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<!-- NOTE ON PRONOUN USAGE: Before attempting to change any pronouns used in this article from feminine to masculine or vice versa, be aware that an RFC has already been held on this topic (see Archive 1). If you wish to propose a change to pronoun usage, please do so on the Talk page. -->
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|laterwork=Cemetery worker, janitor, lamplighter
|laterwork=Cemetery worker, janitor, lamplighter
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'''Albert D. J. Cashier''' (December 25, 1843 – October 10, 1915), birth name '''Jennie Irene Hodgers''', was an [[Ireland|Irish]]-born immigrant who served in the [[Union Army]] during the [[American Civil War]]. Cashier adopted the identity of a man before enlisting, and maintained it for the remainder of her life. Albert became famous as one of a number of [[:Category:Female wartime cross-dressers in the American Civil War|women soldiers who served as men during the Civil War]], although the consistent and long-term (at least 53 years) commitment to the male identity has prompted some contemporary scholars to suggest that Cashier was a [[trans man]].<ref name = Cromwell /><ref name = Bronski /><ref name = Teich /><ref name = Cronn-Mills />
'''Albert D. J. Cashier''' (December 25, 1843 – October 10, 1915), birth name '''Jennie Irene Hodgers''', was an [[Ireland|Irish]]-born immigrant who served in the [[Union Army]] during the [[American Civil War]]. Cashier adopted the identity of a man before enlisting, and maintained it until death. Albert became famous as one of a number of [[:Category:Female wartime cross-dressers in the American Civil War|women soldiers who served as men during the Civil War]], although the consistent and long-term (at least 53 years) commitment to the male identity has prompted some contemporary scholars to suggest that Cashier was a [[trans man]].<ref name = Cromwell /><ref name = Bronski /><ref name = Teich /><ref name = Cronn-Mills />


==Early life==
==Early life==
Hodgers was born in [[Clogherhead]], [[County Louth]], [[Ireland]] on December 25, around the year 1843.<ref name="Tsui-2006">{{cite book |last=Tsui |first=Bonnie |title=She Went to the Field: Women Soldiers of the Civil War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BG81vgAACAAJ |year=2006 |publisher=TwoDot |location=Guilford, Connecticut |isbn=978-0-7627-4384-1 |series=Globe Pequot |oclc=868531116}}</ref>{{rp|52}}<ref name="demons"/> According to later investigation by the administrator of her estate, she was the child of Sallie and Patrick Hodgers. Hodgers's later accounts of how she moved to the United States and why she enlisted were taken when she was elderly and disoriented, and she was also typically evasive about her earlier life; therefore, these narratives are contradictory.<ref name="demons"/> Typically, she was said to have been dressed in boy's clothing by her stepfather in order to find work at a shoe factory in Illinois. Even before the advent of the war, Hodgers adopted the identity of Albert Cashier to work.<ref name="Tsui-2006"/>{{rp|52}} Her mother died sometime in her youth, and by 1862, Hodgers had traveled as a stowaway to [[Illinois]] and was living in [[Belvidere, Illinois|Belvidere]], where she was working as a farmhand to a man named Avery.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Benck|first1=Amy|title=Albert D. J. Cashier: Woman Warrior, Insane Civil War Veteran, or Transman?|url=http://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/tgi-bios/albert-cashier|website=OutHistory|accessdate=6 May 2015}}</ref><ref>McAuliffe, Nora-Ide. “When Jennie Came Marching Home – An Irishwoman's Diary on Albert Cashier and the US Civil War.” The Irish Times, The Irish Times, 10 Apr. 2018, www.irishtimes.com/opinion/when-jennie-came-marching-home-an-irishwoman-s-diary-on-albert-cashier-and-the-us-civil-war-1.3456012.</ref>
Hodgers was born in [[Clogherhead]], [[County Louth]], [[Ireland]] on December 25, around the year 1843.<ref name="Tsui-2006">{{cite book |last=Tsui |first=Bonnie |title=She Went to the Field: Women Soldiers of the Civil War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BG81vgAACAAJ |year=2006 |publisher=TwoDot |location=Guilford, Connecticut |isbn=978-0-7627-4384-1 |series=Globe Pequot |oclc=868531116}}</ref>{{rp|52}}<ref name="demons"/> According to later investigation by the administrator of the estate, Cashier's parents were Sallie and Patrick Hodgers. Cashier's later accounts of moving to the United States and enlisting in the army were taken when at an elderly age; Cashier was disoriented, and was also typically evasive about earlier life; therefore, these narratives are contradictory.<ref name="demons"/> Typically, Cashier as a child was said to have been dressed in boy's clothing by Patrick Hodgers in order to find work at a shoe factory in Illinois. Even before the advent of the war, Jenny adopted the identity of Albert Cashier in order to work.<ref name="Tsui-2006"/>{{rp|52}} Sallie Hodgers died while Cashier was still a youth, and by 1862, Cashier had traveled as a stowaway to [[Illinois]] and was living in [[Belvidere, Illinois|Belvidere]], working as a farmhand for a man named Avery.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Benck|first1=Amy|title=Albert D. J. Cashier: Woman Warrior, Insane Civil War Veteran, or Transman?|url=http://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/tgi-bios/albert-cashier|website=OutHistory|accessdate=6 May 2015}}</ref><ref>McAuliffe, Nora-Ide. “When Jennie Came Marching Home – An Irishwoman's Diary on Albert Cashier and the US Civil War.” The Irish Times, The Irish Times, 10 Apr. 2018, www.irishtimes.com/opinion/when-jennie-came-marching-home-an-irishwoman-s-diary-on-albert-cashier-and-the-us-civil-war-1.3456012.</ref>


==Enlistment==
==Enlistment==
Hodgers first enlisted in July 1862 after President Lincoln's call for soldiers.<ref name="Tsui-2006"/>{{rp|52}} As time passed, the need for soldiers only increased. On August 6, 1862, she enlisted in the [[95th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment|95th Illinois Infantry]] for a three-year term using the name "Albert D.J. Cashier" and was assigned to Company G.<ref name="Hicks-Bartlett">{{cite web|last=Hicks-Bartlett |first=Alani |title=When Jennie Comes Marchin' Home |work= |publisher=Illinois History |date=February 1994 |url=http://www.lib.niu.edu/ipo/1994/ihy940230.html |accessdate=2007-12-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060905214439/http://www.lib.niu.edu/ipo/1994/ihy940230.html |archivedate=2006-09-05 |df= }}</ref><ref name="Blanton">{{Cite journal | last = Blanton | first = DeAnne | author-link = | title = Women Soldiers of the Civil War | journal = Prologue | volume = 25 | issue = 1 | pages = | publisher = [[National Archives]] | location = College Park, MD | date = Spring 1993 | url = https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1993/spring/women-in-the-civil-war-1.html| accessdate = 2007-12-14 | postscript = <!--None-->| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071205003033/http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1993/spring/women-in-the-civil-war-1.html| archivedate= 5 December 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name="Tsui-2006"/>{{rp|52}} A company catalog lists Cashier as nineteen years old upon enlistment, a farmer from New York City, 5 feet 3 inches tall, blue-eyed, with auburn hair, and of a fair complexion.<ref name="Tsui-2006"/>{{rp|54}}
Cashier first enlisted in July 1862 after President Lincoln's call for soldiers.<ref name="Tsui-2006"/>{{rp|52}} As time passed, the need for soldiers only increased. On August 6, 1862, Cashier enlisted in the [[95th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment|95th Illinois Infantry]] for a three-year term using the name "Albert D.J. Cashier" and was assigned to Company G.<ref name="Hicks-Bartlett">{{cite web|last=Hicks-Bartlett |first=Alani |title=When Jennie Comes Marchin' Home |work= |publisher=Illinois History |date=February 1994 |url=http://www.lib.niu.edu/ipo/1994/ihy940230.html |accessdate=2007-12-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060905214439/http://www.lib.niu.edu/ipo/1994/ihy940230.html |archivedate=2006-09-05 |df= }}</ref><ref name="Blanton">{{Cite journal | last = Blanton | first = DeAnne | author-link = | title = Women Soldiers of the Civil War | journal = Prologue | volume = 25 | issue = 1 | pages = | publisher = [[National Archives]] | location = College Park, MD | date = Spring 1993 | url = https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1993/spring/women-in-the-civil-war-1.html| accessdate = 2007-12-14 | postscript = <!--None-->| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071205003033/http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1993/spring/women-in-the-civil-war-1.html| archivedate= 5 December 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name="Tsui-2006"/>{{rp|52}} A company catalog lists Cashier as nineteen years old upon enlistment, a farmer from New York City, 5 feet 3 inches tall, blue-eyed, with auburn hair, and of a fair complexion.<ref name="Tsui-2006"/>{{rp|54}}


==During the war==
==During the war==
The regiment was part of the [[Army of the Tennessee]] under [[Ulysses S. Grant]] and fought in approximately forty battles,<ref name="Blanton"/> including the siege at [[Battle of Vicksburg|Vicksburg]]. This campaign proved to be a challenge for Cashier, as she was captured while performing reconnaissance.<ref name="Tsui-2006"/>{{rp|55}} Cashier managed to escape, however, and make her way back to the regiment. After the Battle of Vicksburg, in June 1863, Cashier contracted chronic diarrhea and entered a military hospital. Somehow, she evaded detection of her sex.<ref name="Tsui-2006"/>{{rp|55–56}}
The regiment was part of the [[Army of the Tennessee]] under [[Ulysses S. Grant]] and fought in approximately forty battles,<ref name="Blanton"/> including the siege at [[Battle of Vicksburg|Vicksburg]]. This campaign proved to be a challenge, and Cashier was captured while performing reconnaissance.<ref name="Tsui-2006"/>{{rp|55}} Cashier managed to escape, however, and returned to the regiment. After the Battle of Vicksburg, in June 1863, Cashier contracted chronic diarrhea and entered a military hospital, somehow managing to evade detection.<ref name="Tsui-2006"/>{{rp|55–56}}
The regiment was also present at the [[Red River Campaign]] and the [[Battle of Brice's Crossroads|combat]] at [[Guntown, Mississippi]], where they suffered heavy casualties.<ref name="Tsui-2006"/>{{rp|56–57}} Throughout the war, the regiment traveled a total of about 9,000 miles during its term.<ref name="Tsui-2006"/>{{rp|52}} Other soldiers thought that Cashier was small and preferred to be alone, which were not uncommon characteristics for soldiers. Cashier fought with the regiment through the war until August 17, 1865, when all the soldiers were [[muster (military)|mustered out]]. Cashier was honorably discharged on August 17, 1865.<ref name="Tsui-2006"/>{{rp|57}}
The regiment was also present at the [[Red River Campaign]] and the [[Battle of Brice's Crossroads|combat]] at [[Guntown, Mississippi]], where they suffered heavy casualties.<ref name="Tsui-2006"/>{{rp|56–57}} Throughout the war, the regiment traveled a total of about 9,000 miles during its term.<ref name="Tsui-2006"/>{{rp|52}} Other soldiers thought that Cashier was small and preferred to be alone, which were not uncommon characteristics for soldiers. Cashier fought with the regiment through the war until August 17, 1865, when all the soldiers were [[muster (military)|mustered out]]. Cashier was honorably discharged on August 17, 1865.<ref name="Tsui-2006"/>{{rp|57}}


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==Postwar==
==Postwar==
[[File:Jennie Irene Hodgers home.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Cashier's postwar residence, since moved to [[Saunemin, Illinois|Saunemin]]]]
[[File:Jennie Irene Hodgers home.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Cashier's postwar residence, since moved to [[Saunemin, Illinois|Saunemin]]]]
After the war, Cashier returned to [[Belvidere, Illinois]] for a time, where she worked for Samuel Pepper and maintained her wartime identity.<ref name="Tsui-2006"/>{{rp|57}}<ref name="Blanton-Himes">[https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/images/women-soldiers-deposition.jpg "Deposition of J. H. Himes"] (January 24, 1915) from Blanton (Spring 1993)</ref> She settled in [[Saunemin, Illinois]], in 1869, where she worked as a farmhand as well as performing odd jobs around the town.<ref name="Tsui-2006"/>{{rp|57}} Albert Cashier can be found on records of the town payroll.<ref name="Tsui-2006"/>{{rp|57}} Albert lived with her employer, Joshua Chesbro, and his family, in exchange for work, and also had slept in the Cording Hardware store in exchange for labor. In 1885, the Chesbro family had a small house built for her. <ref>Saunemin Illinois. “Recollections - Albert D. J. Cashier.” Google Sites, sites.google.com/site/albertdjcashier/recollections-1.</ref> For over forty years, she lived in Saunemin and was a church janitor, cemetery worker, and street lamplighter. Because she lived as a man, she was able to vote in elections and later claimed a veteran's pension under the name Albert Cashier.<ref name="Tsui-2006"/>{{rp|58}} Pension payments started in 1907.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ehistory.osu.edu/articles/handsome-young-irishman-95th-il-infantry
After the war, Cashier returned to [[Belvidere, Illinois]] for a time, working for Samuel Pepper and maintaining a male wartime identity.<ref name="Tsui-2006"/>{{rp|57}}<ref name="Blanton-Himes">[https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/images/women-soldiers-deposition.jpg "Deposition of J. H. Himes"] (January 24, 1915) from Blanton (Spring 1993)</ref> Cashier settled in [[Saunemin, Illinois]], in 1869, working as a farmhand as well as performing odd jobs around the town.<ref name="Tsui-2006"/>{{rp|57}} The name of Albert Cashier can be found on records of the town payroll.<ref name="Tsui-2006"/>{{rp|57}} Albert worked for Joshua Chesbro, and lived with his family, in exchange for work, and also had slept in the Cording Hardware store in exchange for labor. In 1885, the Chesbro family built a small house for Cashier. <ref>Saunemin Illinois. “Recollections - Albert D. J. Cashier.” Google Sites, sites.google.com/site/albertdjcashier/recollections-1.</ref> For over forty years, Cashier lived in Saunemin and was a church janitor, cemetery worker, and street lamplighter. Because of living as a man, Cashier was able to vote in elections and later claimed a veteran's pension under the name Albert Cashier.<ref name="Tsui-2006"/>{{rp|58}} Pension payments started in 1907.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ehistory.osu.edu/articles/handsome-young-irishman-95th-il-infantry
|title=The Handsome Young Irishman of the 95th IL Infantry|work=eHistory, Ohio State University|accessdate=August 3, 2018}}</ref>
|title=The Handsome Young Irishman of the 95th IL Infantry|work=eHistory, Ohio State University|accessdate=August 3, 2018}}</ref>


In later years, she ate with the neighboring Lannon family. Later on, when Hodgers fell ill, the Lannons discovered that she was female when they asked a nurse to examine her, but they did not make their discovery public.<ref name="Tsui-2006"/>{{rp|59}}
In later years, Cashier ate with the neighboring Lannon family. Later on, when Cashier fell ill, the Lannons discovered Cashier's true sex following medical examination by a nurse, but they did not make their discovery public.<ref name="Tsui-2006"/>{{rp|59}}


In 1911, Cashier was hit by a car that broke her leg.<ref name="Tsui-2006"/>{{rp|59}} A physician discovered her secret in the hospital, but did not disclose the information. On May 5, 1911, because she was no longer able to work, Cashier was moved to the Soldiers and Sailors home in [[Quincy, Illinois]]. During this stay, Hodgers was visited by many of her fellow soldiers from Ninety-fifth Regiment.<ref name="Tsui-2006"/>{{rp|59}} She lived there until her mental state deteriorated and she was moved to the Watertown State Hospital for the Insane in March 1914.<ref name="Tsui-2006"/>{{rp|60}} Attendants at the Watertown State Hospital discovered that she was female when giving her a bath, at which point she was made to wear women's clothes again after fifty years.<ref name="Tsui-2006"/>{{rp|60}} In 1914, Cashier was investigated for fraud by the veterans' pension board; former comrades confirmed that Cashier was in fact the person who had fought in the Civil War and the board decided in February 1915 that payments should continue for life.<ref>McAuliffe, Nora-Ide. “When Jennie Came Marching Home – An Irishwoman's Diary on Albert Cashier and the US Civil War.” The Irish Times, The Irish Times, 10 Apr. 2018, www.irishtimes.com/opinion/when-jennie-came-marching-home-an-irishwoman-s-diary-on-albert-cashier-and-the-us-civil-war-1.3456012.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.warfarehistory.com/civil-war-women-in-the-civil-war-private-albert-d-j-cashier/|title=Women in the Civil War|work=Warfare History|accessdate=August 3, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = They Fought Like Demons | author = DeAnne Blanton, Lauren Cook Wike|publisher = LSU Press | url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=deYLGaWeUCcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=cashier++hodgers+civil+war&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj_6_qWrdHcAhVO1IMKHSpXB6UQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=cashier%20%20hodgers%20%20&f=false | page = 174 |accessdate = 2018-08-03}}</ref>
In 1911, Cashier was hit by a car and suffered a broken leg.<ref name="Tsui-2006"/>{{rp|59}} A physician discovered Cashier's secret in the hospital, but likewise did not disclose it. On May 5, 1911, when no longer able to work, Cashier was moved to the Soldiers and Sailors home in [[Quincy, Illinois]]. During this stay, Cashier was visited by many fellow soldiers from Ninety-fifth Regiment.<ref name="Tsui-2006"/>{{rp|59}} Cashier lived there until a deteriorating mental state necessitated a move to the Watertown State Hospital for the Insane in March 1914.<ref name="Tsui-2006"/>{{rp|60}} Attendants at the Watertown State Hospital discovered that Cashier's sex while adminstering a bath, at which point they obliged Cashier to wear women's clothes again after fifty years.<ref name="Tsui-2006"/>{{rp|60}} In 1914, Cashier was investigated for fraud by the veterans' pension board; former comrades confirmed that Cashier was in fact the person who had fought in the Civil War and the board decided in February 1915 that payments should continue for life.<ref>McAuliffe, Nora-Ide. “When Jennie Came Marching Home – An Irishwoman's Diary on Albert Cashier and the US Civil War.” The Irish Times, The Irish Times, 10 Apr. 2018, www.irishtimes.com/opinion/when-jennie-came-marching-home-an-irishwoman-s-diary-on-albert-cashier-and-the-us-civil-war-1.3456012.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.warfarehistory.com/civil-war-women-in-the-civil-war-private-albert-d-j-cashier/|title=Women in the Civil War|work=Warfare History|accessdate=August 3, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = They Fought Like Demons | author = DeAnne Blanton, Lauren Cook Wike|publisher = LSU Press | url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=deYLGaWeUCcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=cashier++hodgers+civil+war&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj_6_qWrdHcAhVO1IMKHSpXB6UQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=cashier%20%20hodgers%20%20&f=false | page = 174 |accessdate = 2018-08-03}}</ref>


==Death and legacy==
==Death and legacy==
Albert Cashier died on October 10, 1915. She was buried in the uniform she had kept intact all those years and her tombstone was inscribed "Albert D. J. Cashier, Co. G, 95 Ill. Inf."<ref name="Hicks-Bartlett"/> Cashier was given an official Grand Army of the Republic funerary service, and was buried with full military honors.<ref name="Tsui-2006"/>{{rp|60}} It took W.J. Singleton (executor of Cashier's estate) nine years to track Cashier's identity back to her birth name of Jennie Hodgers. None of the would-be heirs proved convincing, and the estate of about $282 (after payment of funeral expenses)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ehistory.osu.edu/articles/handsome-young-irishman-95th-il-infantry
Albert Cashier died on October 10, 1915 and was buried in the uniform which had been kept intact all those years. Cashier's tombstone was inscribed "Albert D. J. Cashier, Co. G, 95 Ill. Inf."<ref name="Hicks-Bartlett"/> Cashier was given an official Grand Army of the Republic funerary service, and was buried with full military honors.<ref name="Tsui-2006"/>{{rp|60}} It took W.J. Singleton (executor of Cashier's estate) nine years to track Cashier's identity back to the birth name of Jennie Hodgers. None of the would-be heirs proved convincing, and the estate of about $282 (after payment of funeral expenses)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ehistory.osu.edu/articles/handsome-young-irishman-95th-il-infantry
|title=The Handsome Young Irishman of the 95th IL Infantry|work=eHistory, Ohio State University|accessdate=August 3, 2018}}</ref>
|title=The Handsome Young Irishman of the 95th IL Infantry|work=eHistory, Ohio State University|accessdate=August 3, 2018}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.warfarehistory.com/civil-war-women-in-the-civil-war-private-albert-d-j-cashier/|title=Women in the Civil War|work=Warfare History|accessdate=August 3, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = They Fought Like Demons | author = DeAnne Blanton, Lauren Cook Wike|publisher = LSU Press | url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=deYLGaWeUCcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=cashier++hodgers+civil+war&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj_6_qWrdHcAhVO1IMKHSpXB6UQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=cashier%20%20hodgers%20%20&f=false | page = 174 |accessdate = 2018-08-03}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.warfarehistory.com/civil-war-women-in-the-civil-war-private-albert-d-j-cashier/|title=Women in the Civil War|work=Warfare History|accessdate=August 3, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = They Fought Like Demons | author = DeAnne Blanton, Lauren Cook Wike|publisher = LSU Press | url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=deYLGaWeUCcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=cashier++hodgers+civil+war&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj_6_qWrdHcAhVO1IMKHSpXB6UQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=cashier%20%20hodgers%20%20&f=false | page = 174 |accessdate = 2018-08-03}}</ref>
was deposited in the [[Adams County, Illinois]], treasury. The name on the original tombstone is Albert D. J. Cashier. In the 1970s, a second tombstone, inscribed with both of her names, was placed near the first one at Sunny Slope cemetery in Saunemin, Illinois.<ref name="Hicks-Bartlett"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8448540/albert-d.j.-cashier|work=Find a Grave}}</ref>
was deposited in the [[Adams County, Illinois]], treasury. The name on the original tombstone is Albert D. J. Cashier. In the 1970s, a second tombstone, inscribed with both names, was placed near the first one at Sunny Slope cemetery in Saunemin, Illinois.<ref name="Hicks-Bartlett"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8448540/albert-d.j.-cashier|work=Find a Grave}}</ref>


Cashier is listed on the internal wall of the Illinois memorial at [[Vicksburg National Military Park]].<ref>{{cite book | title = She Went to the Field: Women Soldiers of the Civil War | author = Bonnie Tsui |publisher = Rowman & Littlefield | url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=VVDfCwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=cashier+was+one+of+400+women+disguise+civil+war&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwib6brYqdHcAhUJ9IMKHTjGD_4Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=Albert%20Cashier&f=false | accessdate = 2018-08-03}}</ref>
Cashier is listed on the internal wall of the Illinois memorial at [[Vicksburg National Military Park]].<ref>{{cite book | title = She Went to the Field: Women Soldiers of the Civil War | author = Bonnie Tsui |publisher = Rowman & Littlefield | url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=VVDfCwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=cashier+was+one+of+400+women+disguise+civil+war&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwib6brYqdHcAhUJ9IMKHTjGD_4Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=Albert%20Cashier&f=false | accessdate = 2018-08-03}}</ref>
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A musical entitled ''[[The Civility of Albert Cashier (musical)|The Civility of Albert Cashier]]'' has been produced based on Cashier's life; the work was described by the [[Chicago Tribune]] as "A timely musical about a trans soldier". <ref>Jones, Chris. “'CiviliTy of Albert Cashier': A Timely Musical about a Trans Soldier.” Chicagotribune.com, 27 Sept. 2017, http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/theater/reviews/ct-ent-albert-cashier-review-0908-story.html.</ref>
A musical entitled ''[[The Civility of Albert Cashier (musical)|The Civility of Albert Cashier]]'' has been produced based on Cashier's life; the work was described by the [[Chicago Tribune]] as "A timely musical about a trans soldier". <ref>Jones, Chris. “'CiviliTy of Albert Cashier': A Timely Musical about a Trans Soldier.” Chicagotribune.com, 27 Sept. 2017, http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/theater/reviews/ct-ent-albert-cashier-review-0908-story.html.</ref>


''Also Known As Albert D. J. Cashier: The Jennie Hodgers Story'' is a biography written by veteran Lon P. Dawson, who lived at the Illinois Veterans Home where Cashier once lived. The novel ''My Last Skirt'', by Lynda Durrant, is based on her life. Cashier was mentioned in a collection of essays called ''Nine Irish Lives'', in which Cashier's biography was written by Jill McDonough. <ref name = McDonough>{{cite book|title = Nine Irish Lives|first = Jill|last = McDonough|authorlink = Jill McDonough|publisher = [[Algonquin Books]]|year = 2018|pages = 68–99|chapter = The Soldier}}</ref>
''Also Known As Albert D. J. Cashier: The Jennie Hodgers Story'' is a biography written by veteran Lon P. Dawson, who lived at the Illinois Veterans Home where Cashier once lived. The novel ''My Last Skirt'', by Lynda Durrant, is based on Cashier's life. Cashier was mentioned in a collection of essays called ''Nine Irish Lives'', in which Cashier's biography was written by Jill McDonough. <ref name = McDonough>{{cite book|title = Nine Irish Lives|first = Jill|last = McDonough|authorlink = Jill McDonough|publisher = [[Algonquin Books]]|year = 2018|pages = 68–99|chapter = The Soldier}}</ref>
Cashier's house has been restored in Saunemin.<ref name="Freedom">{{cite web | title = For Love Of Freedom | work = | publisher = Saunemin Historical Society | date = July 2012 | url=https://sites.google.com/site/albertdjcashier | accessdate = 2012-07-14}}</ref>
Cashier's house has been restored in Saunemin.<ref name="Freedom">{{cite web | title = For Love Of Freedom | work = | publisher = Saunemin Historical Society | date = July 2012 | url=https://sites.google.com/site/albertdjcashier | accessdate = 2012-07-14}}</ref>


Authors including [[Michael Bronski]], James Cromwell, [[Kirstin Cronn-Mills]], and Nicholas Teich have suggested or argued that Cashier was a [[trans man]] due to her living as a man for at least 53 years. <ref name = Cromwell>{{cite book|last = Cromwell|first = Jason|year = 1999|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0G--BowVYg8C&pg=PA78|title = Transmen and FTMs: Identities, Bodies, Genders, and Sexualities|publisher = [[University of Illinois Press]]|pages = 77–78|isbn = 9780252068256|chapter = Transvestite Opportunists, Passing Women, and Female-Bodied Men}}</ref><ref name = Bronski>{{cite book|title = A Queer History of the United States|first = Michael|last = Bronski|authorlink = Michael Bronski|publisher = [[Beacon Press]]|year = 2011|pages = 69–70|chapter = A Democracy of Death and Art|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q7XcTv8W_yIC&pg=PT47|isbn = 9780807044391}}</ref><ref name = Teich>{{cite book|title = Transgender 101: A Simple Guide to a Complex Issue|first = Nicholas|last = Teich|publisher = [[Columbia University Press]]|year = 2012|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JserAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA77|pages = 76–77|isbn = 9780231157124|chapter = The History of Transgenderism and its Evolution Over Time}}</ref><ref name = Cronn-Mills>{{cite book |last = Cronn-Mills |first = Kirstin |authorlink = Kirstin Cronn-Mills |year = 2014 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1TaHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41 |title = Transgender Lives: Complex Stories, Complex Voices |publisher = [[Lerner Publishing Group]] |location=Minneapolis |page = 41 |isbn = 9780761390220}}</ref>
Authors including [[Michael Bronski]], James Cromwell, [[Kirstin Cronn-Mills]], and Nicholas Teich have suggested or argued that Cashier was a [[trans man]] due to having lived as a man for at least 53 years. <ref name = Cromwell>{{cite book|last = Cromwell|first = Jason|year = 1999|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0G--BowVYg8C&pg=PA78|title = Transmen and FTMs: Identities, Bodies, Genders, and Sexualities|publisher = [[University of Illinois Press]]|pages = 77–78|isbn = 9780252068256|chapter = Transvestite Opportunists, Passing Women, and Female-Bodied Men}}</ref><ref name = Bronski>{{cite book|title = A Queer History of the United States|first = Michael|last = Bronski|authorlink = Michael Bronski|publisher = [[Beacon Press]]|year = 2011|pages = 69–70|chapter = A Democracy of Death and Art|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q7XcTv8W_yIC&pg=PT47|isbn = 9780807044391}}</ref><ref name = Teich>{{cite book|title = Transgender 101: A Simple Guide to a Complex Issue|first = Nicholas|last = Teich|publisher = [[Columbia University Press]]|year = 2012|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JserAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA77|pages = 76–77|isbn = 9780231157124|chapter = The History of Transgenderism and its Evolution Over Time}}</ref><ref name = Cronn-Mills>{{cite book |last = Cronn-Mills |first = Kirstin |authorlink = Kirstin Cronn-Mills |year = 2014 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1TaHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41 |title = Transgender Lives: Complex Stories, Complex Voices |publisher = [[Lerner Publishing Group]] |location=Minneapolis |page = 41 |isbn = 9780761390220}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 03:05, 10 August 2018


Albert D. J. Cashier
(November, 1864)[1]
Birth nameJennie Irene Hodgers
Born(1843-12-25)December 25, 1843[2]
Clogherhead, County Louth, Ireland
DiedOctober 10, 1915(1915-10-10) (aged 71)
Saunemin, Illinois, U.S.
Buried
Saunemin, Illinois, U.S.
Allegiance United States of America
Service/branch United States Army
Years of service1862–1865
RankPrivate
Unit95th Illinois Infantry, Company G
Battles/warsVicksburg, Red River, Guntown
Other workCemetery worker, janitor, lamplighter

Albert D. J. Cashier (December 25, 1843 – October 10, 1915), birth name Jennie Irene Hodgers, was an Irish-born immigrant who served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Cashier adopted the identity of a man before enlisting, and maintained it until death. Albert became famous as one of a number of women soldiers who served as men during the Civil War, although the consistent and long-term (at least 53 years) commitment to the male identity has prompted some contemporary scholars to suggest that Cashier was a trans man.[3][4][5][6]

Early life

Hodgers was born in Clogherhead, County Louth, Ireland on December 25, around the year 1843.[7]: 52 [2] According to later investigation by the administrator of the estate, Cashier's parents were Sallie and Patrick Hodgers. Cashier's later accounts of moving to the United States and enlisting in the army were taken when at an elderly age; Cashier was disoriented, and was also typically evasive about earlier life; therefore, these narratives are contradictory.[2] Typically, Cashier as a child was said to have been dressed in boy's clothing by Patrick Hodgers in order to find work at a shoe factory in Illinois. Even before the advent of the war, Jenny adopted the identity of Albert Cashier in order to work.[7]: 52  Sallie Hodgers died while Cashier was still a youth, and by 1862, Cashier had traveled as a stowaway to Illinois and was living in Belvidere, working as a farmhand for a man named Avery.[8][9]

Enlistment

Cashier first enlisted in July 1862 after President Lincoln's call for soldiers.[7]: 52  As time passed, the need for soldiers only increased. On August 6, 1862, Cashier enlisted in the 95th Illinois Infantry for a three-year term using the name "Albert D.J. Cashier" and was assigned to Company G.[10][11][7]: 52  A company catalog lists Cashier as nineteen years old upon enlistment, a farmer from New York City, 5 feet 3 inches tall, blue-eyed, with auburn hair, and of a fair complexion.[7]: 54 

During the war

The regiment was part of the Army of the Tennessee under Ulysses S. Grant and fought in approximately forty battles,[11] including the siege at Vicksburg. This campaign proved to be a challenge, and Cashier was captured while performing reconnaissance.[7]: 55  Cashier managed to escape, however, and returned to the regiment. After the Battle of Vicksburg, in June 1863, Cashier contracted chronic diarrhea and entered a military hospital, somehow managing to evade detection.[7]: 55–56  The regiment was also present at the Red River Campaign and the combat at Guntown, Mississippi, where they suffered heavy casualties.[7]: 56–57  Throughout the war, the regiment traveled a total of about 9,000 miles during its term.[7]: 52  Other soldiers thought that Cashier was small and preferred to be alone, which were not uncommon characteristics for soldiers. Cashier fought with the regiment through the war until August 17, 1865, when all the soldiers were mustered out. Cashier was honorably discharged on August 17, 1865.[7]: 57 

Subsequent research indicated that Cashier was only one of at least 250 females who wore disguises and enlisted as men to fight in the Civil War.[12][13]

Postwar

Cashier's postwar residence, since moved to Saunemin

After the war, Cashier returned to Belvidere, Illinois for a time, working for Samuel Pepper and maintaining a male wartime identity.[7]: 57 [14] Cashier settled in Saunemin, Illinois, in 1869, working as a farmhand as well as performing odd jobs around the town.[7]: 57  The name of Albert Cashier can be found on records of the town payroll.[7]: 57  Albert worked for Joshua Chesbro, and lived with his family, in exchange for work, and also had slept in the Cording Hardware store in exchange for labor. In 1885, the Chesbro family built a small house for Cashier. [15] For over forty years, Cashier lived in Saunemin and was a church janitor, cemetery worker, and street lamplighter. Because of living as a man, Cashier was able to vote in elections and later claimed a veteran's pension under the name Albert Cashier.[7]: 58  Pension payments started in 1907.[16]

In later years, Cashier ate with the neighboring Lannon family. Later on, when Cashier fell ill, the Lannons discovered Cashier's true sex following medical examination by a nurse, but they did not make their discovery public.[7]: 59 

In 1911, Cashier was hit by a car and suffered a broken leg.[7]: 59  A physician discovered Cashier's secret in the hospital, but likewise did not disclose it. On May 5, 1911, when no longer able to work, Cashier was moved to the Soldiers and Sailors home in Quincy, Illinois. During this stay, Cashier was visited by many fellow soldiers from Ninety-fifth Regiment.[7]: 59  Cashier lived there until a deteriorating mental state necessitated a move to the Watertown State Hospital for the Insane in March 1914.[7]: 60  Attendants at the Watertown State Hospital discovered that Cashier's sex while adminstering a bath, at which point they obliged Cashier to wear women's clothes again after fifty years.[7]: 60  In 1914, Cashier was investigated for fraud by the veterans' pension board; former comrades confirmed that Cashier was in fact the person who had fought in the Civil War and the board decided in February 1915 that payments should continue for life.[17][18][19]

Death and legacy

Albert Cashier died on October 10, 1915 and was buried in the uniform which had been kept intact all those years. Cashier's tombstone was inscribed "Albert D. J. Cashier, Co. G, 95 Ill. Inf."[10] Cashier was given an official Grand Army of the Republic funerary service, and was buried with full military honors.[7]: 60  It took W.J. Singleton (executor of Cashier's estate) nine years to track Cashier's identity back to the birth name of Jennie Hodgers. None of the would-be heirs proved convincing, and the estate of about $282 (after payment of funeral expenses)[20] [21][22] was deposited in the Adams County, Illinois, treasury. The name on the original tombstone is Albert D. J. Cashier. In the 1970s, a second tombstone, inscribed with both names, was placed near the first one at Sunny Slope cemetery in Saunemin, Illinois.[10][23]

Cashier is listed on the internal wall of the Illinois memorial at Vicksburg National Military Park.[24]

A musical entitled The Civility of Albert Cashier has been produced based on Cashier's life; the work was described by the Chicago Tribune as "A timely musical about a trans soldier". [25]

Also Known As Albert D. J. Cashier: The Jennie Hodgers Story is a biography written by veteran Lon P. Dawson, who lived at the Illinois Veterans Home where Cashier once lived. The novel My Last Skirt, by Lynda Durrant, is based on Cashier's life. Cashier was mentioned in a collection of essays called Nine Irish Lives, in which Cashier's biography was written by Jill McDonough. [26] Cashier's house has been restored in Saunemin.[27]

Authors including Michael Bronski, James Cromwell, Kirstin Cronn-Mills, and Nicholas Teich have suggested or argued that Cashier was a trans man due to having lived as a man for at least 53 years. [3][4][5][6]

References

  1. ^ "What part am I to act in this great drama?" (PDF). Salt. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-10-08. Retrieved 2007-12-14. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ a b c Blanton, DeAnne; Cook, Lauren M. (2002). They Fought Like Demons: Women Soldiers in the American Civil War. Louisiana State University Press. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ a b Cromwell, Jason (1999). "Transvestite Opportunists, Passing Women, and Female-Bodied Men". Transmen and FTMs: Identities, Bodies, Genders, and Sexualities. University of Illinois Press. pp. 77–78. ISBN 9780252068256.
  4. ^ a b Bronski, Michael (2011). "A Democracy of Death and Art". A Queer History of the United States. Beacon Press. pp. 69–70. ISBN 9780807044391.
  5. ^ a b Teich, Nicholas (2012). "The History of Transgenderism and its Evolution Over Time". Transgender 101: A Simple Guide to a Complex Issue. Columbia University Press. pp. 76–77. ISBN 9780231157124.
  6. ^ a b Cronn-Mills, Kirstin (2014). Transgender Lives: Complex Stories, Complex Voices. Minneapolis: Lerner Publishing Group. p. 41. ISBN 9780761390220.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Tsui, Bonnie (2006). She Went to the Field: Women Soldiers of the Civil War. Globe Pequot. Guilford, Connecticut: TwoDot. ISBN 978-0-7627-4384-1. OCLC 868531116.
  8. ^ Benck, Amy. "Albert D. J. Cashier: Woman Warrior, Insane Civil War Veteran, or Transman?". OutHistory. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
  9. ^ McAuliffe, Nora-Ide. “When Jennie Came Marching Home – An Irishwoman's Diary on Albert Cashier and the US Civil War.” The Irish Times, The Irish Times, 10 Apr. 2018, www.irishtimes.com/opinion/when-jennie-came-marching-home-an-irishwoman-s-diary-on-albert-cashier-and-the-us-civil-war-1.3456012.
  10. ^ a b c Hicks-Bartlett, Alani (February 1994). "When Jennie Comes Marchin' Home". Illinois History. Archived from the original on 2006-09-05. Retrieved 2007-12-13. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ a b Blanton, DeAnne (Spring 1993). "Women Soldiers of the Civil War". Prologue. 25 (1). College Park, MD: National Archives. Archived from the original on 5 December 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-14. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ "The Women Who Fought in the Civil War". Off the Beaten Path. Retrieved August 5, 2018.
  13. ^ "https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/07/26/a-history-lesson-for-trump-transgender-soldiers-served-in-the-civil-war/?utm_term=.49afe5bdf435". Retrieved August 3, 2018. {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)
  14. ^ "Deposition of J. H. Himes" (January 24, 1915) from Blanton (Spring 1993)
  15. ^ Saunemin Illinois. “Recollections - Albert D. J. Cashier.” Google Sites, sites.google.com/site/albertdjcashier/recollections-1.
  16. ^ "The Handsome Young Irishman of the 95th IL Infantry". eHistory, Ohio State University. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
  17. ^ McAuliffe, Nora-Ide. “When Jennie Came Marching Home – An Irishwoman's Diary on Albert Cashier and the US Civil War.” The Irish Times, The Irish Times, 10 Apr. 2018, www.irishtimes.com/opinion/when-jennie-came-marching-home-an-irishwoman-s-diary-on-albert-cashier-and-the-us-civil-war-1.3456012.
  18. ^ "Women in the Civil War". Warfare History. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
  19. ^ DeAnne Blanton, Lauren Cook Wike. They Fought Like Demons. LSU Press. p. 174. Retrieved 2018-08-03.
  20. ^ "The Handsome Young Irishman of the 95th IL Infantry". eHistory, Ohio State University. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
  21. ^ "Women in the Civil War". Warfare History. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
  22. ^ DeAnne Blanton, Lauren Cook Wike. They Fought Like Demons. LSU Press. p. 174. Retrieved 2018-08-03.
  23. ^ Find a Grave https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8448540/albert-d.j.-cashier. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  24. ^ Bonnie Tsui. She Went to the Field: Women Soldiers of the Civil War. Rowman & Littlefield. Retrieved 2018-08-03.
  25. ^ Jones, Chris. “'CiviliTy of Albert Cashier': A Timely Musical about a Trans Soldier.” Chicagotribune.com, 27 Sept. 2017, http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/theater/reviews/ct-ent-albert-cashier-review-0908-story.html.
  26. ^ McDonough, Jill (2018). "The Soldier". Nine Irish Lives. Algonquin Books. pp. 68–99.
  27. ^ "For Love Of Freedom". Saunemin Historical Society. July 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-14.

Further reading

  • Bradford, Martin J. (2015). A Velvet Fist in an Iron Glove: The Curious Case of Albert Cashier. Kindle Ebooks @ Amazon. Historical/fiction novel account of the life of Jennie Hodgers/Albert Cashier.
  • Durant, Lynda. (2006). My Last Skirt: the Story of Jennie Hodgers, Union Soldier. New York: Clarion Books. ISBN 0618574905 Historical fiction account of Jennie Hodgers' life.
  • Eggleston, Larry G. (2003). Women in the Civil War: Extraordinary Stories of Soldiers, Spies, Nurses, Doctors, Crusaders, and Others. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 0786414936

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Cashier&oldid=854267033"