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|era = Middle Ages
|era = Middle Ages
|status =
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|country = Azerbaijan
|country =
|government_type = Emirate
|government_type = Emirate
|religion = Islam
|religion = Islam
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|year_end = 1174
|year_end = 1199
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|today = {{Collapsible list|title=–|{{ARM}}<br />{{AZE}}<br />{{GEO}}<br />{{IRN}}<br />{{TUR}}}}
|today = {{Collapsible list|title=–|{{ARM}}<br />{{AZE}}<br />{{GEO}}<br />{{IRN}}<br />{{TUR}}}}
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The '''Shaddadids''' were a [[Muslim]] dynasty of [[History of the Kurds|Kurdish]] origin<ref>Hugh Kennedy, The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates [https://books.google.com/books?id=Kak0CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA215&dq=%22The+Kurdish+dynasties+which+emerged+in+the+second+half%22&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi67dqR8dHKAhVhpnIKHaJnDXYQ6AEIHzAA#v=onepage&q=%22The%20Kurdish%20dynasties%20which%20emerged%20in%20the%20second%20half%22&f=false The Kurdish dynasties which emerged in the second half of tenth century...Shaddadids of Azerbayjan]</ref><ref>Andrew C. S. Peacock, ''Nomadic Society and the Seljūq Campaigns in Caucasia'', 209.</ref><ref>''Shaddadids'', C.E. Bosworth, '''The Encyclopedia of Islam''', Vol.IX, Ed. C.E.Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P.Heinrichs and G.Lecomte, (Brill, 1997), 169.</ref><ref>{{cite book| last = Lokman I. Meho,Kelly L. Maglaughli| title = Kurdish culture and society: an annotated bibliography| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sl4PIeyWriUC| year = 1968| publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group| isbn = 978-0-313-31543-5 }}</ref> who ruled in various parts of [[Armenia]] and [[Arran (Azerbaijan)|Arran]] from 951 to 1174 AD. They were established in [[Dvin (ancient city)|Dvin]]. Through their long tenure in Armenia, they often intermarried with the [[Bagratuni Dynasty|Bagratuni royal family]] of Armenia.<ref>[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/shaddadids#pt1 Shaddadis] // [[Encyclopædia Iranica]]. Andrew Peacock "''However, alongside Iranian traditions, the influence of the Shaddadids’ Armenian neighbors and relatives was strong, hence the appearance of typically Armenian names such as Ašoṭ among members of the dynasty. Indeed, Qaṭrān even underlines the dynasty’s Armenian ancestry, calling Fażlun “the glory of the Bagratid family” (Kasravi, p. 261).''"</ref><ref>[[Robert W. Thomson]]. Rewriting Caucasian History. The Medieval Armenian Adaptation of the Georgian Chronicles. The Original Georgian Texts and the Armenian Adaptation. — Clarendon Press, 1996, p. xxxvi "''After the capture of Ani the following year, this old Bagratid capital was ruled by a Muslim dynasty, the Shaddädids. Although of Kurdish origin, they intermarried with Armenians. The first emir of Ani, Manüchihr, for example, was the son of an Armenian princess, and himself married an Armenian.''"</ref>
The '''Shaddadids''' were a [[Muslim]] dynasty of [[History of the Kurds|Kurdish]] origin<ref>Hugh Kennedy, The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates [https://books.google.com/books?id=Kak0CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA215&dq=%22The+Kurdish+dynasties+which+emerged+in+the+second+half%22&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi67dqR8dHKAhVhpnIKHaJnDXYQ6AEIHzAA#v=onepage&q=%22The%20Kurdish%20dynasties%20which%20emerged%20in%20the%20second%20half%22&f=false The Kurdish dynasties which emerged in the second half of tenth century...Shaddadids of Azerbayjan]</ref><ref>Andrew C. S. Peacock, ''Nomadic Society and the Seljūq Campaigns in Caucasia'', 209.</ref><ref>''Shaddadids'', C.E. Bosworth, '''The Encyclopedia of Islam''', Vol.IX, Ed. C.E.Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P.Heinrichs and G.Lecomte, (Brill, 1997), 169.</ref><ref>{{cite book| last = Lokman I. Meho,Kelly L. Maglaughli| title = Kurdish culture and society: an annotated bibliography| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sl4PIeyWriUC| year = 1968| publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group| isbn = 978-0-313-31543-5 }}</ref> who ruled in various parts of [[Armenia]] and [[Caucasian Albania|Arran]] from 951 to 1174 AD. They were established in [[Dvin (ancient city)|Dvin]]. Through their long tenure in Armenia, they often intermarried with the [[Bagratuni dynasty|Bagratuni royal family]] of Armenia.<ref>[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/shaddadids#pt1 Shaddadis] // [[Encyclopædia Iranica]]. Andrew Peacock "''However, alongside Iranian traditions, the influence of the Shaddadids’ Armenian neighbors and relatives was strong, hence the appearance of typically Armenian names such as Ašoṭ among members of the dynasty. Indeed, Qaṭrān even underlines the dynasty’s Armenian ancestry, calling Fażlun “the glory of the Bagratid family” (Kasravi, p. 261).''"</ref><ref>[[Robert W. Thomson]]. Rewriting Caucasian History. The Medieval Armenian Adaptation of the Georgian Chronicles. The Original Georgian Texts and the Armenian Adaptation. — Clarendon Press, 1996, p. xxxvi "''After the capture of Ani the following year, this old Bagratid capital was ruled by a Muslim dynasty, the Shaddädids. Although of Kurdish origin, they intermarried with Armenians. The first emir of Ani, Manüchihr, for example, was the son of an Armenian princess, and himself married an Armenian.''"</ref>


They began ruling in the city of Dvin, and eventually ruled other major cities, such as [[Bardha'a]] and [[Ganja, Azerbaijan|Ganja]]. A cadet line of the Shaddadids were given the cities of [[Ani]] and [[Tbilisi]]<ref>''Caucasica in the History of Mayyāfāriqīn'', V. Minorsky, '''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies''', Vol.13, No.1, 1949, Cambridge University Press, 29.</ref> as a reward for their service to the [[Great Seljuq Empire|Seljuq]]s, to whom they became [[vassal]]s.<ref>''Shaddadids'', C.E. Bosworth, '''The Encyclopedia of Islam''', Vol.IX, 169.</ref><ref>Andrew C. S. Peacock, ''Nomadic Society and the Seljūq Campaigns in Caucasia'', 216.</ref> From 1047 to 1057, the Shaddadids were engaged in several wars against the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] army. The area between the rivers [[Kura (Caspian Sea)|Kura]] and [[Arax]] was ruled by a Shaddadid dynasty.
They began ruling in the city of Dvin, and eventually ruled other major cities, such as [[Barda, Azerbaijan|Barda]] and [[Ganja, Azerbaijan|Ganja]]. A cadet line of the Shaddadids were given the cities of [[Ani]] and [[Tbilisi]]<ref>''Caucasica in the History of Mayyāfāriqīn'', V. Minorsky, '''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies''', Vol.13, No.1, 1949, Cambridge University Press, 29.</ref> as a reward for their service to the [[Great Seljuq Empire|Seljuq]]s, to whom they became [[vassal]]s.<ref>''Shaddadids'', C.E. Bosworth, '''The Encyclopedia of Islam''', Vol.IX, 169.</ref><ref>Andrew C. S. Peacock, ''Nomadic Society and the Seljūq Campaigns in Caucasia'', 216.</ref> From 1047 to 1057, the Shaddadids were engaged in several wars against the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] army. The area between the rivers [[Kura (Caspian Sea)|Kura]] and [[Aras (river)|Araxes]] was ruled by a Shaddadid dynasty.


{{Kurds}}
{{Kurds}}
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==History==
==History==
=== Shaddadids of Ganja ===
In 951, Muhammad bin Shaddadid established himself at Dvin. Unable to hold Dvin against [[Sallarid|Musafirid]] incursion, he fled to the Armenian [[Kingdom of Vaspurakan]]. His son, Ali Lashkari bin Muhammad, ended Musafirid influence in [[Arran (Caucasus)|Arran]] by taking [[Ganja, Azerbaijan|Ganja]] in 971. He later expanded into [[Transcaucasia]] as far north as [[Shamkur]] and as far east as [[Bardha'a]]. The reign of his brother, Marzuban bin Muhammad, also lasted only a few years.

⚫
In 951, [[Muhammad ibn Shaddad|Muhammad]] established himself at [[Dvin (ancient city)|Dvin]]. Unable to hold Dvin against [[Sallarid dynasty|Musafirid]] incursion, he fled to the Armenian [[Kingdom of Vaspurakan]]. His son, [[Lashkari ibn Muhammad|Ali Lashkari]], ended Musafirid influence in [[Arran (Caucasus)|Arran]] by taking [[Ganja, Azerbaijan|Ganja]] in 971. He later expanded into [[Transcaucasia]] as far north as [[Şəmkir|Shamkor]] and as far east as [[Barda, Azerbaijan|Barda]]. The reign of his brother, [[Marzuban ibn Muhammad ibn Shaddad|Marzuban]], also lasted only a few years. Muhammad's third son, [[Fadl ibn Muhammad|al-Fadl I]], expanded his territory during his lengthy reign. He took Dvin from [[Bagratuni dynasty|Armenian Bagratids]] in 1022, and his campaigns against them met wit0h varying degrees of success. He also raided the [[Khazars]] in 1030, while holding parts of Azerbaijan.<ref>''Shabankara'', C.E. Bosworth and V.F.Buchner, '''The Encyclopedia of Islam''', Vol.IX, Ed. C.E.Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P.Heinrichs and G.Lecomte, (Brill, 1997), 157.</ref> Later that year, while returning from a successful campaign in [[Kingdom of Georgia|Georgia]], his army encountered Georgian and Armenian forces and was decisively defeated. Following al-Fadl I's defeat, the entire region became chaotic, with the [[Byzantine Empire]] pressuring Armenian princes and the [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuq Turks]] gaining influence over Azerbaijan after a Seljuq attack on Dvin.

⚫
The poet [[Qatran Tabrizi]] praised [[Lashkari ibn Musa|Ali II Lashkari]] for his victory over Armenian and Georgian princes during his stay in Ganja. [[Abu'l-Aswar Shavur ibn Fadl|Abu'l-Aswar Shavur I]] took power in 1049 with Ganja as his capital. He was the last independent ruling Shaddadid until 1067, when [[Tughril|Tughril I]] arrived at Ganja and demanded his vassalage. With this, the Seljuqs imposed direct rule over Arran and ended Shaddadid influence there.
⚫
As their influence continued to decline, [[Abu'l-Aswar Shavur ibn Fadl|Abu'l-Aswar]]'s son, [[Fadl ibn Shavur|Fadl II b. Shavur]], was captured by the Georgians, and in 1075 [[Alp Arslan]] annexed the last of the Shaddadid territories. A cadet branch of Shaddadids continued to rule in Ani and [[Emirate of Tbilisi|Tbilisi]]<ref>''Caucasica in the History of Mayyāfāriqīn'', V. Minorsky, 29.</ref> as vassals of the [[Seljuk Empire|Great Seljuq Empire]] until 1175, when [[Malik-Shah I]] deposed [[Fadlun ibn Fadl|al-Fadl III]].<ref>''Surveyor versus Epigrapher'', Sheila S. Blair, '''Muqarnas''', Vol. 8, 1991, Brill, 68.</ref><ref>''Shaddadids'', C.E. Bosworth, '''The Encyclopedia of Islam''', Vol.IX, 170.</ref>

=== Shaddadids of Ani ===


After the [[Alp Arslan]]'s conquest of [[Ani]] in 1064, the city was sacked and it's population massacred. In 1072, the Seljuks sold Ani to the Shaddadid emir of [[Manuchihr ibn Shavur]]. Manuchihr repaired and enlarged the walls of Ani. The Shaddadids generally pursued a conciliatory policy towards the city’s overwhelmingly Armenian and Christian population and actually married several members of the [[Bagratuni dynasty|Bagratid]] nobility. Whenever the Shaddadid governance became too intolerant, however, the population would appeal to the [[Georgian Orthodox Church|Christian]] [[Kingdom of Georgia]] for help.
⚫
Muhammad bin Shaddadid's third son, al-Fadl I ibn Muhammad, expanded his territory during his lengthy reign. He took Dvin from [[Bagratuni Dynasty|Armenian Bagratids]] in 1022, and his campaigns against them met with varying degrees of success. He also raided the Khazars in 1030, while holding parts of Azerbaijan.<ref>''Shabankara'', C.E. Bosworth and V.F.Buchner, '''The Encyclopedia of Islam''', Vol.IX, Ed. C.E.Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P.Heinrichs and G.Lecomte, (Brill, 1997), 157.</ref> Later that year, while returning from a successful campaign in Georgia, his army encountered Georgian and Armenian forces and was decisively defeated.


[[Fadl ibn Muhammad|Al-Fadl I b. Muhammad]] invaded Georgia with 33,000 men and ravaged its countryside. [[Bagrat IV of Georgia]] defeated him, however, and forced the Shaddadid troops to flight. On the road through [[Kakheti]], Fadl was taken prisoner by the local ruler [[Aghsartan I of Kakheti|Aghsartan]]. At the price of conceding several fortresses on the [[Iori (river)|Iori River]], [[Bagrat IV of Georgia]] ransomed Fadl and received from him the surrender of Tbilisi where he reinstated a local emir on the terms of vassalage.<ref>[[Vladimir Minorsky|V. Minorsky]], "Tiflis", p. 754. In: M. Th. Houtsma, E. van Donzel (1993), ''E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936''. Brill, {{ISBN|90-04-08265-4}}.</ref>
⚫
Following al-Fadl I's defeat, the entire region became chaotic, with the [[Byzantine Empire]] pressuring Armenian princes and the [[Seljuq Turks]] gaining influence over Azerbaijan after a Seljuq attack on Dvin. The poet [[Qatran Tabrizi]] praised Ali II Lashkari for his victory over Armenian and Georgian princes during his stay in Ganja. Abu'l-Aswar Shavur I ibn al-Fadl I took power in 1049 with Ganja as his capital. He was the last independent ruling Shaddadid until 1067, when Tugrul I arrived at Ganja and demanded his vassalage. With this, the Seljuqs imposed direct rule over Arran and ended Shaddadid influence there.


The Georgians captured Ani four times between 1124 and 1199:<ref name="eb11">[[File:Wikisource-logo.svg|link=|alt=Wikisource|13x13px]]&nbsp;<cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911), "[[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ani|Ani]]", ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', '''2''' (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p.&nbsp;47</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ani&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=47&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAni" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></ref> in 1124, 1161, 1174 and 1199. The first three times, it was recaptured by the Shaddadids. In the year 1199, Georgia's [[Tamar of Georgia|Queen Tamar]] captured Ani, who granted the city in possession to her loyal subjects of the Armeno–Georgian [[Zakarids-Mkhargrzeli|Mkhargrzeli]] family.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/shaddadids|title=Encyclopædia Iranica Online|last1=Peacock|first1=Andrew|date=2011|chapter=Shaddadids|accessdate=18 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Georgia in the XI-XII Centuries|last=Lordkipanidze|first=Mariam|publisher=Genatleba|year=1987|location=Tbilisi|page=150}}</ref>
⚫
As their influence continued to decline, Abu'l-Aswar's son, al-Fadl II ibn Shavur I, was captured by the Georgians, and in 1075 [[Alp Arslan]] annexed the last of the Shaddadid territories. A cadet branch of Shaddadids continued to rule in Ani and Tbilisi<ref>''Caucasica in the History of Mayyāfāriqīn'', V. Minorsky, 29.</ref> as vassals of the [[Great Seljuq Empire]] until 1175, when [[Malik-Shah I]] deposed al-Fadl III.<ref>''Surveyor versus Epigrapher'', Sheila S. Blair, '''Muqarnas''', Vol. 8, 1991, Brill, 68.</ref><ref>''Shaddadids'', C.E. Bosworth, '''The Encyclopedia of Islam''', Vol.IX, 170.</ref>


==Shaddadid rulers==
==Shaddadid rulers==

Revision as of 13:01, 24 June 2018

Shaddadids
951–1199
Shaddadid territories during their rule in Ani, 1072–1174.
Shaddadid territories during their rule in Ani, 1072–1174.
CapitalDvin, Janza,[1] Ani
Religion
Islam
GovernmentEmirate
Historical eraMiddle Ages
• Established
951
• Disestablished
1199
Today part of
–

The Shaddadids were a Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origin[2][3][4][5] who ruled in various parts of Armenia and Arran from 951 to 1174 AD. They were established in Dvin. Through their long tenure in Armenia, they often intermarried with the Bagratuni royal family of Armenia.[6][7]

They began ruling in the city of Dvin, and eventually ruled other major cities, such as Barda and Ganja. A cadet line of the Shaddadids were given the cities of Ani and Tbilisi[8] as a reward for their service to the Seljuqs, to whom they became vassals.[9][10] From 1047 to 1057, the Shaddadids were engaged in several wars against the Byzantine army. The area between the rivers Kura and Araxes was ruled by a Shaddadid dynasty.

 
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History

Shaddadids of Ganja

In 951, Muhammad established himself at Dvin. Unable to hold Dvin against Musafirid incursion, he fled to the Armenian Kingdom of Vaspurakan. His son, Ali Lashkari, ended Musafirid influence in Arran by taking Ganja in 971. He later expanded into Transcaucasia as far north as Shamkor and as far east as Barda. The reign of his brother, Marzuban, also lasted only a few years. Muhammad's third son, al-Fadl I, expanded his territory during his lengthy reign. He took Dvin from Armenian Bagratids in 1022, and his campaigns against them met wit0h varying degrees of success. He also raided the Khazars in 1030, while holding parts of Azerbaijan.[11] Later that year, while returning from a successful campaign in Georgia, his army encountered Georgian and Armenian forces and was decisively defeated. Following al-Fadl I's defeat, the entire region became chaotic, with the Byzantine Empire pressuring Armenian princes and the Seljuq Turks gaining influence over Azerbaijan after a Seljuq attack on Dvin.

The poet Qatran Tabrizi praised Ali II Lashkari for his victory over Armenian and Georgian princes during his stay in Ganja. Abu'l-Aswar Shavur I took power in 1049 with Ganja as his capital. He was the last independent ruling Shaddadid until 1067, when Tughril I arrived at Ganja and demanded his vassalage. With this, the Seljuqs imposed direct rule over Arran and ended Shaddadid influence there.

As their influence continued to decline, Abu'l-Aswar's son, Fadl II b. Shavur, was captured by the Georgians, and in 1075 Alp Arslan annexed the last of the Shaddadid territories. A cadet branch of Shaddadids continued to rule in Ani and Tbilisi[12] as vassals of the Great Seljuq Empire until 1175, when Malik-Shah I deposed al-Fadl III.[13][14]

Shaddadids of Ani

After the Alp Arslan's conquest of Ani in 1064, the city was sacked and it's population massacred. In 1072, the Seljuks sold Ani to the Shaddadid emir of Manuchihr ibn Shavur. Manuchihr repaired and enlarged the walls of Ani. The Shaddadids generally pursued a conciliatory policy towards the city’s overwhelmingly Armenian and Christian population and actually married several members of the Bagratid nobility. Whenever the Shaddadid governance became too intolerant, however, the population would appeal to the Christian Kingdom of Georgia for help.

Al-Fadl I b. Muhammad invaded Georgia with 33,000 men and ravaged its countryside. Bagrat IV of Georgia defeated him, however, and forced the Shaddadid troops to flight. On the road through Kakheti, Fadl was taken prisoner by the local ruler Aghsartan. At the price of conceding several fortresses on the Iori River, Bagrat IV of Georgia ransomed Fadl and received from him the surrender of Tbilisi where he reinstated a local emir on the terms of vassalage.[15]

The Georgians captured Ani four times between 1124 and 1199:[16] in 1124, 1161, 1174 and 1199. The first three times, it was recaptured by the Shaddadids. In the year 1199, Georgia's Queen Tamar captured Ani, who granted the city in possession to her loyal subjects of the Armeno–Georgian Mkhargrzeli family.[17][18]

Shaddadid rulers

Emirs in Dvin and Ganja

Emirs in Ani

The ruins of Manuchihr Mosque, an 11th-century Shaddadid mosque built among the ruins of Ani

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Andrew C. S. Peacock, Nomadic Society and the Seljūq Campaigns in Caucasia, Iran & the Caucasus, Vol. 9, No. 2, 2005:210.
  2. ^ Hugh Kennedy, The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates The Kurdish dynasties which emerged in the second half of tenth century...Shaddadids of Azerbayjan
  3. ^ Andrew C. S. Peacock, Nomadic Society and the Seljūq Campaigns in Caucasia, 209.
  4. ^ Shaddadids, C.E. Bosworth, The Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol.IX, Ed. C.E.Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P.Heinrichs and G.Lecomte, (Brill, 1997), 169.
  5. ^ Lokman I. Meho,Kelly L. Maglaughli (1968). Kurdish culture and society: an annotated bibliography. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-31543-5.
  6. ^ Shaddadis // Encyclopædia Iranica. Andrew Peacock "However, alongside Iranian traditions, the influence of the Shaddadids’ Armenian neighbors and relatives was strong, hence the appearance of typically Armenian names such as Ašoṭ among members of the dynasty. Indeed, Qaṭrān even underlines the dynasty’s Armenian ancestry, calling Fażlun “the glory of the Bagratid family” (Kasravi, p. 261)."
  7. ^ Robert W. Thomson. Rewriting Caucasian History. The Medieval Armenian Adaptation of the Georgian Chronicles. The Original Georgian Texts and the Armenian Adaptation. — Clarendon Press, 1996, p. xxxvi "After the capture of Ani the following year, this old Bagratid capital was ruled by a Muslim dynasty, the Shaddädids. Although of Kurdish origin, they intermarried with Armenians. The first emir of Ani, Manüchihr, for example, was the son of an Armenian princess, and himself married an Armenian."
  8. ^ Caucasica in the History of Mayyāfāriqīn, V. Minorsky, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol.13, No.1, 1949, Cambridge University Press, 29.
  9. ^ Shaddadids, C.E. Bosworth, The Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol.IX, 169.
  10. ^ Andrew C. S. Peacock, Nomadic Society and the Seljūq Campaigns in Caucasia, 216.
  11. ^ Shabankara, C.E. Bosworth and V.F.Buchner, The Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol.IX, Ed. C.E.Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P.Heinrichs and G.Lecomte, (Brill, 1997), 157.
  12. ^ Caucasica in the History of Mayyāfāriqīn, V. Minorsky, 29.
  13. ^ Surveyor versus Epigrapher, Sheila S. Blair, Muqarnas, Vol. 8, 1991, Brill, 68.
  14. ^ Shaddadids, C.E. Bosworth, The Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol.IX, 170.
  15. ^ V. Minorsky, "Tiflis", p. 754. In: M. Th. Houtsma, E. van Donzel (1993), E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936. Brill, ISBN 90-04-08265-4.
  16. ^ Wikisource Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911), "Ani", Encyclopædia Britannica, 2 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 47 
  17. ^ Peacock, Andrew (2011). "Shaddadids". Encyclopædia Iranica Online. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
  18. ^ Lordkipanidze, Mariam (1987). Georgia in the XI-XII Centuries. Tbilisi: Genatleba. p. 150.

References

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