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On 15 January, Canadian Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]] called Maduro "an illegitimate dictator",<ref>{{cite news |title=Trudeau slams Venezuelan ‘dictator’ Maduro, sidesteps question on Brazil’s president |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4851670/trudeau-venezuela-maduro-brazil-bolsonaro/ |work=Global News |date=15 January 2019}}</ref> with [[Donald Trump]]'s National Security Adviser [[John R. Bolton]] and Brazilian President Bolsonaro also using the same term.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bolton ramps up attack on 'illegitimate' Maduro reign in Venezuela |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2019/01/11/bolton-claims-manduro-illegitimate-claim-1098634 |work=Politico |date=11 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Brazil’s Bolsonaro branded a 'modern Hitler' by rival leader |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/brazil-s-bolsonaro-branded-a-modern-hitler-by-rival-leader |publisher=SBS News |date=15 January 2019}}</ref> On 18 January, Bolsonaro said that he would soon announce his plans for a solution regarding Venezuela.<ref>{{cite news |title=In Davos, Brazil's Bolsonaro to tout reforms, trade liberalization |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-politics/in-davos-brazils-bolsonaro-to-tout-reforms-trade-liberalization-idUSKCN1PC2JM |agency=Reuters |date=18 January 2019}}</ref>
On 15 January, Canadian Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]] called Maduro "an illegitimate dictator",<ref>{{cite news |title=Trudeau slams Venezuelan ‘dictator’ Maduro, sidesteps question on Brazil’s president |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4851670/trudeau-venezuela-maduro-brazil-bolsonaro/ |work=Global News |date=15 January 2019}}</ref> with [[Donald Trump]]'s National Security Adviser [[John R. Bolton]] and Brazilian President Bolsonaro also using the same term.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bolton ramps up attack on 'illegitimate' Maduro reign in Venezuela |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2019/01/11/bolton-claims-manduro-illegitimate-claim-1098634 |work=Politico |date=11 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Brazil’s Bolsonaro branded a 'modern Hitler' by rival leader |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/brazil-s-bolsonaro-branded-a-modern-hitler-by-rival-leader |publisher=SBS News |date=15 January 2019}}</ref> On 18 January, Bolsonaro said that he would soon announce his plans for a solution regarding Venezuela.<ref>{{cite news |title=In Davos, Brazil's Bolsonaro to tout reforms, trade liberalization |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-politics/in-davos-brazils-bolsonaro-to-tout-reforms-trade-liberalization-idUSKCN1PC2JM |agency=Reuters |date=18 January 2019}}</ref>


===Open cabildo===
===Public assembly===
[[File:Acuerdo sobre la declaratoria de usurpación de la presidencia de la república por parte de Nicolas Maduro Moros y el restablecimiento de la vigencia de la constitución - Página 1.jpg|thumb|Agreement approved by the National Assembly to declare the usurpation of the presidency by Nicolás Maduro on 15 January.]]
[[File:Acuerdo sobre la declaratoria de usurpación de la presidencia de la república por parte de Nicolas Maduro Moros y el restablecimiento de la vigencia de la constitución - Página 1.jpg|thumb|Agreement approved by the National Assembly to declare the usurpation of the presidency by Nicolás Maduro on 15 January.]]


Revision as of 22:30, 28 January 2019

2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis
Part of the crisis in Venezuela
File:Maduro and Guaidó (Presidential crisis).png
Nicolás Maduro (left) Juan Guaidó (right)
Date10 January 2019 (2019-01-10) – ongoing (1952 days)
Location
Venezuela
Caused by
MethodsProtests, support campaigns, foreign diplomatic pressure
StatusOngoing
Parties
Transitional government
Recognition of Guaidó presidency
Foreign states:
IGOs:
Organizations:
Support of National Assembly
Foreign states:

IGOs:

 European Union[43]
Crisis in Venezuela
Causes
Effects
Events
Elections
Protests
Timeline
Armed violence
flag Venezuela portal

Venezuela has been experiencing a presidential crisis since 10 January 2019. The incumbent President Nicolás Maduro was declared the winner in the pre-screened presidential election of May 2018; however, the process and results of that election were widely disputed. The dispute came to a head in early 2019 when the National Assembly of Venezuela stated that results of the election were invalid and declared Juan Guaidó as the acting president, citing several clauses of the 1999 Venezuelan Constitution. National protests were then organized by the opposition against Maduro's election and his ruling coalition.

Juan Guaidó had begun motions as a provisional government, calling for an open cabildo "town hall"-style rally on 11 January. Demonstrations and defections had begun to take place as well. Internally, Maduro has received the support of the pro-government Constituent Assembly, while Guaidó is backed by the pro-opposition National Assembly.

Guaidó was briefly detained by Venezuelan security forces on 13 January, with each side claiming the other party was responsible; Maduro's supporters claimed the arrest was staged while Guaidó called the arrest an attempt to stop the National Assembly from assuming power. Venezuela began censoring some social media outlets on 21 January.

A few days after the National Assembly's declaration, various Venezuelan groups, foreign nations, and international organizations made statements supporting either side of the conflict. The Lima Group declared Maduro illegitimate on 13 January. Afterward, the Organization of American States (OAS) and the European Union expressed support for the National Assembly alongside other Western countries, while other nations have expressed support for Maduro.

Mass protests and violence began on 23 January and drew further responses from foreign governments and leaders.

Background

See also: Crisis in Venezuela and 2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis

Since 2010, Venezuela has been suffering a socioeconomic crisis under Nicolás Maduro (and briefly under his predecessor, Hugo Chávez), as rampant crime, hyperinflation and shortages diminished the quality of life.[44][45][46][47][48][49] As a result of discontent with the government, for the first time since 1999, the opposition was elected to hold the majority in the National Assembly following the 2015 parliamentary election.[50] Following the 2015 National Assembly election, the lame duck National Assembly, consisting of Bolivarian officials, filled the Supreme Tribunal of Justice, the highest court in Venezuela, with Maduro allies.[50][51] The tribunal quickly stripped three opposition lawmakers of their National Assembly seats in early 2016, citing alleged "irregularities" in their elections, thereby preventing an opposition supermajority which would have been able to challenge President Maduro.[50]

The tribunal then approved several actions by Maduro and granted him more powers in 2017.[50] As protests mounted against Maduro, he called for a constituent assembly that would draft a new constitution that would replace the 1999 Venezuela Constitution created under Chávez.[52] Many countries considered the election a bid by Maduro to stay in power indefinitely,[53] and over 40 countries stated that they would not recognize the National Constituent Assembly.[54][55] The Democratic Unity Roundtable—the opposition to the incumbent ruling party—also boycotted the election claiming that the Constituent Assembly was "a trick to keep [the incumbent ruling party] in power."[56] Since the opposition did not participate in the election, the incumbent Great Patriotic Pole, dominated by the United Socialist Party of Venezuela, won almost all seats in the assembly by default.[57][58][59] On 8 August 2017, the Constituent Assembly declared itself to be the government branch with supreme power in Venezuela, banning the opposition-led National Assembly from performing actions that would interfere with the assembly while continuing to pass measures in "support and solidarity" with President Maduro, effectively stripping the National Assembly of all its powers.[60]

2018 presidential election

Main article: 2018 Venezuelan presidential election
A June 2018 video with United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Zeid Raad Al Hussein discussing the crisis in Venezuela

In February 2018, Maduro called for presidential elections just four months before the date,[61] with Maduro being re-elected after the major opposition parties were banned among other alleged irregularities, which led many to believe that the elections were invalid.[62][63][64] Paired with views of Maduro's leadership being an ineffective dictatorship,[65][66][67] politicians both internally and internationally did not believe Maduro was legitimately elected.[68] In the months leading up to his inauguration on 10 January 2019, Maduro was encouraged to not continue as president by nations and bodies including the Lima Group (excluding Mexico), the United States, and the OAS, with this pressure being increased as the new National Assembly of Venezuela was sworn in on 5 January 2019.[69][70][71] The National Assembly was disavowed by Maduro in 2017[72] and is seen as "the only democratically elected institution left in the country".[73]

Calls for transitional government

In the months after the presidential election in May 2018 and shortly before Maduro's inauguration, there were calls for a transitional government to be established.[74][75][76] CEO of Venezuela Al Día Manuel Corao argued that Maduro was no longer the president and that "the tendencies in Venezuela represented in the National Assembly do not agree to designate a transitional government that fills the vacuum of power and liberates Venezuelans from Communist evil".[74] Former Venezuelan legislator Alexis Ortiz stated that "Castrochavism ... rots in incompetence, corruption and surrender of national sovereignty. Faced with its failure, we suggest that a transitional government should" work on reconciliation, establish general elections, receive humanitarian assistance and to protect civil liberties, among other requests.[75]

A November 2018 report by the International Crisis Group said that "[n]eighboring countries and other foreign powers have taken steps – including sanctions – to achieve some kind of negotiated transition, which is still the best way out of the crisis".[76]

Basis for challenge

The Venezuelan opposition bases its actions on the 1999 Venezuelan constitution, specifically Article 233 establishing that the leader of National Assembly is to hold office in the absence of a legitimate President, which Guaidó says is the case after the 2018 Venezuelan presidential elections.[77] Article 333 calls for citizens to restore and enforce the constitution if it is not followed. He also argues that both the national and international community must unite behind a transitional government that will guarantee humanitarian aid, bring the restoration of Venezuela's rule of law, and will hold democratic elections.[77]

Timeline

Inauguration of Maduro

Maduro at his second inauguration on 10 January 2019

Minutes after Maduro took the oath of office, the Organization of American States approved a resolution in a special session of its Permanent Council in which Maduro was declared illegitimate as President of Venezuela, urging that new elections be summoned.[78] Maduro's election was supported by Turkey, Russia, China, and the ALBA.[79][80] Small Caribbean nations reliant on economic assistance from the Maduro government also supported his presidency.[81]

Reports of defections

Defense Minister Vladimir Padrino López said the armed forces would not recognize Juan Guaidó

The first major signs of impending crisis showed when a Supreme Court Justice and Electoral Justice seen as close to Maduro defected to the United States just a few days before the 10 January inauguration. The justice, Christian Zerpa [es] said that Maduro was "incompetent" and "illegitimate".[69][70][82]

At the time of the inauguration, The Times reported that U.S. intelligence allegedly had learned that one of Maduro's close top officials and Minister of Defense, Vladimir Padrino López, had requested that Maduro step down, threatening to resign if Maduro did not.[83] However, Padrino López would later pledge loyalty to Maduro, stating he would give his life for him and the Bolivarian revolution.[84] During a cadena nacional issued by Maduro on 15 January 2019, Padrino López swore loyalty to Maduro, stating directly to him that members of the National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela (FANB) "are willing to die to defend that Constitution, those people, those institutions and you as supreme magistrate, president of Venezuela ... We are not an imperialist, colonialist FANB, we are a liberating FANB".[84]

Maduro's government states that the actions taken against him are "the results of imperialism perpetrated by the United States and allies" that put Venezuela "at the centre of a world war".[85]

Military disavowals of Maduro

On 17 January, a group of Venezuelan ex-army and police officers in Peru announced their support for Guaidó, saying that they do not recognize Maduro as their president or leader.[86][87] Around this time it was also reported that though the currently serving military swore allegiance to Maduro, many had spoken to exiled and defected soldiers to express their wish to not suppress any uprising that could oust Maduro, secretly supporting Guaidó.[88] The National Assembly offered amnesty for military defectors.[89]

Early on 21 January, at least 27 soldiers of the National Guard mutinied against Maduro in San José de Cotiza; they were stationed near Miraflores Palace. It is reported that they kidnapped four security staff and stole weaponry from a post in Petare, and posted videos on social media promising the military would fight against the government for the people of Venezuela. In the area, rioting and arson began in the streets through the night; tear gas was used on civilian protestors. Several hours later, the fighting having continued until daylight, they were all taken by authorities.[90][91] Five were injured[92] and one person died in the mutiny: a civilian woman who was confused for a protester was killed by members of a colectivo, who also stole her phone.[93] The mutiny, termed a "failed coup", has been compared by the BBC to the El Junquito raid from just over a year earlier (15 January 2018), which resulted in the death of rebel leader Óscar Pérez.[94]

On 27 January, the Venezuelan military representative based in the United States, Colonel José Luis Silva, announced that he had changed sides and saw Guaidó as his president.[95]

International recognition

Multiple countries and intergovernmental organizations joined the National Assembly in rejecting the legitimacy of Maduro retaining power; 14 countries recalled their ambassadors in protest,[96] Paraguay cut diplomatic ties with Venezuela, and others called for Maduro to step down or be removed.[70][71][83][85] Others, such as ALBA countries and South Africa[97], supported Maduro by calling on the opposition to accept his reelection and attending his swearing-in ceremony.[79][98]

Maduro responded to the accusations levied against him by denouncing them as "US imperialism" and compared the alleged foreign interference to colonialism.[85] Maduro called Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro "a Hitler of the modern era", after Brazil recognized an opposition leader should be the legitimate head of government in Venezuela.[99]

On 15 January, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau called Maduro "an illegitimate dictator",[100] with Donald Trump's National Security Adviser John R. Bolton and Brazilian President Bolsonaro also using the same term.[101][102] On 18 January, Bolsonaro said that he would soon announce his plans for a solution regarding Venezuela.[103]

Public assembly

Agreement approved by the National Assembly to declare the usurpation of the presidency by Nicolás Maduro on 15 January.

Juan Guaidó, the newly appointed President of the National Assembly of Venezuela, began motions to form a provisional government shortly after assuming his new role in the National Assembly on 5 January 2019; stating that whether Maduro began his new term on the 10th or not, the country would not have a legitimately elected president.[104] On behalf of the National Assembly, he stated that the country had fallen into a de facto dictatorship and had no leader,[105] declaring that the nation face a state of emergency.[106] It was in this statement that he first called for "soldiers who wear their uniforms with honor to step forward and enforce the Constitution [and asking] citizens for confidence, strength and to accompany us on this path".[106]

Juan Guaidó surrounded by members of the opposition during an open cabildo on 11 January 2019

He then announced that he would hold an open cabildo (equivalent to a town hall meeting) on 11 January.[107] This was hosted as a rally in the streets of Caracas, and here the National Assembly announced that Guaidó was assuming the role of acting president under the Constitution of Venezuela, also announcing plans to remove President Maduro.[108]

The open cabildo also had provisions to allow for leaders of other political parties, trade unions, women, and the students of Venezuela to be given a voice. Other parties did not speak of their divide, but of what they saw as a failed Bolivarian Revolution that needed to end.[108]

Maduro's initial response to the cabildo was to call the opposition a group of "little boys", describing Guaidó as "immature". More threateningly, the Minister for Prison Services, Iris Varela, said that she had already picked out a prison cell for Guaidó and asked him to be quick naming his cabinet so she could prepare prisons for them as well.[109]

National Assembly declares Guaidó president

Following Guaidó's speech, the National Assembly initially released a press statement saying that Guaidó had taken the role of acting president. A later statement replaced this one and the position of Guaidó was clarified that "he is willing to assume command, but said that this is only possible with the help of Venezuelans".[110] This motion was not considered a coup d'état by the opposition based on the acknowledged "illegitimacy" of Maduro by many governments, and the constitutional processes that the National Assembly were following.[111] Specifically, they invoked Articles 233, 333, and 350.[108] On this day, Guaidó received a letter from the President of the Supreme Tribunal of Justice of Venezuela in exile, which is based in Panama, requesting him to become acting president of Venezuela.[112]

Guaidó announced change, and nationwide protests to be held on 23 January, inciting a slogan chant of ¡Sí, se puede![111] This date is the same day as the removal of Marcos Pérez Jiménez in 1958.[113] The National Assembly worked with the Venezuelan Liberation Front to create a plan for the protests and marches, organizing a unified national force.[38] It was also revealed on 11 January that plans involved offering incentives for the armed forces to disavow Maduro.[114]

The Organization of American States was the first to give official support to this action, stating that it would "welcome the assumption of Juan Guaidó as interim President of Venezuela in accordance with Article 233 of the Political Constitution. [He has the Organization of American States'] support, that of the international community and of the people of Venezuela".[111] Later on that day, Brazil and Colombia gave their support to Guaidó as acting president of Venezuela.[115]

Venezuelan political experts, like David Smilde from the Washington Office on Latin America, suggested that it would enrage Maduro, who already called the National Assembly traitors for not attending his inauguration, and who might arrest or attack more of its members. A friend of Guaidó, in response, said that they were aware of the risks but believed it needed to be done to allow democracy to reappear in Venezuela.[111]

Support

Nations recognizing presidential power
  Venezuela
  Recognize Guaidó
  Support National Assembly
  Recognize Maduro

Various countries and organizations began to reaffirm their support for the National Assembly, seen as the "only legitimate democratic body" in Venezuela. Businesses also took the introduction of a potential new government as a sign to stop discussions and negotiations with Maduro since they were now able to access a government with democratic backing. These organizations included the Venezuela Creditors Committee, a fund bank that can give loans to the ailing nation and which could not finalize an agreement with Maduro in 2017,[116] and all of the other businesses represented by the OFAC union. These include Electricidad de Caracas, providing electrical power to the capital and surrounding areas.[34] PDVSA, the nation's largest oil and gas company, was initially reported as supporting Guaidó, but later pledged loyalty to Maduro.[34][19]

The Catholic Church in Venezuela, organized by the Episcopal Conference of Venezuela, released a statement by Monsignor Ovidio Pérez Morales on 15 January 2019 saying "The Church in Venezuela, united to its Bishops in communion with the Pope, declare the socialist-communist regime illegitimate and stand in solidarity with the Venezuelan people to rescue democracy, freedom and justice. Trusting in God, they support the National Assembly".[35]

On 15 January, United States President Donald Trump was reported to be deliberating over whether to officially recognize Guaidó as the President,[117] which he did on 23 January.[118][119][120] On 17 January two members of the US House of Representatives introduced legislation (the Venezuela TPS Act of 2019) that, if passed, would give temporary protected status to all Venezuelans in the country, preventing their deportation. It is a bipartisan bill introduced by a Democrat and a Republican.[121]

President of the European Parliament Antonio Tajani declared Maduro illegitimate shortly after the inauguration ceremony and met with opposition figures, with Tajani facing death threats following his actions.[122]

Opposition

However, other nations reaffirmed their support for the Nicolás Maduro government, including Latin American and world countries. Non-regional supporting countries include China, Russia, Turkey, Iran, Syria and South Africa.[123][124][125][126][127] Regional countries supporting Maduro include Mexico, Nicaragua and Bolivia.[128][129][130][131]

El Salvador changed its mind several times. Initially supporting Maduro, on 24 January an official statement said they recognized Guaidó; later that day another statement was released, reiterating their backing of Maduro.[132][133]

Former President of Ecuador Rafael Correa expressed his support to Maduro during an interview with Russian state media outlet RT, saying that Juan Guaidó “declares himself an ‘interim’ president” and immediately gets recognition from 11 Latin American countries and the United States, is “unseen”. He also said that Juan Guaidó “ignored the constriction, laws, elections and procedures” in his self-manifestation as “nothing of this sort is in the constitution.”[134]

Lima Group

The now 14-country Lima Group (except Mexico) demands the release of political prisoners and calls for free elections

On 11 and 12 January, several nations of the Lima Group began to release statements independent from the international body. These documents all included their nations' agreement to not recognize Maduro and were focused on clarifying individual stances on non-interventionism regarding a separate territorial dispute between Venezuela and Guyana.[135][136][137] Despite this, the Maduro government, via several vice presidential press releases, claimed that these countries had "rectified" themselves to support him as president.[135][138] They had not, with the non-intervention statements seen as a concession to prevent rash action by Maduro after he broadly threatened the group.[135][137] The Venezuelan Foreign Minister, Jorge Arreaza, gave a different statement to the vice presidential office, saying that Venezuela had received diplomatic notices from some Lima Group countries about the original dispute.[135] Panama restated the group's original ninth point, highlighting issues of International Law.[135] Colombia's statement reiterated the group's resolution and pledged to support "the restoration of democracy and constitutional order in Venezuela", as well as saying that they do not have a position on the territorial dispute.[136] Arreaza defied his government by refuting the claims that the Lima Group recognized Maduro's government, as well as doubling Maduro's 48-hour demand period for non-intervention for the remaining countries after it expired. He also promoted peaceful diplomatic discussion with neighboring countries.[139] The group—except for Mexico, which called for non-intervention in Venezuelan internal affairs[140]—continued to back the Guaidó government, with the Foreign Minister of Chile pledging "unlimited support".[141]

Detention of Guaidó

On 13 January 2019, Guaidó was detained by the Bolivarian Intelligence Service (SEBIN),[142] but was released 45 minutes later.[143] The SEBIN agents who intercepted his car and took him into custody were subsequently fired from their positions.[144][145][146] The Information Minister, Jorge Rodríguez, says that the agents did not have instructions and the arrest was orchestrated by Guaidó as a "media stunt" to gain popularity; BBC News correspondents say that it appeared to be a genuine ambush and was used to send a message to those who oppose Maduro.[144] Luis Almagro, head of the OAS, condemned the arrest, which he called a "kidnapping", while Mike Pompeo, United States Secretary of State, also denounced it, referring to it as an "arbitrary detention".[147]

Two journalists were also detained on-air while covering SEBIN's actions towards Guaidó: Beatriz Adrián of Caracol Televisión and Osmary Hernández of CNN.[148]

In a speech after his detention, Guaidó said that Rodríguez's admission that the intelligence agents acted independently showed how the government had lost control of its security forces, also calling Miraflores (the presidential house and office) "desperate".[144][147] In a later announcement on 13 January, Guaidó declared himself as acting president, his most direct claim to the position.[149]

On 23 January, Guaidó was sworn in as Interim President.[150]

Claim to presidency

See also: 2019 Venezuelan protests
File:Guaidó jura como presidente.jpg
Guaidó being sworn in as Interim President
23 January march in Caracas

23 January events

Prior to 23 January, there had been great anticipation of the day, with smaller protests building in the nation in the preceding days. On the morning of 23 January, Guaidó tweeted that "The world's eyes are on our homeland today".[151] On that day, millions of Venezuelans protested across the country in support of Guaidó,[152] described as "a river of humanity",[153] with a few hundred attending a protest in support of Maduro outside Miraflores.[154]

The opposition protest march began its route at Avenida Francisco de Miranda, a major street in Caracas,[155] which was planned for a 10:00 AM start but was delayed for 30 minutes due to rain.[156] At one end was a stage, this part of the street blocked off, where Guaidó spoke during the protest and declared himself president,[157][158] swearing himself in.[159] It was reported that the National Guard used tear gas on gathering crowds before the protest began to disperse them.[157] Another area of the capital was blocked off at Plaza Venezuela, a large main square, with armored vehicles and riot police on hand before protestors arrived.[151]

It was reported on social media that by mid-day, two people were killed in protests in San Cristóbal, Táchira,[160] and four in Barinas.[161] Photographic reports published showed that the some protests grew violent, resulting in injuries to protesters and security alike.[162] By the end of the day, at least 13 people were killed.[163] Michelle Bachelet of the United Nations expressed concern that so many people had been killed, and requested a UN investigation into the security forces' use of violence.[164]

Maduro responds

On 25 January 2019, Maduro held a press conference in the afternoon. During the event, he said Guaidó's actions were part of a "well-written script from Washington" to create a puppet state of the United States.[165] Maduro asked for dialogue with Guaidó, saying "if I have to go meet this boy [...] at three in the morning I am going, [...] if I have to go naked, I am going [I believe] that today, sooner rather than later, the way is open for a reasonable, sincere dialogue".[166] He also stated that he would not leave the presidential office, explaining that he was elected in compliance with the Venezuelan constitution.[167]

Guaidó spoke publicly in Caracas at the same time as Maduro, asking for military support and warning that the people protesting would never get tired.[168] During the speech, Guaidó also quickly replied to Maduro's call for dialogue, saying he would not initiate diplomatic talks with Maduro because he believed it would be a farce and fake diplomacy that couldn't achieve anything.[169]

Later in the day, it was reported that earlier in the week, Russian mercenaries from Wagner Group flew to Venezuela in order to defend Maduro's government.[170] However, this claim was denied by Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov, calling it "fake news".[171][172]

Censorship

Further information: Censorship in Venezuela
Main article: Block of Wikipedia in Venezuela

Several sources reported that the internet access to Wikipedia (in all languages) was blocked in Venezuela.[173][174] The block was reported since 11 January after Guaidó's page on the Spanish Wikipedia was updated to add his claim of acting president and the edit war that followed, with 37 edits and reverts in just over two hours.[175] The block mainly affects the users of CANTV, the national telecommunications company and largest provider of the country.[176] Several media outlets have suggested that Wikipedia directly or indirectly was taking sides with either group.[177][178][179]

Later on 21 January, the day of a National Guard mutiny in Cotiza, internet access to some social media like Twitter, Instagram, and YouTube was reported to be blocked for CANTV users.[180] In the late evening of 22 January, it was reported that Twitter and Instagram were completely blocked in the country, possibly to suppress organization of the protests happening the next day.[181]

During 23 January protests, widespread internet outages were reported with Wikipedia,[182] Google Search, Facebook, Instagram and many other social media platforms being affected.[183] The widespread regional blackouts went on again through January 26 to January 27.[184]

Televisión Nacional de Chile (TVN Chile) is removed from Venezuela's cable and satellite television operators by the state-run National Commission of Telecommunications on 24 January.[185]

Beginning early on 26 January, internet blockages intensified for 28 hours throughout Venezuela.[186]

Public opinion

A telephone survey of 1,000 registered voters in Venezuela by Venezuelan pollster Hercon resulted with 79.9% of respondents agreeing with Maduro leaving the presidency. Regarding the National Assembly, 68.8% of respondents rated their work as being positive while 15.6% rated their actions as negative. When asked if they agreed with the National Assembly swearing in Guaidó as interim president, 68.6% agreed with Guaidó being interim president while 19.4% disagreed.[187]

Surveys of 900 people between 19 and 20 January by Meganálisis showed that 81.4% of respondents hoped that Guaidó would be sworn in on 23 January while 84.2% supported a transitional government to replace Maduro's government.[188]

A survey of 870 Venezuelans performed between 24 and 25 January 2019 showed that 83.7% of respondents recognized Guaidó as the legitimate president, 11.4% could not decide who was president and 4.8% recognized Maduro as president.[189]

Reactions

Governments

National

  •  China: China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokeswoman Hua Chunying said that China "supports efforts made by the Venezuelan government to protect the country’s sovereignty, independence and stability" and "opposes foreign forces from interfering into Venezuela affairs."[190][191]
  •  Iran: Iran's Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesman said in a statement that Iran "supports Venezuela's [Maduro] government and nation against any kind of foreign interference in its internal affairs".[192]
Elliott Abrams was appointed as the United States' Special Envoy to Venezuela.
  •  United States: United States Vice President Mike Pence released a video on the morning of 23 January supporting Guaidó and the people of Venezuela.[157][194] The United States was the first nation to recognize Guaidó after he was sworn in later that day, with President Donald Trump and Pence sending their support and solidarity as well as the official recognition, and other countries followed suit.[195] In response but Maduro ordered the expulsion of all American diplomats from Venezuela, giving them 72 hours to leave; the US in response announced that it would not close its embassy, saying their relationship was with Guaidó's government.[195][196][197] On 26 January 2019, only hours before the deadline, the Maduro government backtracked on its expulsion order saying it would give U.S. diplomats an extended thirty-day period to stay and participate in dialogue.[198] Secretary of State Mike Pompeo appointed Elliott Abrams as the United States' Special Envoy to Venezuela.[199]

International

  •  European Union: the European Union (EU) issuing a declaration stating that "the EU fully supports the National Assembly as the democratically elected institution whose powers need to be restored and respected",[200] though some of its member states, like the United Kingdom, later said they supported Guaidó.[201]

International protests

Washington, D.C. cabildo abierto

A group of a few hundred Venezuelans and other supporters held an open cabildo in place of a protest in Washington, D.C., the United States capital. They assembled by the Simón Bolivar statue in the city to protest the Maduro government remaining in power.[202]

The center of Madrid was also packed full of demonstrators, in what was the largest ever foreign protest in Spain.[203] Venezuelans in Brazil also gathered to shout in the streets of São Paulo for Maduro to leave power.[204] There were protests in Mexico City.[205]

There were demonstrations in several cities worldwide supporting Venezuela sovereignty and against foreign intervention, including Washington D.C.,[206] London,[207] Brussels,[208] Istanbul,[209] Zaragoza,[210] and Basque Country.[211] Some hashtags used were #HandsOffVenezuela and #VenezuelaYElMundoConMaduro.

A member of Code Pink, a women-led grassroots organization working to end U.S. wars and militarism, interrupted Pompeo speech during a meeting of the Organization for American States (OAS) in Washington, DC. She held up a sign with the message "OAS: Don't support a coup in Venezuela".[212]

Media

In their 24 January print edition, The Guardian called Guaidó's swearing-in a "regime change", with his image on the cover.[213] In an update posted on their website on 24 January, they called the developments in Venezuela their "top story",[214] with it listed only behind Brexit on 23 January.[215]

Social media

Despite the blocks in Venezuela, by midday local time, the Twitter hashtag "#23Ene" — shorthand for "23 de Enero", Spanish for 23 January — was trending worldwide.[216] Later in the day, five of the top ten trends were protest-related: "Venezuela", "Juan Guaidó", "#23Ene", "#GritemosConBrio", and "Guaido".[217] With protests continuing to the next day, "#24Ene" began trending, too.[218]

It was reported in the late evening that Instagram had removed the "Verified" label from Maduro's account, instead placing one on Guaidó's account, although this was denied by Instagram[219]. Guaidó's description had also been updated to include the claim of "President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela".[220] The following day, Facebook followed the action in un-verifying Maduro, seen by many as an act signifying they do not recognize him as President.[221]

On 25 January 2019, within minutes[222][223] of Venezuela's state-run media posting a video attempting to discredit Guaidó, the Instagram hashtag #GuaidoChallenge went viral, trending worldwide.[224]

Notes

  1. ^ Excluding Mexico.
  2. ^ a b c d On 26 January 2019, Spain, France, Germany and the United Kingdom gave Maduro an eight-day ultimatum, saying they would recognise Juan Guaido as president unless Maduro calls for fresh elections within that timeframe.[39]

References

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  207. ^ "En Londres, nada más y nada menos que frente al Número 10 de Downing Street (despacho de la Primera Ministra), movimientos sociales y políticos británicos se movilizan por el respeto a la soberanía de Venezuela, en rechazo a la injerencia y en apoyo al Presidente @NicolasMaduro". Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  208. ^ "En #Bruselas Manifestacion de Solidaridad con la #RevoluciónBolivariana denuncian ante #ParlamentoEuropeo injerencia hacia #Venezuela y expresan apoyo al gobierno legítimo de @NicolasMaduro @CancilleriaVE @jaarreaza @yvangil @cscaldera @planwac #VenezuelaYElMundoConMaduro". Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  209. ^ "#AHORA #Estambul Multitudinaria muestra de apoyo del hermano pueblo turco, en solidaridad con el legítimo presidente de Venezuela @NicolasMaduro y la Revolución Bolivariana @CancilleriaVE @ViceVenezuela @jaarreaza". Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  210. ^ "Gracias a los pueblos de Europa, la conciencia se sobrepone a la farsa y los ultimátums neocoloniales. Acá Zaragoza (España) manifestando respaldo a @NicolasMaduro en nuestra lucha contra el imperio de los EEUU #VenezuelaDerrotaGolpeDeEstado". Retrieved 28 January 2019.
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