |language=en |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Farrell |first1=Tim |title=Basic Balochi: an introductory course |year=1990 |publisher=Università degli Studi di Napoli "L'Orientale" |location=Naples |oclc=40953807 |language=en |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Jahani |first1=Carina |last2=Korn |first2=Agnes |editor1-last=Windfuhr |editor1-first=Gernot |title=The Iranian languages |year=2009 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-7007-1131-4 |pages=634–692 |edition=1st |series=Routledge Language Family Series |chapter=Balochi |language=en |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Serge |first1=Axenov |title=The Balochi language of Turkmenistan: a corpus based grammatical description |date=2006 |publisher=Uppsala Universitet |location=Stockholm |isbn=978-91-554-6766-1 |oclc=82163314 |language=en |ref=harv}}
* {{cite conference |editor1-last=Jahani |editor1-first=Carina |editor2-last=Korn |editor2-first=Agnes |others=In cooperation with Gunilla Gren-Eklund |title=The Baloch and Their Neighbours: Ethnic and Linguistic Contact in Balochistan in Historical and Modern Times |date=2003 |publisher=Reichert |location=Wiesbaden |isbn=978-3-89500-366-0 |oclc=55149070 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Jahani |editor1-first=Carina |title=Language in society: eight sociolinguistic essays on Balochi |date=2000 |publisher=Uppsala University |isbn=978-91-554-4679-6 |series=Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis |oclc=44509598 |language=en}}
{{refend}}


== Further reading ==
'''Dictionaries and Lexicographical Works'''
{{refbegin|2}}

;Dictionaries and lexicographical works
* Gilbertson, George W. 1925. ''English-Balochi colloquial dictionary''. Hertford: Stephen Austin & Sons.
* Gilbertson, George W. 1925. ''English-Balochi colloquial dictionary''. Hertford: Stephen Austin & Sons.
* Ahmad, K. 1985. ''Baluchi Glossary: A Baluchi-English Glossary: Elementary Level''. Dunwoody Press.
* Ahmad, K. 1985. ''Baluchi Glossary: A Baluchi-English Glossary: Elementary Level''. Dunwoody Press.
* Badal Khan, S. 1990. ''Mán Balócíá Darí Zubánání Judá''. Labzánk Vol. 1(3): pp. 11–15.
* Baksh, M., Farrell, T. and Razzaq, A. ? ''Balochi Ganj: A Balochi to Balochi and English Dictionary''. ?
* Abdulrrahman Pahwal. 2007. ''Balochi Gálband: Balochi/Pashto/Dari/English Dictionary''. Peshawar: Al-Azhar Book Co. p. 374.
* Badal Khan, S. 1990. ''Mán Balócíá Darí Zubánání Judá''. Labzánk Vol. 1(3): pp.&nbsp;11–15.
* Mír Ahmad Dihání. 2000. ''Mír Ganj: Balócí/Balócí/Urdú''. Karachi: Balóc Ittihád Adabí Akedimí. p. 427.
* Abdulrrahman Pahwal. 2007. ''Balochi Gálband: Balochi/Pashto/Dari/English Dictionary''. Peshawar: Al-Azhar Book Co. p.&nbsp;374.
* Mír Ahmad Dihání. 2000. ''Mír Ganj: Balócí/Balócí/Urdú''. Karachi: Balóc Ittihád Adabí Akedimí. p.&nbsp;427.
* Bruce, R. I. 1874. ''Manual and Vocabulary of the Beluchi Dialect''. Lahore: Government Civil Secretariat Press. vi 154 p.
* Bruce, R. I. 1874. ''Manual and Vocabulary of the Beluchi Dialect''. Lahore: Government Civil Secretariat Press. vi 154 p.
* Ishák Xámúś. 2014. ''Balochi Dictionary: Balochi/Urdu/English''. Karachi: Aataar Publications. p.&nbsp;444.
* Ishák Xámúś. 2014. ''Balochi Dictionary: Balochi/Urdu/English''. Karachi: Aataar Publications. p. 444.
* Nágumán. 2011. ''Balócí Gál: Ambáre Nókáz (Balochi/English/Urdu)''. Básk. p.&nbsp;245.
* Nágumán. 2011. ''Balócí Gál: Ambáre Nókáz (Balochi/English/Urdu)''. Básk. p. 245.
* Nágumán. 2014. ''Jutgál. Makkurán: Nigwar Labzánkí Majlis''. p.&nbsp;64.
* Nágumán. 2014. ''Jutgál. Makkurán: Nigwar Labzánkí Majlis''. p. 64.
* Ghulám Razá Azarlí. 2016. ''Farhange Kúcak: Pársí/Balúcí''. Pársí Anjuman.
* Ghulám Razá Azarlí. 2016. ''Farhange Kúcak: Pársí/Balúcí''. Pársí Anjuman.
* Dames, M. L. 1891. ''A Text-book of the Balochi Language, consisting of miscellaneous stories, legends, poems, legends, poems, and a Balochi-English vocabulary''. Lahore.
* Hashmi, S. Z. S. 2000. ''Sayad Ganj: Balochi-Balochi Dictionary''. Karachi: Sayad Hashmi Academy. P. 887.
* Hashmi, S. Z. S. 2000. ''Sayad Ganj: Balochi-Balochi Dictionary''. Karachi: Sayad Hashmi Academy. P. 887.
* Ulfat Nasím. 2005. ''Tibbí Lughat''. Balócí Akademí. p.&nbsp;260.
* Ulfat Nasím. 2005. ''Tibbí Lughat''. Balócí Akademí. p. 260.
* Gulzár Xán Marí. 2005. ''Gwaśtin''. Balócí Akedimí. p.&nbsp;466.
* Gulzár Xán Marí. 2005. ''Gwaśtin''. Balócí Akedimí. p. 466.
* Raśíd Xán. 2010. ''Batal, Guśtin, Puźdánk, Ghanŧ''. Tump: Wafá Labzání Majlis. p.&nbsp;400.
* Raśíd Xán. 2010. ''Batal, Guśtin, Puźdánk, Ghanŧ''. Tump: Wafá Labzání Majlis. p. 400.
* Śe Ragám. 2012. ''Batal, Gwaśtin u Gálband''. Balócí Akademí. p.&nbsp;268.
* Śe Ragám. 2012. ''Batal, Gwaśtin u Gálband''. Balócí Akademí. p. 268.
* Abdul Azíz Daolatí Baxśán. 1388. ''Nám u Ném Nám: Farhang Námhá Balúcí''. Tihrán: Pázína. p.&nbsp;180.
* Abdul Azíz Daolatí Baxśán. 1388. ''Nám u Ném Nám: Farhang Námhá Balúcí''. Tihrán: Pázína. p. 180.
* Nazeer Dawood. 2007. ''Balochi into English Dictionary''. Gwádar: Drad Publications. p.&nbsp;208.
* Nazeer Dawood. 2007. ''Balochi into English Dictionary''. Gwádar: Drad Publications. p. 208.
* Abdul Kaiúm Balóc. 2005. ''Balócí Búmíá''. Balócí Akademí. p.&nbsp;405.
* Abdul Kaiúm Balóc. 2005. ''Balócí Búmíá''. Balócí Akademí. p. 405.
* Ján Mahmad Daśtí. 2015. ''Balócí Labz Balad [Balochi/Balochi Dictionary]''. Balócí Akademí. p.&nbsp;1255.
* Ján Mahmad Daśtí. 2015. ''Balócí Labz Balad [Balochi/Balochi Dictionary]''. Balócí Akademí. p. 1255.
* Bogoljubov, Mixail, et al. (eds.). ''Indoiranskoe jazykoznanie i tipologija jazykovyx situacij. Sbornik statej k 75-letiju professora A. L. Gryunberga''. St. Pétersbourg (Nauka). pp. 201–212.
* Korn, A. 2006. ''Counting Sheep and Camels in Balochi''
* Bogoljubov, Mixail, et al. (eds.). ''Indoiranskoe jazykoznanie i tipologija jazykovyx situacij. Sbornik statej k 75-letiju professora A. L. Gryunberga''. St. Pétersbourg (Nauka). pp.&nbsp;201–212.
* Marri, M. K. and Marri, S. K. 1970. ''Balúcí-Urdú Lughat''. Quetta: Balochi Academy. 332 p.
* Marri, M. K. and Marri, S. K. 1970. ''Balúcí-Urdú Lughat''. Quetta: Balochi Academy. 332 p.
* Mayer, T. J. L. 1900. ''English-Baluchi Dictionary''. Lahore: Government Press.
* Mayer, T. J. L. 1900. ''English-Baluchi Dictionary''. Lahore: Government Press.
* Wáhid Buzzdár. 2004. ''Balócí Gálband''. Balócí Akademí. p.&nbsp;218.


'''Orthography'''
;Orthography
* Jahani, Carina. 1990. ''Standardization and orthography in the Balochi language''. Studia Iranica Upsaliensia. Uppsala, Sweden: Almqvist & Wiksell Internat.

* Sayad Háśumí. 1964. ''Balócí Syáhag u Rást Nibíssag''. Dabai: Sayad Háśumí Balóc. p. 144.
*Jahani, Carina. 1990. ''Standardization and orthography in the Balochi language''. Studia Iranica Upsaliensia. Uppsala, Sweden: Almqvist & Wiksell Internat.
* Ghaos Bahár. 1998. Balócí Lékwaŕ. Balócí Akademí. p. 227.
* Axenov, S. 2000. ''Balochi Orthography in Turkmenistan''. pp.&nbsp;71–78. In Language in society: Eight Sociolinguistic Essays on Balochi. Sweden: Uppsala University.
* Ziá Balóc. 2015. ''Balócí Rást Nibíssí''. Raísí Cáp u Śingjáh. p. 264.
* Elfenbein, J. 2000. 'Unofficial and Official Efforts to Promote Balochi in Roman Script'. pp.&nbsp;79–88. In: Jahani, C. (ed.). ''Language in Society: Eight Sociolinguistic Essays on Balochi''. Sweden: Uppsala University.
* Axtar Nadím. 1997. ''Nibiśta Ráhband''. Balócí Akedimí. p. 206.
* Sayad Háśumí. 1964. ''Balócí Syáhag u Rást Nibíssag''. Dabai: Sayad Háśumí Balóc. p.&nbsp;144.
* Táj Balóc. 2015. ''Sarámad (Roman Orthography)''. Bahren: Balóc Kalab. p. 110.
* Ghaos Bahár. 1998. Balócí Lékwaŕ. Balócí Akademí. p.&nbsp;227.
* Ziá Balóc. 2015. ''Balócí Rást Nibíssí''. Raísí Cáp u Śingjáh. p.&nbsp;264.
* Axtar Nadím. 1997. ''Nibiśta Ráhband''. Balócí Akedimí. p.&nbsp;206.
* Táj Balóc. 2015. ''Sarámad (Roman Orthography)''. Bahren: Balóc Kalab. p.&nbsp;110.

'''Courses and Study Guides'''


;Courses and study guides
* Barker, Muhammad A. and Aaqil Khan Mengal. 1969. ''A course in Baluchi''. Montreal: McGill University.
* Barker, Muhammad A. and Aaqil Khan Mengal. 1969. ''A course in Baluchi''. Montreal: McGill University.
* Collett, Nigel A. 1986. ''A Grammar, Phrase-book, and Vocabulary of Baluchi (As Spoken in the Sultanate of Oman)''. Abingdon: Burgess & Son.
* Collett, Nigel A. 1986. ''A Grammar, Phrase-book, and Vocabulary of Baluchi (As Spoken in the Sultanate of Oman)''. Abingdon: Burgess & Son.
* Farrell, Tim. 1990. ''Basic Balochi: An introductory course''. Naples: Instituto Universitario Orientale, Dipartimento di Studi Asiatici.
* Natawa, T. 1981. ''Baluchi (Asian and African Grammatical Manuals 17b)''. Tokyo. 351 p.
* Natawa, T. 1981. ''Baluchi (Asian and African Grammatical Manuals 17b)''. Tokyo. 351 p.
* Munazzih Batúl Baóc. 2008. ''Ásán Balúcí Bólcál''. Balócí Akademí. p.&nbsp;152.
* Munazzih Batúl Baóc. 2008. ''Ásán Balúcí Bólcál''. Balócí Akademí. p. 152.
* Abdul Azíz Jázimí. ''Balócí Gappe Káidaián''. p.&nbsp;32.
* Abdul Azíz Jázimí. ''Balócí Gappe Káidaián''. p. 32.
* Muhammad Zarrín Nigár. ''Dastúr Tatbíkí Zabáne Balúcí bá Fársí''. Íránśahr: Bunyáde Naśre Farhange Balóc. p.&nbsp;136.
* Muhammad Zarrín Nigár. ''Dastúr Tatbíkí Zabáne Balúcí bá Fársí''. Íránśahr: Bunyáde Naśre Farhange Balóc. p. 136.
* Gilbertson, George W. 1923. ''The Balochi language. A grammar and manual''. Hertford: Stephen Austin & Sons.
* Gilbertson, George W. 1923. ''The Balochi language. A grammar and manual''. Hertford: Stephen Austin & Sons.
* Xer Muhammad Nadwí. 1981. ''Balócí Muallim''. Karachi: Saogát. p.&nbsp;192.
* Ahmadzai, N. K. B. M. 1988. ''Bólcál: Inglish, Urdú, Balócí, Bráhúí, Kurdí''. Quetta: Balochi Academy. 2, 188 p.
* Bugti, A. M. 1978. ''Balócí-Urdú Bólcál''. Quetta: Kalat Publications.
* Bugti, A. M. 1978. ''Balócí-Urdú Bólcál''. Quetta: Kalat Publications.
* Ayyúb Ayyúbí. 1381. ''Dastúr Zabán Fársí bih Balúcí''. Íránśahr: Intiśárát Asátír. p.&nbsp;200.
* Ayyúb Ayyúbí. 1381. ''Dastúr Zabán Fársí bih Balúcí''. Íránśahr: Intiśárát Asátír. p. 200.
* Farrell, T. 1990. ''Basic Balochi: An Introductory Course''. Baluchistan Monograph Series, 1. Naples: Instituto Universitario Orietale, Dipartimento di Studi Asiatici. 90 p.
* Hitturam, R. B. 1881. ''Biluchi Nameh: A Text-book of the Biluchi Language''. Lahore.
* Hitturam, R. B. 1881. ''Biluchi Nameh: A Text-book of the Biluchi Language''. Lahore.


'''Etymological and Historical Studies'''
;Etymological and historical studies
* Elfenbein, J. 1985. Balochi from Khotan. In: Studia Iranica. Vol. XIV (2): 223-238.
* Gladstone, C. E. 1874. Biluchi Handbook. Lahore.
* Hashmi, S. Z. S. 1986. Balúcí Zabán va Adab kí Táríx [The History of Balochi language and Literature: A Survey]. Karachi: Sayad Hashmi Academy.
* Korn, A. 2005. Towards a Historical Grammar of Balochi. Studies in Balochi Historical Phonology and Vocabulary [Beiträge zur Iranistik 26]. Wiesbaden (Reichert).
* Korn, A. 2009. The Ergative System in Balochi from a Typological Perspective // Iranian Journal for Applied Language Studies I. pp. 43–79.
* Korn, A. 2003. The Outcome of Proto-Iranian *ṛ in Balochi // Iran : Questions et connaissances. Actes du IVe congrès européen des études iraniennes, organisé par la Societas Iranologica Europaea, Paris, 6-10 septembre 1999. III : Cultures et sociétés contemporaines, éd. Bernard HOURCADE [Studia Iranica Cahier 27]. Leuven (Peeters). pp. 65–75.
* Mengal, A. K. 1990. A Persian-Pahlavi-Balochi Vocabulary I (A-C). Quetta: Balochi Academy.
* Morgenstiene, G. 1932. Notes on Balochi Etymology. Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap. p. 37-53.
* Moshkalo, V. V. 1988. Reflections of the Old Iranian Preverbs on the Baluchi Verbs. Naples: Newsletter of Baluchistan Studies. No. 5: pp. 71–74.
* Moshkalo, V. V. 1991. Beludzskij Jazyk. In: Osnovy Iranskogo Jazykozanija. Novoiranskie Jazyki I. Moscow. p. 5-90.


;Dialectology
-Elfenbein, J. 1985. Balochi from Khotan. In: Studia Iranica. Vol. XIV (2): 223-238.
* Dames, M. L. 1881. A Sketch of the Northern Balochi Language. Calcutta: The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
-Gladstone, C. E. 1874. Biluchi Handbook. Lahore.
* Elfenbein, J. 1966. The Baluchi Language. A Dialectology with Text. London.
-Hashmi, S. Z. S. 1986. Balúcí Zabán va Adab kí Táríx [The History of Balochi language and Literature: A Survey]. Karachi: Sayad Hashmi Academy.
* Filipone, E. 1990. Organization of Space: Cognitive Models and Baluchi Dialectology. Newsletter of Baluchistan Studies. Naples. Vol. 7: pp. 29–39.
-Korn, A. 2005. Towards a Historical Grammar of Balochi. Studies in Balochi Historical Phonology and Vocabulary [Beiträge zur Iranistik 26]. Wiesbaden (Reichert).
* Gafferberg, E. G. 1969. Beludzhi Turkmenskoi. SSR: Ocherki Khoziaistva Material'oni Kultuy I Byta. sn.
-Korn, A. 2009. The Ergative System in Balochi from a Typological Perspective // Iranian Journal for Applied Language Studies I. pp.&nbsp;43–79.
* Geiger, W. 1889. Etymologie des Baluci. Abhandlungen der I. Classe derKoniglich Bayersichen Akaemie der Wissenschaften. Vol. XIX(I): pp. 105–53.
-Korn, A. 2003. The Outcome of Proto-Iranian *ṛ in Balochi // Iran : Questions et connaissances. Actes du IVe congrès européen des études iraniennes, organisé par la Societas Iranologica Europaea, Paris, 6-10 septembre 1999. III : Cultures et sociétés contemporaines, éd. Bernard HOURCADE [Studia Iranica Cahier 27]. Leuven (Peeters). pp.&nbsp;65–75.
* Marston, E. W. 1877. Grammar and Vocabulary of the Mekranee Beloochee Dialect. Bombay.
-Korn, A. 2003. Balochi and the Concept of North-West Iranian // The Baloch and Their Neighbours: Ethnic and Linguistic Contact in Balochistan in Historical and Modern Times, éds. Carina JAHANI, Agnes KORN. Wiesbaden (Reichert). pp.&nbsp;49–60.
* Pierce, E. 1874. A Description of the Mekranee-Beloochee Dialect. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Vol. XI: 1-98.
-Mengal, A. K. 1990. A Persian-Pahlavi-Balochi Vocabulary I (A-C). Quetta: Balochi Academy.
* Pierce, E. 1875. Makrani Balochi. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 11: N. 31.
-Morgenstiene, G. 1932. Notes on Balochi Etymology. Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap. p.&nbsp;37-53.
* Rossi, A. V. 1979. Phonemics in Balochi and Modern Dialectology. Naples: Instituto Universitario Orientale, Dipartimento di Studi Asiatici. Iranica, pp. 161-232.
-Moshkalo, V. V. 1988. Reflections of the Old Iranian Preverbs on the Baluchi Verbs. Naples: Newsletter of Baluchistan Studies. No. 5: pp.&nbsp;71–74.
* Rahman, T. 1996. The Balochi/Brahvi Language Movements in Pakistan. ''Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies''. Vol. 19(3): 71-88.
-Moshkalo, V. V. 1991. Beludzskij Jazyk. In: Osnovy Iranskogo Jazykozanija. Novoiranskie Jazyki I. Moscow. p.&nbsp;5-90.
-Paul, L. 2003. The Position of Balochi Among Western Iranian Languages. In: The Baloch and Their Neighbours.” Jahani C. and Korn A. eds. Reichert Verlag Wiesbaden. pp. 61-71.
* Rahman, T. 2001. The Learning of Balochi and Brahvi in Pakistan. ''Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies''. Vol. 24(4): 45-59.
* Rahman, T. 2002. Language Teaching and Power in Pakistan. ''Indian Social Science Review''. 5(1): 45-61.
-Rossi, A. V. 1998. Ossetic and Balochi in V. I. Abaev’s Slovar. pp. 373-431. In: Studia Iranica et Alanica. Rome: Instituto per l’Africa e l’Orientale. 540 pp.
-Rossi, A. V. 2000 (Forthcoming). An Etymological-Comparative Dictionary of the Balochi Language.


'''Dialectology and Language Contact
;Language contact
* Elfenbein, J. 1982. Notes on the Balochi-Brahui Linguistic Commensality. In: TPhS, pp. 77–98.
'''
* Foxton, W. 1985. Arabic/Baluchi Bilingualism in Oman. Naples: Newsletter of Baluchistan Studies. N. 2 pp. 31-39.
-Pierce, E. 1874. A Description of the Mekranee-Beloochee Dialect. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Vol. XI: 1-98.
* Natawa, T. 1970. The Baluchis in Afghanistan and their Language. pp. II:417-18. In: Endo, B. et al. Proceedings, VIIIth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, 1968, Tokyo and Kyoto. Tokyo: Science Council of Japan.
-Pierce, E. 1875. Makrani Balochi. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 11: N. 31.
* Rzehak, L. 1995. Menschen des Ruckens-Menschen des Baluches: Sprache und Wirklicheit im Verwandtschaftssystem der Belutschen. pp. 207-229. In: Reck, C. & Zieme, P. (ed.); Iran und Turfan. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
-Baranzai, A. N. 2003. The Sarawani Dialect of Balochi and Persian Influence on it. In “The Baloch and Their Neighbours.” Jahani C. and Korn A. eds. Reichert Verlag Wiesbaden. pp.&nbsp;75–111.
* Elfenbein, Josef. 1997. "Balochi Phonology". In Kaye, Alan S. Phonologies of Asia and Africa. 1. pp. 761–776.
-Dames, M. L. 1881. A Sketch of the Northern Balochi Language. Calcutta: The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
* Farideh Okati. 2012. The Vowel Systems of Five Iranian Balochi Dialects. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis: Studia linguistica Upsaliensia. p. 241.
-Elfenbein, J. 1963. A Vocabulary of Marw Baluchi. Naples.
-Elfenbein, J. 1966. The Baluchi Language. A Dialectology with Text. London.
-Filipone, E. 1990. Organization of Space: Cognitive Models and Baluchi Dialectology. Newsletter of Baluchistan Studies. Naples. Vol. 7: pp.&nbsp;29–39.
-Gafferberg, E. G. 1969. Beludzhi Turkmenskoi. SSR: Ocherki Khoziaistva Material’oni Kultuy I Byta. sn.
-Geiger, W. 1889. Dialectspaltung in Baluchi. Abhandlungen der I. Classe derKoniglich Bayersichen Akaemie der Wissenschaften XVIII/I p.&nbsp;65-92.
-Geiger, W. 1889. Etymologie des Baluci. Abhandlungen der I. Classe derKoniglich Bayersichen Akaemie der Wissenschaften. Vol. XIX(I): pp.&nbsp;105–53.
-Gren-Eklund, G. 2003. Language Contact in Balochistan from the Indian Point of View. In: The Baloch and Their Neighbours.” Jahani C. and Korn A. eds. Reichert Verlag Wiesbaden. pp. 33-47.
-Marston, E. W. 1877. Grammar and Vocabulary of the Mekranee Beloochee Dialect. Bombay.
-Mockler, E. 1877. A Grammar of the Baloochee Language as it is Spoken in Makran. London. P. 350.
-Rossi, A. V. 1979. Phonemics in Balochi and Modern Dialectology. Naples: Instituto Universitario Orientale, Dipartimento di Studi Asiatici. Iranica, pp. 161-232.
6. Rájmání Zuwánénk (Sociolinguistics):
-Jahani, Carina. 2000. Language in Society: Eight Sociolinguistic Essays on Balochi Sweden: Uppsala University.
-Rahman, T. 1996. Language and Politics in Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
-Rahman, T. 1996. The Balochi/Brahvi Language Movements in Pakistan. Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies. Vol. 19(3): 71-88.
-Rahman, T. 2001. The Learning of Balochi and Brahvi in Pakistan. Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies. Vol. 24(4): 45-59.
-Rahman, T. 2002. Language Teaching and Power in Pakistan. Indian Social Science Review. 5(1): 45-61.
-Rzehak, L. 2003. Some Thoughts and Material on Balochi in Afghanistan. In: The Baloch and their Neighbours.” Jahani, C. and Korn, A. eds. Reichert Verlag Wiesbaden. pp.&nbsp;259–278.
-Al-Ameeri S. A. 2003. The Baloch in the Arabian Gulf States. In “The Baloch and their Neighbours.” Jahani, C. and Korn, A. eds. Reichert Verlag Wiesbaden. pp.&nbsp;237–243.
-Tan, E. 2000. A Mother Tongue Literacy Programme Among the Baloch of Singo Line, Karachi. pp.&nbsp;59–67. In: Jahani, C. (ed.), Language in Society: Eight Sociolinguistic Essays on Balochi Sweden: Uppsala University.
-Archer, B. 2001. Acquiring a Multilingual Repertoire in Quetta, Balochistan. In “The Baloch and Their Neighbours.” Jahani C. and Korn A. eds. Reichert Verlag Wiesbaden. pp.&nbsp;157–167.
-Axenov, S. 2003. The Balochi Language in Turkmenistan. In “The Baloch and Their Neighbours.” Jahani C. and Korn A. eds. Reichert Verlag Wiesbaden. pp.&nbsp;245–257.
-Badal Khan, S. 2003. Language Contact in Balochistan and its Impact on Balochi Personal Names. In “The Baloch and Their Neighbours.” Jahani C. and Korn A. eds. Reichert Verlag Wiesbaden. pp.&nbsp;279–311.
-Elfenbein, J. 1982. Notes on the Balochi-Brahui Linguistic Commensality. In: TPhS, pp.&nbsp;77–98.
-Farrell, T. 2000. Mother Tongue Education and the Health and Survival of the Balochi Language. In Jahani, C. (ed.) Language in society: Eight Sociolinguistic Essays on Balochi. Sweden: Uppsala University. pp.&nbsp;19–32.
-Farrell, T. 2003. Linguistic Influences on the Balochi Spoken in Karachi. In: The Baloch and Their Neighbours.” Jahani C. and Korn A. eds. Reichert Verlag Wiesbaden. pp. 169-209.
-Foxton, W. 1985. Arabic/Baluchi Bilingualism in Oman. Naples: Newsletter of Baluchistan Studies. N. 2 pp. 31-39.
-Jahani, C. 2000. Language Attitudes and Language Maintenance Among Iranian Baloch in Sweden. In; Language in Society: Eight Sociolinguistic Essays on Balochi Sweden: Uppsala University. pp. 33-58.
-Mahmoodzahi, M. 2003. Linguistic Contact in Iranian Balochistan in Historical and Modern Times. In: The Baloch and their Neighbours, Jahani C. and Korn A. eds. Reichert Verlag Wiesbaden. pp. 147-155.
-Moshkalo, V. V. 2000. Language and Culture of the Baloch in Turkmenistan. pp. 97-103. In: Language in Society: Eight Sociolinguistic Essays on Balochi Sweden: Uppsala University.
-Natawa, T. 1970. The Baluchis in Afghanistan and their Language. pp. II:417-18. In: Endo, B. et al. Proceedings, VIIIth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, 1968, Tokyo and Kyoto. Tokyo: Science Council of Japan.
-Rzehak, L. 1995. Menschen des Ruckens-Menschen des Baluches: Sprache und Wirklicheit im Verwandtschaftssystem der Belutschen. pp. 207-229. In: Reck, C. & Zieme, P. (ed.); Iran und Turfan. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
-Titus, P. 2003. Linguistic Contact in the Baloch-Pashtun Boundary Zone. In: The Baloch and Their Neighbours. Jahani C. and Korn A. (eds.) Reichert Verlag Wiesbaden. pp. 331-333.
7. Tawárénk (Phonology):
-Elfenbein, Josef.1997. "Balochi Phonology". In Kaye, Alan S. Phonologies of Asia and Africa. 1. pp.&nbsp;761–776.
-Ziá Balóc. Balócí Tawárénk. Ruzhn Educational Foundation. p.&nbsp;263.
- Farideh Okati. 2012. The Vowel Systems of Five Iranian Balochi Dialects. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis: Studia linguistica Upsaliensia. p.&nbsp;241.
- Bahareh Soohani. 2017. The Phonology of Iranian-Balochi Dialects: Description and Analysis. Netherlands Graduate School of Linguistics.


'''Grammar and Morphology'''
;Grammar and morphology
* Farrell, Tim. 1989. A study of ergativity in Balochi.' M.A. thesis: School of Oriental & African Studies, University of London.
* Farrell, Tim. 1995. Fading ergativity? A study of ergativity in Balochi. In David C. Bennett, Theodora Bynon & B. George Hewitt (eds.), Subject, voice, and ergativity: Selected essays, 218–243. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.
* Korn, Agnes. 2009. Marking of arguments in Balochi ergative and mixed constructions. In Simin Karimi, VIda Samiian & Donald Stilo (eds.) Aspects of Iranian Linguistics, 249–276. Newcastle upon Tyne (UK): Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
* Abraham, W. 1996. The Aspect-Case Typology Correlation: Perfectivity Triggering Split Ergativity. Folia Linguistica Vol. 30 (1-2): pp. 5–34.
* Ahmadzai, N. K. B. M. 1984. The Grammar of Balochi Language. Quetta: Balochi Academy, iii, 193 p.
* Andronov, M. S. 2001. A Grammar of the Balochi Language in Comparative Treatment. Munich.
* Bashir, E. L. 1991. A Contrastive Analysis of Balochi and Urdu. Washington, D.C. Academy for Educational Development, xxiii, 333 p.
* Jahani, C. 1994. Notes on the Use of Genitive Construction Versus Izafa Construction in Iranian Balochi. Studia Iranica. Vol. 23(2): 285-98.
* Jahani, C. 1999. Persian Influence on Some Verbal Constructions in Iranian Balochi. Studia Iranica. Vol. 28(1): 123-143.
* Korn, A. 2008. A New Locative Case in Turkmenistan Balochi // Iran and the Caucasus 12. pp. 83–99.
* Leech, R. 1838. Grammar of the Balochky Language. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Vol. VII(2): p. 608.
* Mockler, E. 1877. Introduction to a Grammar of the Balochee Language. London.
* Nasir, K. A. B. M. 1975. Balócí Kárgónag. Quetta.
* Sabir, A. R. 1995. Morphological Similarities in Brahui and Balochi Languages. International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics. Vol. 24(1): 1-8.


;Semantics
-Axenov, Serge. 2006. The Balochi language of Turkmenistan: A corpus-based grammatical description. Sweden: Acta Uppsala Universitet.
* Elfenbein, J. 1992. Measurement of Time and Space in Balochi. Studia Iranica, Vol. 21(2): pp. 247–254.
-Farrell, Tim. 1989. A study of ergativity in Balochi.' M.A. thesis: School of Oriental & African Studies, University of London.
* Filipone, E. 1996. Spatial Models and Locative Expressions in Baluchi. Naples: Instituto Universitario Orietale, Dipartimento di Studi Asiatici. 427 p.
-Farrell, Tim. 1995. Fading ergativity? A study of ergativity in Balochi. In David C. Bennett, Theodora Bynon & B. George Hewitt (eds.), Subject, voice, and ergativity: Selected essays, 218–243. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.
-Korn, Agnes. 2009. Marking of arguments in Balochi ergative and mixed constructions. In Simin Karimi, VIda Samiian & Donald Stilo (eds.) Aspects of Iranian Linguistics, 249–276. Newcastle upon Tyne (UK): Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
-Abraham, W. 1996. The Aspect-Case Typology Correlation: Perfectivity Triggering Split Ergativity. Folia Linguistica Vol. 30 (1-2): pp.&nbsp;5–34.
-Ahmadzai, N. K. B. M. 1984. The Grammar of Balochi Language. Quetta: Balochi Academy, iii, 193 p.
-Andronov, M. S. 2001. A Grammar of the Balochi Language in Comparative Treatment. Munich.
-Bakhtiari, B. M. 2003. Notes on the Tense System in Balochi and Standard Persian. In “The Baloch and Their Neighbours.” Jahani C. and Korn A. eds. Reichert Verlag Wiesbaden. pp.&nbsp;133–145.
-Bashir, E. L. 1991. A Contrastive Analysis of Balochi and Urdu. Washington, D.C. Academy for Educational Development, xxiii, 333 p.
-Delforooz, B.B. 2003. The Structure of Present and Past Stems in Baluchi Compared to Old, Middle and New Persian. In “The Baloch and Their Neighbours.” Jahani C. and Korn A. eds. Reichert Verlag Wiesbaden. pp.&nbsp;19–31.
-Jahani, C. 1994. Notes on the Use of Genitive Construction Versus Izafa Construction in Iranian Balochi. Studia Iranica. Vol. 23(2): 285-98.
-Jahani, C. 1999. Persian Influence on Some Verbal Constructions in Iranian Balochi. Studia Iranica. Vol. 28(1): 123-143.
-Jahani, C. 2003. The Case System in Balochi in a Contact Linguistic Perspective. In: Jahani, C. and Korn, A. (eds.), The Baloch and Their Neighbours. Reichert Verlag Wiesbaden. pp.&nbsp;113–131.
-Korn, A. 2008. A New Locative Case in Turkmenistan Balochi // Iran and the Caucasus 12. pp.&nbsp;83–99.
-Korn, A. 2008. Marking of arguments in Balochi ergative and mixed constructions // Aspects of Iranian Linguistics, éds. Simin KARIMI, Vida SAMIIAN, Donald STILO. Newcastle (Cambridge Scholars Publishing). pp.&nbsp;249–276.
-Korn, A. 2008. The Nominal Systems of Balochi: How many Grammars? // The Baloch and Others: Linguistic, Historical and Socio-political Perspectives on Pluralism in Balochistan, éds. Carina JAHANI, Agnes KORN, Paul TITUS. Wiesbaden (Reichert). pp.&nbsp;167–194.
-Korn, A. 2005. Das Balochi im Kontakt mit den anderen iranischen Sprachen { Le baloutchi en contact avec les autres langues iraniennes occidentales } // Sprachkontakt und Sprachwandel. Akten der XI. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, 17.-23. September 2000, Halle an der Saale, éds. Olav HACKSTEIN, Gerhard MEISER. Wiesbaden (Reichert). pp.&nbsp;285–294.
-Korn, A. 2005. Das Nominalsystem des Balochi, mitteliranisch betrachtet { Le système nominal du baloutchi, du point de vue du moyen iranien } // Indogermanica: Festschrift Gert Klingenschmitt. Indische, iranische und indogermanische Studien dem verehrten Jubilar dargebracht zu seinem fünfundsechzigsten Geburtstag, éd. Günter SCHWEIGER. Taimering (VWT-Verlag). pp.&nbsp;289– 302.
-Korn, A. Forthcoming. Verbal nouns in Balochi // Verbal Adjectives and Participles in the IndoEuropean Languages, éds. Claire LE FEUVRE, Daniel PETIT, Georges-Jean PINAULT. Bremen (Hempen).
-Korn, A. 2009. Archaismus und Innovation im Verbalsystem des Balochi { Archaisme et innovation dans le système verbal du baloutchi } // Iranistik. Deutschsprachige Zeitschrift für iranistische Studien 12. pp.&nbsp;103–112.
-Leech, R. 1838. Grammar of the Balochky Language. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Vol. VII(2): p.&nbsp;608.
- Mockler, E. 1877. Introduction to a Grammar of the Balochee Language. London.
-Nasir, K. A. B. M. 1975. Balócí Kárgónag. Quetta.
-Sabir, A. R. 1995. Morphological Similarities in Brahui and Balochi Languages. International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics. Vol. 24(1): 1-8.
-Sabir, A. R. 2003. Some Structural and Lexical Similarities Between Balochi and Brahui. In: The Baloch and their Neighbours. Jahani, C. and Korn, A. (eds). Reichert Verlag Wiesbaden. pp.&nbsp;211–219.


;Miscellaneous and surveys
'''Semantics'''
* Baloch, B. A. 1986. Balochi: On the Move. In: Mustada, Zubeida, ed. The South Asian Century: 1900–1999. Karachi: Oxford University Press. pp. 163–167.

-Elfenbein, J. 1992. Measurement of Time and Space in Balochi. Studia Iranica, Vol. 21(2): pp.&nbsp;247–254.
* Bausani, A. 1971. Baluchi Language and Literature. Mahfil: A Quarterly of South Asian Literature, Vol. 7 (1-2): pp. 43–54.
* Munazzih Batúl Baóc. 2008. ''Ásán Balúcí Bólcál''. Balócí Akademí. p. 633–644.
-Filipone, E. 1996. Spatial Models and Locative Expressions in Baluchi. Naples: Instituto Universitario Orietale, Dipartimento di Studi Asiatici. 427 p.
* Elfenbein, J. 1989. Balochi. In: SCHMITT, pp. 350–362.

* Geiger, W. 1901. Die Sprach der Balutschen. Geiger/Kuhn II, P. 231-248, Gelb, I. J. 1970. Makkan and Meluḫḫa in Early Mesopotamian Sources. Revue d'Assyriologie. Vol. LXIV: pp. 1–8.
'''Miscellaneous and Surveys'''
* Gichky, N. 1986. Baluchi Language and its Early Literature. Newsletter of Baluchistan Studies. No. 3, pp. 17–24.

* Grierson, G. A. 1921. Balochi. In: Linguistic Survey of India X: Specimens of Languages of Eranian Family. Calcutta. pp. 327–451.
-Anka, M. H. 1937. Balochi Kaumi Zaban. Baluchistan?, Karachi, October 24, 1937.
* Ibragimov, B. 1973. Beludzhi Pakistana. Sots.-ekon. Polozhenie v Pakist. Beludhistane I nats. dvizhnie beludzhei v 1947–1970. Moskva. 143 p.
-? 1969 Bibliography of Baluchi and Brahui Language and Literature. Pakistan Quarterly, Vol. 17: p.&nbsp;76.
* Jaffrey, A. A. 1964. New Trends in the Balochi Language. Bulletin of the Ancient Iranian Cultural Society. Vol. 1(3): 14-26.
-Baloch, B. A. 1986. Balochi: On the Move. In: Mustada, Zubeida, ed. The South Asian Century: 1900-1999. Karachi: Oxford University Press. pp.&nbsp;163–167.
* Jahani, C. Balochi. In: Garry, J. and Rubino, C. (eds.). Facts About World's Languages. New York: H. W. Wilson Company. pp. 59–64.
-Bausani, A. 1971. Baluchi Language and Literature. Mahfil: A Quarterly of South Asian Literature, Vol. 7 (1-2): pp.&nbsp;43–54.
-Elfenbein, J. 1989. Baluchistan III: Baluchi Language and Literature. In: Encyclopædia Iranica III, pp.&nbsp; Son.
* Kamil Al-Qadri, S. M. 1969. Baluchi Language and Literature. Pakistan Quarterly. Vol. 17: pp. 60–65.
* Morgenstiene, G. 1969. The Baluchi Language. Pakistan Quarterly. Vol. 17: 56-59.
* Farrell, Tim. 1990. ''Basic Balochi: An introductory course''. Naples: Instituto Universitario Orientale, Dipartimento di Studi Asiatici.
* Nasir, G. K. 1946. Riyásat Kalát kí Kaumí Zabán. Bolan.
* Natawa, T. 1981. ''Baluchi (Asian and African Grammatical Manuals 17b)''. Tokyo. 351 p.
* Rooman, A. 1967. A Brief Survey of Baluchi Literature and Language. Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society. Vol. 15: 253-272.
* Munazzih Batúl Baóc. 2008. ''Ásán Balúcí Bólcál''. Balócí Akademí. p.&nbsp;633–644.
* Rossi, A. V. 1982–1983. Linguistic Inquiries in Baluchistan Towards Integrated Methodologies. Naples: Newsletter of Baluchistan Studies. N.1: 51-66.
- Elfenbein, J. 1989. Balochi. In: SCHMITT, pp.&nbsp;350–362.
* Zarubin, I. 1930. Beitrage zin Stadium von Sprache und Folklore der Belutschen. Zapiski Kollegii Vostokovedov. Vol. 5: 653-679.
- Elfenbein, J. 1964. Linguistic Desiderata in Baluchistan. In: REDARD, pp.&nbsp;73–77.
{{refend}}
-Frodovs, V. A. 1960. Beludzsky. Moscow.
-Geiger, W. 1889. Balucische Text mit Ubersetzung. ZDMG XLIII, pp.&nbsp;579–589.
-Geiger, W. 1901. Die Sprach der Balutschen. Geiger/Kuhn II, P. 231-248, Gelb, I. J. 1970. Makkan and Meluḫḫa in Early Mesopotamian Sources. Revue d’Assyriologie. Vol. LXIV: pp.&nbsp;1–8.
-Gichky, N. 1986. Baluchi Language and its Early Literature. Newsletter of Baluchistan Studies. No. 3, pp.&nbsp;17–24.
-Grierson, G. A. 1921. Balochi. In: Linguistic Survey of India X: Specimens of Languages of Eranian Family. Calcutta. pp.&nbsp;327–451.
-Ibragimov, B. 1973. Beludzhi Pakistana. Sots.-ekon. Polozhenie v Pakist. Beludhistane I nats. dvizhnie beludzhei v 1947-1970. Moskva. 143 p.
-Jaffrey, A. A. 1964. New Trends in the Balochi Language. Bulletin of the Ancient Iranian Cultural Society. Vol. 1(3): 14-26.
-Jahani, C. Balochi. In: Garry, J. and Rubino, C. (eds.). Facts About World’s Languages. New York: H. W. Wilson Company. pp.&nbsp;59–64.
-Kamil Al-Qadri, S. M. 1969. Baluchi Language and Literature. Pakistan Quarterly. Vol. 17: pp.&nbsp;60–65.
-Korn, A. and Jahani, C. 2009. Balochi. The Iranian Languages, ed. Gernot WINDFUHR [Routledge Language Family Series], London (Routledge). pp.&nbsp;634–692.
-Morgenstiene, G. 1969. The Baluchi Language. Pakistan Quarterly. Vol. 17: 56-59.
-Nasir, G. K. 1946. Riyásat Kalát kí Kaumí Zabán. Bolan.
-Rooman, A. 1967. A Brief Survey of Baluchi Literature and Language. Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society. Vol. 15: 253-272.
-Rossi, A. V. 1982. Balochi Miscellanea. pp.&nbsp;157–183. In: Monumentum George Morgenstierne, II. Leiden: Brill. 287 p.
- Rossi, A. V. 1982-1983. Linguistic Inquiries in Baluchistan Towards Integrated Methodologies. Naples: Newsletter of Baluchistan Studies. N.1: 51-66.
-Zarubin, I. 1930. Beitrage zin Stadium von Sprache und Folklore der Belutschen. Zapiski Kollegii Vostokovedov. Vol. 5: 653-679.
-Śáhwání, A. A. 1998. Balócí Zubán u Adab. Śál: Balócí Akedimí.
-Sabá Daśtiárí. 1995, 1998. Balócí Zubáne Ákibat. Vol: 480. Vol 2. 723.
- Maryam Nourzaei. 2017. Participant Reference in Three Balochi Dialects: Male and Female Narrations of Folktales and Biographical Tales. Uppsala University.


==External links==
== External links ==
{{Incubator|code=bal|language=Balochi (macrolanguage)}}
{{Incubator multi|bal||lang1=Balochi (macrolanguage)|bgn||bcc||bgp}}
{{Incubator|code=bgn|language=Western Balochi}}
{{Incubator|code=bcc|language=Southern Balochi}}
{{Incubator|code=bgp|language=Eastern Balochi}}
{{Wikivoyage|Balochi phrasebook|Balochi|phrasebook}}
{{Wikivoyage|Balochi phrasebook|Balochi|phrasebook}}


{{commonscatinline}}
* {{commonscatinline}}
* Collett, N. A. [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/collett/ A grammar, phrase book and vocabulary of Baluchi]: (as spoken in the Sultanate of Oman). 2nd ed. [Camberley]: [N.A. Collett], 1986.
* Collett, N. A. [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/collett/ A grammar, phrase book and vocabulary of Baluchi]: (as spoken in the Sultanate of Oman). 2nd ed. [Camberley]: [N.A. Collett], 1986.
* [[Mansel Longworth Dames|Dames, Mansel Longworth]]. [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/dames-sketch/ A sketch of the northern Balochi language], containing a grammar, vocabulary and specimens of the language. Calcutta: Asiatic Society, 1881.
* [[Mansel Longworth Dames|Dames, Mansel Longworth]]. [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/dames-sketch/ A sketch of the northern Balochi language], containing a grammar, vocabulary and specimens of the language. Calcutta: Asiatic Society, 1881.
* Mumtaz Ahmad. [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/mumtaz/ Baluchi glossary]: a Baluchi-English glossary: elementary level. Kensington, Md.: Dunwoody Press, 1985.
* Mumtaz Ahmad. [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/mumtaz/ Baluchi glossary]: a Baluchi-English glossary: elementary level. Kensington, Md.: Dunwoody Press, 1985.
* [http://www.eurobaluchi.com/dictionary/index.htm EuroBalúči online translation tool]&nbsp;– translate Balochi words to or from English, Persian, Spanish, Finnish and Swedish
* [http://www.eurobaluchi.com/dictionary/index.htm EuroBalúči online translation tool] – translate Balochi words to or from English, Persian, Spanish, Finnish and Swedish
* [http://www.ijunoon.com/balochidic/ iJunoon English to Balochi Dictionary]
* [http://www.ijunoon.com/balochidic/ iJunoon English to Balochi Dictionary]
* [http://www.eurobaluchi.com/ EuroBalúči] – Baluchi alphabet, grammar and music
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070715234129/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=193&menu=004 UCLA Language Materials Project: Baluchi]&nbsp;– a general overview of Balochi with societal context and history of the language
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071011151455/http://users.tpg.com.au/users/goshti/ Balochi language]&nbsp;– a website about the language
* [http://www.eurobaluchi.com EuroBalúči]&nbsp;– Baluchi alphabet, grammar and music
* {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Baluchi|short=x}}
* {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Baluchi|short=x}}


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[[Category:Languages of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Languages of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]]
[[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]]
&nbsp;19–31.
-Jahani, C. 1994. Notes on the Use of Genitive Construction Versus Izafa Construction in Iranian Balochi. Studia Iranica. Vol. 23(2): 285-98.
-Jahani, C. 1999. Persian Influence on Some Verbal Constructions in Iranian Balochi. Studia Iranica. Vol. 28(1): 123-143.
-Jahani, C. 2003. The Case System in Balochi in a Contact Linguistic Perspective. In: Jahani, C. and Korn, A. (eds.), The Baloch and Their Neighbours. Reichert Verlag Wiesbaden. pp.

Revision as of 20:13, 17 January 2020

Balochi
بلۏچی, Balòci
Balochi in Balo-Rabi and Latin script
Native toPakistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Tanzania
RegionBalochistan
EthnicityBalochis and some Brahuis
Native speakers
7.6 million (2007)[1]
Dialects
Official status
Official language in
Balochistan
Recognised minority
language in
 Pakistan
Provincial in Balochistan
 Iran
Provincial in Sistan and Baluchestan
 Afghanistan
Provincial in Nimruz Province
Regulated byBalochi Academy, Quetta, Pakistan
Language codes
ISO 639-2bal
ISO 639-3bal – inclusive code
Individual codes:
bgp – Eastern Balochi
bgn – Western Balochi
bcc – Kachi Dialect(Southern Balochi)
ktl – Koroshi
Glottologbalo1260
Linguasphere58-AAB-a > 58-AAB-aa (East Balochi) + 58-AAB-ab (West Balochi) + 58-AAB-ac (South Balochi) + 58-AAB-ad (Bashkardi)
File:Moderniranianlanguagesmap.jpg
Geographic distribution of Balochi (yellow) and other Iranian languages
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Template:Contains Baluchi text

Balochi (بلۏچی, Balòci) is a Northwestern Iranian language spoken primarily in the Balochistan region divided between Pakistan, Iran, and Afghanistan.

Phonology

Vowels

The Balochi vowel system has at least eight vowels: five long and three short.[2][page needed] These are /aː/, /eː/, /iː/, /oː/, /uː/, /a/, /i/ and /u/. The short vowels have more centralized phonetic quality than the long vowels. The variety spoken in Karachi also has nasalized vowels, most importantly /ẽː/ and /ãː/.[3][page needed]

Consonants

The following table shows consonants which are common to both Northern and Southern Balochi.[4][page needed] The consonants /s/, /z/, /n/, /ɾ/ and /l/ are articulated as alveolar in Western Balochi. The plosives /t/ and /d/ are dental in both dialects.

Labial Dental Alveolar Retroflex Palato-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar Glottal
Stop p b t d ʈ ɖ k ɡ ʔ
Affricate t͡ʃ d͡ʒ
Fricative s z ʃ ʒ[cn 1] h[cn 2]
Tap ɾ ɽ[cn 3]
Nasal m n
Approximant w l j
Notes
  1. ^ Words with /ʒ/ are uncommon.
  2. ^ Word-initial /h/ is dropped in Balochi as spoken in Karachi.
  3. ^ The retroflex tap has a very limited distribution.

In addition, /f/ occurs in a few words in Southern Balochi. /x/ (voiceless velar fricative) in some loanwords in Southern Balochi corresponding to /χ/ (voiceless uvular fricative) in Western Balochi; and /ɣ/ (voiced velar fricative) in some loanwords in Southern Balochi corresponding to /ʁ/ (voiced uvular fricative) in Western Balochi.

In Eastern Balochi, it is noted that the stop and glide consonants may also occur as aspirated allophones in word initial position as [pʰ tʰ ʈʰ t͡ʃʰ kʰ] and [wʱ]. Allophones of stops in postvocalic position include for voiceless stops, [f θ x] and for voiced stops [β ð ɣ]. /n l/ are also dentalized as [n̪ l̪].[5]

Grammar

The normal word order is subject–object–verb. Like many other Indo-Iranian languages, Balochi also features split ergativity. The subject is marked as nominative except for the past tense constructions where the subject of a transitive verb is marked as oblique and the verb agrees with the object.[6]

Numerals

Much of the Balochi number system is borrowed from Persian.[7] According to Mansel Longworth Dames, Bolochi writes the first twelve numbers as follows:[8]

Cardinal numerals
Balochi English
Yak One[a]
Ya
Do Two
Sai Three
Chyār Four
Phanch Five
Shash Six
Hapt Seven
Havd
Hasht Eight
Hazhd
Nuh Nine
Dah Ten
Yāzhdah Eleven
Yazdāh
Dwāzhdnh Twelve
Dwāzdah
Ordinal numerals
Balochi English
Peshī First
Duhmī, gudī Second
Saimī, sohmī Third
Chyarumī Fourth
Phaṅchumī Fifth
Shashumī Sixth
Haptumī Seventh
Hashtumī Eighth
Nuhmī Ninth
Dahmī Tenth
Yāzdamī Eleventh
Dwāzdamī Twelfth
Notes
  1. ^ The latter ya is with nouns while yak is used by itself.

Dialects

There are two main dialects: the dialect of the Mandwani (northern) tribes and the dialect of the Domki (southern) tribes.[9] The dialectal differences are not very significant.[9] One difference is that grammatical terminations in the northern dialect are less distinct compared with those in the southern tribes.[9] An isolated dialect is Koroshi, which is spoken in the Qashqai tribal confederation in the Fars province. Koroshi distinguishes itself in grammar and lexicon among Balochi varieties.[10]

Writing system

Balochi was not a written language before the 19th century,[11] and the Persian script was used to write Balochi wherever necessary.[11] However, Balochi was still spoken at the Baloch courts.[citation needed]

British colonial officers first wrote Balochi with the Latin script.[12] Following the creation of Pakistan, Baloch scholars adopted Persian alphabet. The first collection of poetry in Balochi, Gulbang by Mir Gul Khan Nasir was published in 1951 and incorporated the Arabic Script. It was much later that Sayad Zahoor Shah Hashemi wrote a comprehensive guidance on the usage of Arabic script and standardized it as the Balochi Orthography in Pakistan and Iran. This earned him the title of the 'Father of Balochi'. His guidelines are widely used in Eastern and Western Balochistan. In Afghanistan, Balochi is still written in a modified Arabic script based on Persian.[citation needed]

In 2002, a conference was held to help standardise the script that would be used for Balochi.[13]

Orthography

Further information: Syed Zahoor Shah Hashmi

The following alphabet was used by Syed Zahoor Shah Hashmi in his lexicon of Balochi Sayad Ganj (سید گنج) (lit. Sayad's Treasure).[14][15]

آ، ا، ب، پ، ت، ٹ، ج، چ، د، ڈ، ر، ز، ژ، س، ش، ک، گ، ل، م، ن، و، ھ ہ، ء، ی ے

Kachi dialect

The Balochi alphabet, standardized by Balochi Academy Sarbaz, consists of 29 letters.[16]

Latin Arabic Example words
A / a ءَ
À / à (aa) آ
B / b بـ / ـبـ / ـب
C / c (ch) چـ / ـچـ / ـچ
D / d د
Ď / ď (dh) ڈ
E / e (é) ءِ
È / è (ie) ݔـ / ـݔـ / ـے
G / g گـ / ـگـ / ـگ
H / h هـ / ـهـ / ـہ
I / i (í) ایـ / ـیـ / ـی
J / j جـ / ـجـ / ـج
K / k کـ / ـکـ / ـک
L / l لـ / ـلـ / ـل
M / m مـ / ـمـ / ـم
N / n نـ / ـنـ / ـن
O / o (ó) ءُ
Ò / ò (ou) ۏ
P / p پـ / ـپـ / ـپ
R / r ر
S / s سـ / ـسـ / ـس
Š / š (sh) شـ / ـشـ / ـش
T / t تـ / ـتـ / ـت
Ť / ť (th) ٹـ / ـٹـ / ـٹ
ࢣ
U / u (ú) ـو / او
W / w و
Y / y یـ / ـیـ
Z / z ز
Ž / ž (zh) ژ
Ligatures / digraphs
Æ / æ (ae) ـئ
Ai / ai (ay) ئی
Au / au (aw) ؤ

Latin alphabet

The following Latin-based alphabet was adopted by the International Workshop on "Balochi Roman Orthography" (University of Uppsala, Sweden, 28–30 May 2000).[17]

Alphabetical order

a á b c d ď e f g ĝ h i í j k l m n o p q r ř s š t ť u ú v w x y z ž ay aw (33 letters and 2 digraphs)

Letter Example words
A / a bawar (snow/ice), cattre (umbrella), bachek (son)
Á / á dárman (medicine), wádh (salt)
B / b (be)
C / c (che)
D / d (de)
Ď / ď Is the same as Ř / ř (ře) so this latter is preferably used to simplify the orthography.
E / e
F / f (fe) Only used for loanwords: Fráns (France), fármaysí (pharmacy).
G / g (ge)
Ĝ / ĝ Like ĝhaen in Perso-Arabic script.
Used for loanwords and in eastern dialects: ghair (others), ghali (carpet), ghaza (noise)
H / h (he)
I / i (i)
Í / í (í)
J / j (je)
K / k (ke)
L / l (le)
M / m (me)
N / n (ne)
O / o (o)
P / p (pe)
Q / q (qú)
R / r (re)
Ř / ř (ře)
S / s (se)
Š / š (še) eš (this)
T / t (te)
Ť / ť (ťe)
U / u
Ú / ú (ú) Sounds like the "oo" in English word "root".
V / v (ve) Exclusively used for loanwords (like in the English words: service, very).
W / w (we) hawa (wind)
X / x (khe) Xudá (God)
Y / y (ye) biryání (meat in rice)
Z / z (ze) zor (power)
Ž / ž (že) mauž (waves)
Latin digraphs
Ay / ay
Aw / aw

References

  1. ^ Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in Nationalencyklopedin
  2. ^ Farrell 1990. Serge 2006.
  3. ^ Farrell 1990.
  4. ^ Serge 2006. Farrell 1990.
  5. ^ JahaniKorn 2009, pp. 634–692.
  6. ^ "Balochi". National Virtual Translation Center. Archived from the original on 18 November 2007. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  7. ^ Korn, Agnes (2006). "Counting Sheep and Camels in Balochi". Indoiranskoe jazykoznanie i tipologija jazykovyx situacij. Sbornik statej k 75-letiju professora A. L. Grjunberga (1930–1995). Nauka. pp. 201–212. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  8. ^ Dames 1922, pp. 13–15.
  9. ^ a b c Dames 1922, p. 1.
  10. ^ Borjian, Habib (December 2014). "The Balochi dialect of the Korosh". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 67 (4): 453–465. doi:10.1556/AOrient.67.2014.4.4.
  11. ^ a b Dames 1922, p. 3.
  12. ^ Hussain, Sajid (18 March 2016). "Faith and politics of Balochi script". Balochistan Times. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  13. ^ "Script for Balochi language discussed". Dawn. Quetta. 28 October 2002. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  14. ^ Shah Hashemi, Sayad Zahoor. "The First Complete Balochi Dictionary". Sayad Ganj. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  15. ^ "Sayad Zahoor Shah Hashmi: A one-man institution". Balochistan Times. 14 November 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  16. ^ "Balochi Standarded Alphabet". vtg.rzb.ir. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  17. ^ "Baluchi Roman ORTHOGRAPHY". Phrasebase.com. Retrieved 23 October 2015.

Bibliography

Further reading

Dictionaries and lexicographical works
  • Gilbertson, George W. 1925. English-Balochi colloquial dictionary. Hertford: Stephen Austin & Sons.
  • Ahmad, K. 1985. Baluchi Glossary: A Baluchi-English Glossary: Elementary Level. Dunwoody Press.
  • Badal Khan, S. 1990. Mán Balócíá Darí Zubánání Judá. Labzánk Vol. 1(3): pp. 11–15.
  • Abdulrrahman Pahwal. 2007. Balochi Gálband: Balochi/Pashto/Dari/English Dictionary. Peshawar: Al-Azhar Book Co. p. 374.
  • Mír Ahmad Dihání. 2000. Mír Ganj: Balócí/Balócí/Urdú. Karachi: Balóc Ittihád Adabí Akedimí. p. 427.
  • Bruce, R. I. 1874. Manual and Vocabulary of the Beluchi Dialect. Lahore: Government Civil Secretariat Press. vi 154 p.
  • Ishák Xámúś. 2014. Balochi Dictionary: Balochi/Urdu/English. Karachi: Aataar Publications. p. 444.
  • Nágumán. 2011. Balócí Gál: Ambáre Nókáz (Balochi/English/Urdu). Básk. p. 245.
  • Nágumán. 2014. Jutgál. Makkurán: Nigwar Labzánkí Majlis. p. 64.
  • Ghulám Razá Azarlí. 2016. Farhange Kúcak: Pársí/Balúcí. Pársí Anjuman.
  • Hashmi, S. Z. S. 2000. Sayad Ganj: Balochi-Balochi Dictionary. Karachi: Sayad Hashmi Academy. P. 887.
  • Ulfat Nasím. 2005. Tibbí Lughat. Balócí Akademí. p. 260.
  • Gulzár Xán Marí. 2005. Gwaśtin. Balócí Akedimí. p. 466.
  • Raśíd Xán. 2010. Batal, Guśtin, Puźdánk, Ghanŧ. Tump: Wafá Labzání Majlis. p. 400.
  • Śe Ragám. 2012. Batal, Gwaśtin u Gálband. Balócí Akademí. p. 268.
  • Abdul Azíz Daolatí Baxśán. 1388. Nám u Ném Nám: Farhang Námhá Balúcí. Tihrán: Pázína. p. 180.
  • Nazeer Dawood. 2007. Balochi into English Dictionary. Gwádar: Drad Publications. p. 208.
  • Abdul Kaiúm Balóc. 2005. Balócí Búmíá. Balócí Akademí. p. 405.
  • Ján Mahmad Daśtí. 2015. Balócí Labz Balad [Balochi/Balochi Dictionary]. Balócí Akademí. p. 1255.
  • Bogoljubov, Mixail, et al. (eds.). Indoiranskoe jazykoznanie i tipologija jazykovyx situacij. Sbornik statej k 75-letiju professora A. L. Gryunberga. St. Pétersbourg (Nauka). pp. 201–212.
  • Marri, M. K. and Marri, S. K. 1970. Balúcí-Urdú Lughat. Quetta: Balochi Academy. 332 p.
  • Mayer, T. J. L. 1900. English-Baluchi Dictionary. Lahore: Government Press.
Orthography
  • Jahani, Carina. 1990. Standardization and orthography in the Balochi language. Studia Iranica Upsaliensia. Uppsala, Sweden: Almqvist & Wiksell Internat.
  • Sayad Háśumí. 1964. Balócí Syáhag u Rást Nibíssag. Dabai: Sayad Háśumí Balóc. p. 144.
  • Ghaos Bahár. 1998. Balócí Lékwaŕ. Balócí Akademí. p. 227.
  • Ziá Balóc. 2015. Balócí Rást Nibíssí. Raísí Cáp u Śingjáh. p. 264.
  • Axtar Nadím. 1997. Nibiśta Ráhband. Balócí Akedimí. p. 206.
  • Táj Balóc. 2015. Sarámad (Roman Orthography). Bahren: Balóc Kalab. p. 110.
Courses and study guides
  • Barker, Muhammad A. and Aaqil Khan Mengal. 1969. A course in Baluchi. Montreal: McGill University.
  • Collett, Nigel A. 1986. A Grammar, Phrase-book, and Vocabulary of Baluchi (As Spoken in the Sultanate of Oman). Abingdon: Burgess & Son.
  • Natawa, T. 1981. Baluchi (Asian and African Grammatical Manuals 17b). Tokyo. 351 p.
  • Munazzih Batúl Baóc. 2008. Ásán Balúcí Bólcál. Balócí Akademí. p. 152.
  • Abdul Azíz Jázimí. Balócí Gappe Káidaián. p. 32.
  • Muhammad Zarrín Nigár. Dastúr Tatbíkí Zabáne Balúcí bá Fársí. Íránśahr: Bunyáde Naśre Farhange Balóc. p. 136.
  • Gilbertson, George W. 1923. The Balochi language. A grammar and manual. Hertford: Stephen Austin & Sons.
  • Bugti, A. M. 1978. Balócí-Urdú Bólcál. Quetta: Kalat Publications.
  • Ayyúb Ayyúbí. 1381. Dastúr Zabán Fársí bih Balúcí. Íránśahr: Intiśárát Asátír. p. 200.
  • Hitturam, R. B. 1881. Biluchi Nameh: A Text-book of the Biluchi Language. Lahore.
Etymological and historical studies
  • Elfenbein, J. 1985. Balochi from Khotan. In: Studia Iranica. Vol. XIV (2): 223-238.
  • Gladstone, C. E. 1874. Biluchi Handbook. Lahore.
  • Hashmi, S. Z. S. 1986. Balúcí Zabán va Adab kí Táríx [The History of Balochi language and Literature: A Survey]. Karachi: Sayad Hashmi Academy.
  • Korn, A. 2005. Towards a Historical Grammar of Balochi. Studies in Balochi Historical Phonology and Vocabulary [Beiträge zur Iranistik 26]. Wiesbaden (Reichert).
  • Korn, A. 2009. The Ergative System in Balochi from a Typological Perspective // Iranian Journal for Applied Language Studies I. pp. 43–79.
  • Korn, A. 2003. The Outcome of Proto-Iranian *ṛ in Balochi // Iran : Questions et connaissances. Actes du IVe congrès européen des études iraniennes, organisé par la Societas Iranologica Europaea, Paris, 6-10 septembre 1999. III : Cultures et sociétés contemporaines, éd. Bernard HOURCADE [Studia Iranica Cahier 27]. Leuven (Peeters). pp. 65–75.
  • Mengal, A. K. 1990. A Persian-Pahlavi-Balochi Vocabulary I (A-C). Quetta: Balochi Academy.
  • Morgenstiene, G. 1932. Notes on Balochi Etymology. Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap. p. 37-53.
  • Moshkalo, V. V. 1988. Reflections of the Old Iranian Preverbs on the Baluchi Verbs. Naples: Newsletter of Baluchistan Studies. No. 5: pp. 71–74.
  • Moshkalo, V. V. 1991. Beludzskij Jazyk. In: Osnovy Iranskogo Jazykozanija. Novoiranskie Jazyki I. Moscow. p. 5-90.
Dialectology
  • Dames, M. L. 1881. A Sketch of the Northern Balochi Language. Calcutta: The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
  • Elfenbein, J. 1966. The Baluchi Language. A Dialectology with Text. London.
  • Filipone, E. 1990. Organization of Space: Cognitive Models and Baluchi Dialectology. Newsletter of Baluchistan Studies. Naples. Vol. 7: pp. 29–39.
  • Gafferberg, E. G. 1969. Beludzhi Turkmenskoi. SSR: Ocherki Khoziaistva Material'oni Kultuy I Byta. sn.
  • Geiger, W. 1889. Etymologie des Baluci. Abhandlungen der I. Classe derKoniglich Bayersichen Akaemie der Wissenschaften. Vol. XIX(I): pp. 105–53.
  • Marston, E. W. 1877. Grammar and Vocabulary of the Mekranee Beloochee Dialect. Bombay.
  • Pierce, E. 1874. A Description of the Mekranee-Beloochee Dialect. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Vol. XI: 1-98.
  • Pierce, E. 1875. Makrani Balochi. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 11: N. 31.
  • Rossi, A. V. 1979. Phonemics in Balochi and Modern Dialectology. Naples: Instituto Universitario Orientale, Dipartimento di Studi Asiatici. Iranica, pp. 161-232.
  • Rahman, T. 1996. The Balochi/Brahvi Language Movements in Pakistan. Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies. Vol. 19(3): 71-88.
  • Rahman, T. 2001. The Learning of Balochi and Brahvi in Pakistan. Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies. Vol. 24(4): 45-59.
  • Rahman, T. 2002. Language Teaching and Power in Pakistan. Indian Social Science Review. 5(1): 45-61.
Language contact
  • Elfenbein, J. 1982. Notes on the Balochi-Brahui Linguistic Commensality. In: TPhS, pp. 77–98.
  • Foxton, W. 1985. Arabic/Baluchi Bilingualism in Oman. Naples: Newsletter of Baluchistan Studies. N. 2 pp. 31-39.
  • Natawa, T. 1970. The Baluchis in Afghanistan and their Language. pp. II:417-18. In: Endo, B. et al. Proceedings, VIIIth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, 1968, Tokyo and Kyoto. Tokyo: Science Council of Japan.
  • Rzehak, L. 1995. Menschen des Ruckens-Menschen des Baluches: Sprache und Wirklicheit im Verwandtschaftssystem der Belutschen. pp. 207-229. In: Reck, C. & Zieme, P. (ed.); Iran und Turfan. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Elfenbein, Josef. 1997. "Balochi Phonology". In Kaye, Alan S. Phonologies of Asia and Africa. 1. pp. 761–776.
  • Farideh Okati. 2012. The Vowel Systems of Five Iranian Balochi Dialects. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis: Studia linguistica Upsaliensia. p. 241.
Grammar and morphology
  • Farrell, Tim. 1989. A study of ergativity in Balochi.' M.A. thesis: School of Oriental & African Studies, University of London.
  • Farrell, Tim. 1995. Fading ergativity? A study of ergativity in Balochi. In David C. Bennett, Theodora Bynon & B. George Hewitt (eds.), Subject, voice, and ergativity: Selected essays, 218–243. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.
  • Korn, Agnes. 2009. Marking of arguments in Balochi ergative and mixed constructions. In Simin Karimi, VIda Samiian & Donald Stilo (eds.) Aspects of Iranian Linguistics, 249–276. Newcastle upon Tyne (UK): Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Abraham, W. 1996. The Aspect-Case Typology Correlation: Perfectivity Triggering Split Ergativity. Folia Linguistica Vol. 30 (1-2): pp. 5–34.
  • Ahmadzai, N. K. B. M. 1984. The Grammar of Balochi Language. Quetta: Balochi Academy, iii, 193 p.
  • Andronov, M. S. 2001. A Grammar of the Balochi Language in Comparative Treatment. Munich.
  • Bashir, E. L. 1991. A Contrastive Analysis of Balochi and Urdu. Washington, D.C. Academy for Educational Development, xxiii, 333 p.
  • Jahani, C. 1994. Notes on the Use of Genitive Construction Versus Izafa Construction in Iranian Balochi. Studia Iranica. Vol. 23(2): 285-98.
  • Jahani, C. 1999. Persian Influence on Some Verbal Constructions in Iranian Balochi. Studia Iranica. Vol. 28(1): 123-143.
  • Korn, A. 2008. A New Locative Case in Turkmenistan Balochi // Iran and the Caucasus 12. pp. 83–99.
  • Leech, R. 1838. Grammar of the Balochky Language. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Vol. VII(2): p. 608.
  • Mockler, E. 1877. Introduction to a Grammar of the Balochee Language. London.
  • Nasir, K. A. B. M. 1975. Balócí Kárgónag. Quetta.
  • Sabir, A. R. 1995. Morphological Similarities in Brahui and Balochi Languages. International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics. Vol. 24(1): 1-8.
Semantics
  • Elfenbein, J. 1992. Measurement of Time and Space in Balochi. Studia Iranica, Vol. 21(2): pp. 247–254.
  • Filipone, E. 1996. Spatial Models and Locative Expressions in Baluchi. Naples: Instituto Universitario Orietale, Dipartimento di Studi Asiatici. 427 p.
Miscellaneous and surveys
  • Baloch, B. A. 1986. Balochi: On the Move. In: Mustada, Zubeida, ed. The South Asian Century: 1900–1999. Karachi: Oxford University Press. pp. 163–167.
  • Bausani, A. 1971. Baluchi Language and Literature. Mahfil: A Quarterly of South Asian Literature, Vol. 7 (1-2): pp. 43–54.
  • Munazzih Batúl Baóc. 2008. Ásán Balúcí Bólcál. Balócí Akademí. p. 633–644.
  • Elfenbein, J. 1989. Balochi. In: SCHMITT, pp. 350–362.
  • Geiger, W. 1901. Die Sprach der Balutschen. Geiger/Kuhn II, P. 231-248, Gelb, I. J. 1970. Makkan and Meluḫḫa in Early Mesopotamian Sources. Revue d'Assyriologie. Vol. LXIV: pp. 1–8.
  • Gichky, N. 1986. Baluchi Language and its Early Literature. Newsletter of Baluchistan Studies. No. 3, pp. 17–24.
  • Grierson, G. A. 1921. Balochi. In: Linguistic Survey of India X: Specimens of Languages of Eranian Family. Calcutta. pp. 327–451.
  • Ibragimov, B. 1973. Beludzhi Pakistana. Sots.-ekon. Polozhenie v Pakist. Beludhistane I nats. dvizhnie beludzhei v 1947–1970. Moskva. 143 p.
  • Jaffrey, A. A. 1964. New Trends in the Balochi Language. Bulletin of the Ancient Iranian Cultural Society. Vol. 1(3): 14-26.
  • Jahani, C. Balochi. In: Garry, J. and Rubino, C. (eds.). Facts About World's Languages. New York: H. W. Wilson Company. pp. 59–64.
  • Kamil Al-Qadri, S. M. 1969. Baluchi Language and Literature. Pakistan Quarterly. Vol. 17: pp. 60–65.
  • Morgenstiene, G. 1969. The Baluchi Language. Pakistan Quarterly. Vol. 17: 56-59.
  • Nasir, G. K. 1946. Riyásat Kalát kí Kaumí Zabán. Bolan.
  • Rooman, A. 1967. A Brief Survey of Baluchi Literature and Language. Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society. Vol. 15: 253-272.
  • Rossi, A. V. 1982–1983. Linguistic Inquiries in Baluchistan Towards Integrated Methodologies. Naples: Newsletter of Baluchistan Studies. N.1: 51-66.
  • Zarubin, I. 1930. Beitrage zin Stadium von Sprache und Folklore der Belutschen. Zapiski Kollegii Vostokovedov. Vol. 5: 653-679.

External links

At Wikimedia Incubator:
Wikivoyage has phrasebook for Balochi.
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